类岩石材料表面裂纹复合型断裂准则探讨

 开展含表面裂纹的类岩石材料试件的直接拉伸试验,分析表面裂纹倾角对试件峰值强度及破坏过程的影响。由于倾斜表面裂纹处于I,II,III复合变形状态,为了进一步研究表面裂纹的断裂判据,利用断裂力学软件计算半圆形表面裂纹前缘的应力强度因子,分析表面裂纹前缘3种应力强度因子的变化规律。根据最小应变能密度准则、最大应力准则以及改进的最大应力准则分别预测半圆形表面裂纹的起裂角,并与前述试验结果进行对比,结果表明,考虑III型应力强度因子影响的改进的最大应力准则预测的起裂角与试验结果更接近。     

土坝裂缝开展的无单元法数值模拟

结合压实黏土拉伸状态下的脆性断裂模型和弥散裂缝理论,提出了点插值无单元法模拟土石坝坝体裂缝开展过程的数值计算方法。当压实黏土达到其抗拉强度后,在每个积分点建立各向异性刚度矩阵,并构造了平面应变条件下考虑压实黏土脆性开裂的无单元与有限元耦合的计算模式。开发的结点自动加密技术对坝体的拉应力区域进行自动结点加密,并根据可视准则确定无单元结点的影响域。以最小结点间距为开裂步长,通过对坝体裂缝离心模型试验的模拟计算,检验了脆性断裂模型和无单元算法对土体拉伸裂缝发展过程的适用性。     

Numerical investigation of blasting-induced crack initiation and propagation in rocks

To investigate the dynamic fracture mechanism related to blast-induced borehole breakdown and crack propagation, circular rock models containing a single centrally located source of explosive were numerically blasted using the AUTODYN 2D code. According to the material properties and loading conditions, four kinds of equations of state, linear, shock, compaction and ideal gas, are used. A modified principal stress failure criterion is applied to determining material status. The dynamic stresses at the selected target points in a rock sample are computed as a function of time following application of explosive load. It is shown that shear stress (resulting from intense compressive stress) causes a crushed zone near the borehole, the major tensile principal stress causes radial cracks, and the reflected stress wave from free boundary causes circumferential cracks some distance away from the free boundary. The influences of the factors of boundary condition, coupling medium, borehole diameter, decoupling and joint on rock dynamic fracture are discussed.     

土的剪切空间滑动面分析及各向异性强度准则研究

天然沉积的土往往具有原生各向异性、结构性,以及加载作用下的次生各向异性和结构损伤性,导致土的强度规律变化复杂。通过对Mohr-Coulomb、Druker-Prager和Matsuoka-Nakai强度准则建立基础的分析,提出了定法向剪切空间滑动面和变法向剪切空间滑动面的分类。运用Mohr-Coulomb准则描述土剪切破坏面和Matusoka-Nakai剪切空间滑动面的确定方法,分别建立了轴对称压缩和挤伸两组定法向剪切空间滑动面。依据空间滑动面上抗剪应力与法向正应力呈正比的线性关系,针对轴对称压缩、挤伸剪切空间滑动面,分别建立了各向同性、各向异性条件下土的强度准则,分析了不同强度准则应力空间描述的强度破坏面。针对具有竖向裂隙分布横观各向同性微结构的天然黄土,考虑微结构特征与几何空间坐标轴及主应力轴旋转变化的关系,通过黄土的真三轴试验,揭示了竖向裂隙分布方向分别作用大、中、小主应力的强度变化规律,初步验证了轴对称压缩和挤伸剪切空间滑动面强度准则及各向异性强度准则的合理性。建立的强度准则拓展了传统强度准则关于剪切空间滑动面及各向异性强度规律研究的范畴,能够为土工强度稳定性的分析提供更加符合实际的理论基础。     

水压致裂过程的三维数值模拟研究

基于RFPA数值分析方法和并行计算技术,建立了反映岩石细观损伤演化过程的三维渗流–应力–损伤耦合模型。对具有120万单元的方形岩石材料模型,进行了4组不同应力状态下水压致裂过程的三维大规模科学计算分析。计算结果分析表明：起裂压力与失稳压力并不重合,起始裂纹均为张性,裂纹扩展形式、表面平整度、走向、扩展失稳过程以及裂纹的空间分布形态受应力状态影响。当竖直方向为最大主应力方向时裂纹呈空间竖片分布,当水平应力差较大时裂纹表面形态平整,失稳到来较快;当竖直方向为最小主应力方向时裂纹的空间分布呈水平片状;不等的主应力情况下裂纹总是分布在最小主应力面内;当三向主应力相等时,裂纹起裂位置和扩展方向具有竞争趋势,空间分布不具规律,裂缝分支较多。数值模拟结果与物理实验结果有着较好的吻合,该研究对水压致裂工程设计有一定参考价值。     

三维表面裂纹扩展试验及理论分析

 通过双轴压力作用下岩石三维表面裂纹断裂试验,利用数字散斑技术,观察裂纹的翼形扩展、反向扩展,得出对应的时间和荷载。试验发现,三维表面裂纹的翼形扩展一般都先于反向裂纹,反向裂纹最先在远离裂纹尖端区域出现,而后快速与原裂纹尖端汇合。通过有限元计算得到三维裂纹试件整体应力场和裂纹前缘各点应力强度因子。通过复合型断裂判据,对裂纹翼形扩展的三维形态进行分析,试验结果与最大周向拉应力 及最大周向拉应变 判据的理论预示结果吻合较好。对反向裂纹萌生区域进行强度破坏分析,反向裂纹的萌生与莫尔–库仑强度理论的预示结果基本相符。从试验及理论2个方面分析三维表面裂纹扩展直至破坏的全过程。     

岩石材料裂纹尖端起裂特性研究

 通过综合考虑Williams展开式中奇异应力项和非奇异应力项(T应力),运用断裂力学方法深入探讨远场拉–压、压–压应力组合下裂纹尖端起裂特性。在最大周向应力准则中考虑T应力的影响作用,并将其作为拉伸破裂判据;在剪切破裂方面,提出考虑法向应力影响的最大剪应力准则。通过对拉伸和剪切破裂发生条件的探讨,进一步阐明剪切破坏与裂纹倾角、内摩擦角、抗拉强度、黏聚力等参数之间的关系。研究结果表明,Williams展开式中非奇异应力项对于裂纹起裂角有重要的影响,所提出理论比传统理论计算的起裂角与实验结果更加吻合。随着内摩擦角的增大,剪切破裂减弱而拉伸破裂增强。随着黏聚力增大或者抗拉强度降低,拉伸破裂增强而剪切破裂减弱。     

考虑T应力的最大周向应变断裂准则研究

岩石的裂纹扩展问题需要确定所采用的断裂准则。为克服最大周向应力准则与材料参数以及平面应力和平面应变无关的不足,该文基于最大周向应变准则思想,推导既包含裂纹尖端r1/2奇异应力项,又考虑非奇异项的应变型断裂准则。通过在KII中考虑摩擦的影响作用,进而实现不同摩擦系数条件下裂纹的起裂角度和起裂强度的研究。运用文中所提出的断裂准则,分别研究含单裂纹的无限板在双轴拉伸和双轴压缩两种条件下的断裂特征,进一步揭示泊松比、侧压系数、摩擦系数等材料参数对裂纹扩展的影响作用,计算结果与相应的试验及理论结果具有较好的一致性。     

三维内置裂隙倾角对类岩石材料拉伸力学 性能和断裂特征的影响

 采用试验手段研究单轴拉伸条件下内置三维裂隙倾角对类岩石砂浆材料力学特性及断裂特征的影响。试验中配制物理力学性能与砂岩接近的砂浆材料,研制三维裂隙空间定位装置,同时改进传统岩石材料直接拉伸试验方法,研制黏结轴拉试验装置。试验结果发现,含裂隙砂浆试件的单轴拉伸受力变形过程分为4个阶段：缺陷张开阶段、弹性变形阶段、弹塑性变形阶段和破坏阶段,其中弹性阶段所占比例最高,突发性破坏阶段是拉伸破坏和压缩破坏最明显的区别。裂隙倾角a 的改变对砂浆材料力学性能影响很大,随着a 增大(0°＜a＜90° ,试件峰值强度sP逐渐降低,a = 45°左右时,sP变化幅度最大。在拉伸荷载作用下,内置裂隙长轴前缘附近先后产生包裹状翼裂纹和次生裂纹,在短轴附近产生扭结区,裂隙的张拉扩展导致试件最终断裂。裂隙倾角a 的改变影响裂隙扩展的轨迹和试件破坏后的形态。     

爆炸动载荷下裂纹扩展规律的实验研究

 为研究在爆炸动载荷作用下岩石内裂纹的起裂及扩展规律,应用PMMA材料制作带裂纹平板试样,在距离裂纹尖端60 mm的圆周上设置与裂纹成不同角度的炮孔,然后引爆雷管来实验研究裂纹的动态起裂及其扩展规律,系统地研究爆炸应力波入射角对裂纹起裂角和扩展角的影响规律。实验结果表明,入射角为0°时,起裂角为0°,即裂纹沿原裂纹面扩展;当入射角大于15°而小于75°时,在裂纹的两端会产生翼型裂纹,其翼型裂纹的起裂角及扩展长度都与入射角有关;当入射角大于75°时,新生裂纹很小。     

考虑T应力的岩石压剪裂纹起裂机理

传统断裂理论在研究岩石压剪裂纹起裂机理时,往往仅考虑裂纹尖端应力场Williams展开式中的r~(1/2)奇异应力项,而忽略了非奇异应力项(T应力)的影响,造成理论预测值与试验结果不符。在对压剪应力下裂纹受力特征进行分析的基础上,将T应力引入传统断裂力学的最大周向应力准则,提出了考虑T应力的修正最大周向应力准则。同时考虑压剪应力下的裂纹应力传递特点,在上述准则中又引入裂纹面法向刚度及切向刚度等变形参数。最终建立了能够同时考虑岩石性质和裂纹几何参数(如裂纹倾角、长度等)、强度参数(裂纹面摩擦系数)及变形参数(裂纹面法向及切向刚度)的最大周向应力准则,更好地反映了岩石压剪裂纹起裂机理。算例表明由该方法计算得到的翼裂纹起裂角与试验结果吻合较好,同时通过参数敏感性分析发现裂纹尖端相对临界尺寸对翼裂纹起裂角的影响最大。     

Damage in a rock core caused by induced tensile stress and its relation to differential strain curve analysis

A finite element analysis was carried out to analyze the distribution of tensile stress within and below a long HQ core stub for 77 in situ stress conditions. The maximum tensile stress experienced by the core along the axis during boring under in situ stress was accumulated in an equal-area stereonet for a central part of the cross-section. The maximum tensile stress accumulated for a central area of less than about 60% of the total cross-sectional area was concentrated in a certain direction, which was nearly the same direction as the minimum principal stress for all of the stress conditions, except those in which the minimum principal stress (σ₃) was equal to the intermediate principal stress (σ₂). When σ₂=σ₃, the direction of the cumulative maximum tensile stress lay approximately in the plane of σ₂=σ₃, which is perpendicular to the maximum principal stress. Based on the assumption that a penny-shaped crack is produced normal to the maximum tensile stress in proportion to the magnitude of such stress, the crack density in the core was analyzed by calculating strain under hydrostatic pressure as in differential strain curve analysis (DSCA). The maximum principal crack density in the central part of the core was much greater than the intermediate and minimum principal crack densities, excluding special cases in which σ₂=σ₃. The direction of the maximum crack density was similar to that of the accumulated maximum tensile stress. Thus, the direction of the maximum crack density obtained by DSCA predicts the direction of the minimum principal stress rather than that of the maximum principal stress, if the distribution of pre-existing microcracks before stress relief is isotropic and if additional microcracks are produced only by tensile stress during boring under in situ stress. To verify this, crack parameters were measured by DSCA for two cores of quartz-diorite, which were taken by overcoring when the hemispherical-ended borehole technique was used to measure in situ stress. The directions of the maximum crack parameters measured by DSCA were nearly the same as that of the minimum principal stress for one of the cores. For the other core, for which the magnitudes of the intermediate and minimum principal stresses were close to each other and, accordingly, the direction of the minimum principal stress was uncertain, the direction of the maximum crack density estimated by damage analysis under the assumption that σ₂=σ₃ coincided with the directions of the maximum crack parameters measured by DSCA.     

冻融循环作用下岩石表面裂纹扩展过程细观研究

对页岩进行冻融循环试验,借助激光扫描显微镜对岩石在垂直和平行层理两个方向上的表面裂纹的扩展过程展开细观研究。采用数值模拟对冻融循环作用的温度应力分布、裂纹扩展过程及其机制进行研究。研究结果表明：裂纹深度、裂纹宽度和表面积比均随着冻融循环次数的增加而增大。部分颗粒在冻融循环作用下会发生破碎和崩落。垂直层理的岩石表面的裂纹深度、裂纹宽度和表面积比的增幅较小,曲线较平缓。而平行层理的岩石表面的裂纹深度、裂纹宽度和表面积比的增幅较大,曲线较陡。层理面表现出较为明显的弱面特征。裂纹更容易沿着层理面扩展。裂纹的形成和扩展会导致应力场的重分布。应力集中现象出现在层理面与表面的交界处。表面裂纹大都发端于表面层的自由边界,而后向内部扩展。     

强震诱发单一弱面斜坡塌滑有限元模拟

 基于汶川大地震形成的崩塌滑坡数量多、分布密度大、影响面积大等特点,分析复杂结构斜坡地震力作用下的破坏机制,给出斜坡中某点在微震和强震作用下的应力–应变曲线。指出在地震力作用下斜坡会产生附加应力,其与原始应力叠加形成总应力,当总应力超过岩体的抗拉强度时发生拉张破裂,并给出拉张破裂的判据。用有限元模拟了单一弱面斜坡强震作用下的拉张破裂过程。结果表明：当第一主(拉)应力大于等于岩石的抗拉强度时,岩体发生拉张破裂,不能再承受拉力,但可承受压力;如果总应力状态满足塑性屈服准则,则发生剪切破坏;在地震动力作用过程中,拉张破裂区不断累加,即在松动区的松散程度和松散范围都在增大;在地震动力作用下,含有弱面的斜坡很容易沿弱面发生拉张破裂。     

用非连续变形分析方法模拟冲击荷载作用下巴西圆盘的破坏过程

 为研究岩石在冲击荷载作用下岩石的破裂过程,运用岩体裂纹扩展破坏二维分析程序DDARF(Discontinuous Deformation Analysis for Rock Failure),对大理石巴西圆盘试样在分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB-Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar)试验中动态破裂全过程进行了数值模拟分析研究。模拟结果形象展示了试样在不同入射波作用下裂纹的萌生、演化、扩展及贯通破坏情形,与试验结果有较好的吻合。对裂纹产生的力学机理、扩展过程及伴生现象做出了解释。研究结果表明：(1) 改进的微观破裂准则不仅适用于模拟岩石静载破裂,而且可以用于模拟动载破坏;(2) 巴西圆盘试样在受到冲击荷载作用时,主裂纹首先从一端产生,然后逐渐沿径向加载方向向中心延伸、扩展至另一端贯通破坏,裂纹尖端的拉应力是导致岩石开裂的原因;(3) 主裂纹拓展过程中伴随着次生损伤微裂纹的产生,次生微裂纹主要集中在主裂纹两侧附近区域;(4) 试样两端与入射杆、透射杆接触部分会产生三角形破裂区,且随着入射波幅值的增大,三角形破裂区域面积有增大的趋势。     

基于流形的结构体破坏分析

在原有流形方法的基础上增加了模拟多裂隙结构体的破坏及跟踪裂缝扩展的功能,对于含有大量节理裂隙的结构,采用传统的摩尔－库仑准则,允许裂缝不仅沿原有的不连续面扩展,而且可以穿过完整介质,导致结构体的破坏,对于单条裂缝的扩展,用作者开发的二阶流形法与局部子域边界元法（BEM）相结合,可精确地求出缝端应力强度因子,并模拟裂缝的扩展,在这一方法中,所模拟裂缝不受网格限制,可沿任意方向扩展,给出了几个算例说明了该模拟方法的合理性。     

基于流形方法的结构体破坏分析

 在原有流形方法的基础上增加了模拟多裂隙结构体的破坏及跟踪裂缝扩展的功能。对于含有大量节理裂隙的结构, 采用传统的摩尔2库仑准则, 允许裂缝不仅沿原有的不连续面扩展, 而且可以穿过完整介质, 导致结构体的破坏。对于单条裂缝的扩展, 用作者开发的二阶流形法与局部子域边界元法(BEM) 相结合, 可精确地求出缝端应力强度因子, 并模拟裂缝的扩展。在这一方法中, 所模拟裂缝不受网格限制, 可沿任意方向扩展, 给出的几个算例说明了该模拟方法的合理性。     

Mixed mode crack propagation of homogenized cracks by the two-dimensional DDM analysis

The crack propagation process in rock mass is numerically estimated by two-dimensional stress analysis. Rock mass typically contains numerous cracks within, with varying extent and orientation. In order to analyze the mechanical interaction of cracks, the homogenization method is introduced too in this study. In the analysis, SC-DDM (stress compensation-displacement discontinuity method) and DDCM (displacement discontinuity comparison method) are applied to the crack homogenization model, and the stress intensity factors are calculated. Then the crack propagation of the model is analyzed, using the maximum circumferential stress criterion. The influences of the mechanical interaction between cracks to the crack propagation is discussed.     

Fracture coalescence in rock-type materials under uniaxial and biaxial compression

Fracture coalescence, which plays an important role in the behavior of brittle materials, is investigated by loading pre-fractured specimens of gypsum, used as a rock model material, in uniaxial and biaxial compression. Several new phenomena and their dependence on geometry and other conditions are observed. The specimens have two pre-existing fractures or flaws that are arranged in different geometries, and that can be either open or closed. Two different test series are performed with these flaw geometries, one under uniaxial loading and one with biaxial loading in which confining stresses of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 MPa are applied. As the vertical (axial) load is increased, new cracks emanate from the flaws and eventually coalesce. Flaw slippage, wing crack initiation, secondary crack initiation, crack coalescence, and failure are observed. Two types of cracks occur: wing cracks, which are tensile cracks, and secondary cracks which initiate as shear cracks in a plane roughly co-planar with the flaw. The secondary cracks usually propagate as shear cracks in the same plane but, depending on the geometry, they also propagate out of plane as either tensile or shear cracks. The wing cracks initiate at the flaw tips for uniaxial or low confinement biaxial conditions but move to the middle of the flaw and disappear completely for higher confining stresses. Three types of coalescence, which depend on the geometry of the flaws and to some extent on stress conditions, occur; they can be distinguished by different combinations of wing cracks and secondary cracks. For closed flaw specimens, at least partial debonding and slippage of the flaws is required prior to initiation of a crack. In uniaxial compression coalescence and failure occur simultaneously, while failure in biaxial compression occurs after coalescence.     

不同药量的切缝药包双孔爆破裂纹扩展规律试验

 采用数字激光动态焦散线系统,研究有机玻璃板中不同药量的切缝药包双孔爆破主裂纹及分支裂纹的扩展规律。结果表明,切缝药包爆破主裂纹以I型拉伸断裂模式为主,爆破主裂纹难以穿过邻近炮孔的预制裂缝继续扩展;分支裂纹是预制裂缝尖端在爆破应力波衍射拉伸形成应力集中而萌生、起裂,相向分支裂纹分别扩展,最终呈“牵手状”贯通、止裂,分支裂纹贯通后扩展速度及动态应力强度因子急剧降低。对比不同药量模型试验结果发现,小药量炮孔相比大药量炮孔的爆破主裂纹、分支裂纹扩展速度及动态应力强度因子均较小,分支裂纹起裂时间较迟,且稳定扩展时间、扩展长度也较短,延长了分支裂纹贯通时间。相同药量两炮孔爆破主裂纹及分支裂纹断裂力学特征量近似相等,单炮孔的分支裂纹不贯通。试验研究为分析爆破裂纹扩展物理过程提供了参考。