微量Ca元素对AZ31镁合金热变形行为的影响

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对AZ31镁合金及添加0.2%(质量分数)Ca的AZ31(AZ31-0.2Ca)镁合金在变形温度为300～500℃、应变速率为0.001～1 s~(-1)范围内进行等温热压缩实验。基于流变应力曲线,结合双曲正弦函数建立的本构方程与动态材料模型(DMM)构建的加工图,系统地分析了Ca元素对AZ31镁合金热变形行为的影响。结果表明,与AZ31镁合金相比,AZ31-0.2Ca镁合金在较低温度和较高应变速率下的流变应力水平得到提高,应力指数n值有所减小,但热变形激活能Q值变化不大。此外,添加Ca元素能够扩大AZ31镁合金的可加工区域。AZ31-0.2Ca镁合金的最优加工区域为:温度400～490℃、应变速率0.001～0.01 s~(-1)和温度420～480℃、应变速率0.2～1 s~(-1)。     

不同温度下AM80镁合金的动态力学响应及本构建模

为构建可准确预测镁合金动态力学响应的统一本构模型,采用分离式霍普金森压杆装置对AM80镁合金进行高速冲击实验,变形温度为298 K、423 K和523 K,应变速率为1 100～5 000 s-1 .结果表明:AM80镁合金具有明显的应变速率敏感性.变形温度为298 K时,镁合金的流变应力表现为正应变速率敏感性,当应变速率增至5 000 s-1的变形后期,镁合金的流变应力则表现为负应变速率敏感性;变形温度为423 K和523 K时,镁合金的流变应力表现为正应变速率敏感性,当应变速率高于临界值时,镁合金的流变应力则表现为负应变速率敏感性.将应变速率强化参数C和应变硬化参数n修正为变形温度T的函数,优化了Johnson-Cook本构模型,本构拟合结果与实验结果的误差在±10%范围内,其相关系数( R)和平均相对误差(AARE)分别为0. 987、3. 88% ,说明所建本构模型能够准确预测AM80镁合金在不同变形条件下的流变应力行为.     

挤压态AZ40镁合金热变形行为及热加工图分析

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对挤压态AZ40合金进行热压缩实验,分析压缩后不同温度真应力-应变曲线的变化趋势,得到流变应力受变形温度和应变速率等因素的影响规律;在双曲正弦关系的基础上构造挤压态AZ40合金的本构方程,在动态材料模型(DMM)基础上建立挤压态AZ40合金的热加工图,从而确定挤压态AZ40镁合金的热变形加工范围.结果表明:明显的动态再结晶是挤压态AZ40镁合金流变曲线的特点,在压缩过程中,随变形温度的升高,挤压态AZ40镁合金的峰值应力减小;随应变速率升高,挤压态AZ40镁合金的峰值应力增大.当变形温度相同时,动态再结晶晶粒比例随着应变速率的升高而降低;当应变速率相同时,动态再结晶晶粒大小随着变形温度的升高而增大.粗大的未再结晶晶粒有明显的<1010>‖ND和<21-1-0>‖ND两种取向,而再结晶晶粒取向随机;通过热加工图及组织分析,确定了最佳的加工工艺为T=573 K,ε·=0.1 s-1.     

Zirlo锆合金高温变形行为及本构关系EI北大核心CSCD

采用Gleeble-3800型热模拟试验机,对Zirlo合金进行等温恒应变速率压缩实验,研究其在变形温度550~700℃,应变速率0.01~10 s^(-1)范围内的热变形行为;并在Arrhenius型双曲正弦函数方程基础上引入应变量,构建了基于应变补偿的Arrhenius本构模型,同时构建了基于位错密度演化加工硬化模型和基于唯象型的软化模型的分段唯象型本构模型。结果表明:Zirlo合金的流变应力随着温度的降低和应变速率的提高而升高,低应变速率下流变应力呈现更高的温度敏感性,流变应力曲线在不同变形条件下分别呈现加工硬化、动态回复、动态再结晶特征。经过误差分析可知,基于应变补偿的Arrhenius本构模型大部分预测值的误差均在15%以内,具有较高的准确性,而分段唯象型本构模型相对平均绝对误差最大值不超过3%,具有97%以上的准确率,可以很好地预测合金的应力-应变曲线,具有良好的拓展性,并且可初步判断曲线类型,具有良好的实用性。     

等通道角挤压AZ91D镁合金热压缩变形行为

在应变速率为0.005~1 s~(-1)、温度200~275℃条件下,利用Instron-5500热模拟机,对经过等通道角挤压(Equal Channel Angular Extrusion,ECAE)后的AZ91D镁合金的高温压缩特性进行了研究,得到了ECAE-ed态AZ91D镁合金真实应力-应变曲线,分析了挤压温度、应变速率等对其的影响,得出本构方程的一系列常量,建立了ECAE-ed态AZ91D镁合金在高温压缩中的本构方程关系式,并与铸态AZ91D镁合金进行了对比。结果表明:热压缩过程中,ECAE-ed态AZ91D镁合金与铸态一样,流动应力随温度的升高而降低,随应变速率的升高而升高;流动应力也可以用双曲正弦函数来描述,且双曲正弦值随Zener-Hollomon参数的自然对数的升高呈线性升高;两者同为正应变速率敏感材料,但ECAE-ed态AZ91D镁合金要比铸态应变速率敏感性小,其指数从铸态的m=0.14下降为0.096,变形激活能从182.65 kJ/mol上升为227.14 kJ/mol。研究结果对AZ91D镁合金进一步塑性成形和应用具有指导意义。     

A100钢的热变形行为及加工图

目的 研究A100钢的热变形行为,确定热加工范围并优化工艺参数.方法 使用Gleeble-3800热模拟实验机,对A100钢进行应变为0.6,变形温度为1073～1473 K,应变速率为0.01～10 s–1的等温热压缩实验.利用A100钢的热压缩实验数据,建立在不同变形温度、不同应变速率下的真应力-真应变曲线.建立A100钢基于唯象的本构模型与基于物理的本构模型以及基于Murty失稳准则的热加工图.结果 当应变速率一定,温度升高或一定,应变速率下降时,A100钢的流变应力会减小,流变应力曲线上主要表现为动态再结晶的软化机制.结论 构建的基于唯象的本构方程可以对A100钢在应变为0.6时的流变应力进行较好的预测,基于物理的本构方程可以反映出A100钢的物理特性,通过构建的基于Murty失稳准则的加工图可以得到A100钢的加工范围是温度为1173～1223 K,应变速率为0.01～0.1 s–1和温度为1323～1373 K,应变速率为0.05～0.15 s–1时.     

新型超高强度热冲压用钢的热变形行为及本构关系

利用Gleeble-1500D热模拟机对新型超高强度热冲压用钢22MnB5Nb进行等温单向拉伸实验,研究了其在变形温度为650~950℃,应变速率为0.1,1.0,10s~(-1)下的热变形行为,并采用3种本构分析方法,即基于传统拟合回归方法的Arrhenius型、考虑材料常数应变补偿的Arrhenius型和本工作新提出的基于Quasi-Newton BFGS算法的Arrhenius型本构方程来描述22MnB5Nb钢的热变形行为。结果表明:22MnB5Nb钢表现出典型的加工硬化和动态回复软化行为,变形温度与应变速率均对其流变应力有较大影响;3种方程均可以准确预测实验钢的峰值流变应力,其中,Quasi-Newton BFGS算法具有可一次性求解所有材料参数、求解步骤简单和预测精度最高(R=0.99578,Re=11.03MPa,E=2.48%)的特点,考虑材料常数应变补偿的Arrhenius型本构方程预测精度相对较低,但能直接预测不同变形条件下的流变应力曲线且可以较好地预测变形过程中的加工硬化效应、动态回复软化效应和应变速率强化效应。     

基于流动应力曲线的AZ80镁合金动态再结晶动力学表征

热物理模拟获得了铸态AZ80镁合金热压缩真应力-应变曲线,以此作为计算动态再结晶体积分数演变的底层数据.通过求解流动应力的双曲正弦表征模型,获得了本构模型与动态再结晶激活能等重要参数.分析峰值应力出现之前与之后的硬化曲线,识别了真应力-应变曲线所隐含的关键应变点:临界应变,峰值应变及最大软化速率应变.进一步引入表征晶体...     

基于修正的Arrhennius方程钛合金高温本构方程研究

为了更准确地描述钛合金的高温变形行为,对Arrhennius方程进行修正得到钛合金高温本构方程.通过对一种新型钛合金在热模拟试验机上进行恒应变速率等温压缩实验,研究其在700~1 000℃、应变速率0.01~10 s-1条件下的热变形行为,分析了材料的真实应力-真实应变曲线.采用最小二乘拟合的数据回归处理,得到该钛合金在α+β双相区和β单相区的热变形激活能,并通过引入温度变量,获得了Arrhennius方程参数A随温度变化的函数关系,建立了该材料的高温流变应力本构方程.实验结果表明,随着变形增加,流变应力开始急剧增加,随后出现软化并趋于稳态,同时峰值应力对于温度和应变速率具有很强的敏感性.通过在Arrhenius方程中引入温度变量,有利于提高本构方程的准确性.     

具有层片状α相组织的TB8钛合金热变形行为及本构方程

主要研究具有层片状α相组织的TB8钛合金在α+β双相区的热变形行为。结果表明,在应变速率为1s-1时,变形温度为650℃的流变曲线展现出连续的流变软化,当温度高于650℃时,流变曲线呈现出不连续屈服现象。不连续屈服现象随变形温度的增加和应变速率的降低而消失。当应变速率为0.001s-1时,750℃和800℃的流变曲线呈现出典型的动态再结晶特征。峰值应力σp,温度T和应变速率ε·三者之间的关系已通过Arrhenius-type本构方程进行表征,建立了材料常数α,A,n和Q值与真应变之间的关系模型,并分析了应变对α,A,n和Q值的影响。α值随真应变的增加而增加,而A,n和Q的值随真应变的增加而逐渐降低。实验应力值和预测应力值之间的相关系数和平均相对误差参数分别为0.945和9.08%。这表明本工作建立的应变补偿的热变形本构方程能够很好地预测具有层片状α相组织的TB8钛合金在α+β双相区热变形过程中的流变应力。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.