蒸汽蓄热过程单个汽泡的传热传质数值模拟

蒸汽蓄热器是一种高效的储存蒸汽热能的设备。从传热传质的角度,推导出蒸汽蓄热过程中单个高温蒸汽泡在低温连续液相中的汽泡半径比k和努赛尔数Nu的数学表达式。通过Mat Lab模拟出汽泡半径比k和努赛尔数Nu与汽泡上升速度U、汽泡初始半径R0和汽液两相温度差ΔT随时间的变化规律。研究表明,汽泡半径比k随着汽泡的上升逐渐减小。努赛尔数Nu随着汽泡的上升先减小后增大。在汽泡初始半径R0和汽泡上升速度U相同的工况下,存在一个最优汽液两相温度差ΔT,使得汽泡半径比k和努赛尔数Nu曲线下降最快。加快汽泡上升速度U、减小汽泡初始半径R0以及选择合适的汽液两相温度差ΔT,可以提高蒸汽蓄热过程的传热效率。     

微层蒸发模型的非平衡热力学分析

基于非平衡热力学理论,以水的沸腾换热时的微层蒸发模型为例,采用国际上流行的IFC公式,对微层蒸发模型的汽泡内部的蒸汽温度分布进行了数值计算.结果表明,要完成微层蒸发模型中的蒸发和凝结两个相变过程,汽泡内部的蒸汽温度并非均匀的,由于汽泡的半径很小,从而导致在汽泡垂直方向上存在有极大的温度梯度,这就使得微层蒸发模型的合理性值得商榷,有必要进一步发展新的模型.     

垂直下降管内液膜沸腾蒸发及相界面波动研究

采用数值模拟的方法对垂直下降管内液膜沸腾蒸发流动和传热特性进行研究。分析入口雷诺数Re和热流密度的耦合作用对液膜流动和传热的影响,结果表明:壁面生成的汽泡呈现液滴状;大汽泡表面分割、脱离出小汽泡;汽泡生成、脱离强化了沸腾传热效率;热流密度越大,液膜表面的稳定性越差;Re的提高能够增强相界面稳定性;降膜沸腾传热方式的不同对传热系数影响很大;在计算工况范围内,绘制出传热模态分布图,为工程应用提供基础。     

汽液相变换热过程唯象系数的计算

基于非平衡热力学理论,导出了汽液相变过程化学势的变化及汽泡临界半径的计算式;在此基础上。提出用唯象系数表征相变换热过程的强度。给出了相变换热过程的唯象系数的计算式并进行了数值计算;讨论了相变过程的推动力和汽泡半径等参数对相变过程唯象系数的影响。     

核电汽轮机高压级内非定常流动对自发凝结的影响

为研究核电汽轮机高压级内非定常流动对湿蒸汽凝结流动液滴直径、压力以及湿汽损失等参数分布的影响,采用湿蒸汽非平衡凝结相变模型,对定常与非定常流动状态下湿蒸汽自发凝结流动进行三维数值分析。结果表明:非定常凝结流动趋于稳定时,各项参数的分布呈现周期性变化规律。非定常流动的动静干涉现象导致周向流场具有非均匀性,湿蒸汽级内的轴端功率下降0.266%。非定常流动过程中的静叶尾迹现象致使下游动叶通道内自发凝结的液滴直径减小。非定常凝结流动的压力位势作用使得动叶出口平均压力提高。非定常流动引起湿蒸汽凝结的热力学损失与制动损失分别升高62.27%和1.88%,疏水损失降低0.233%。     

往返式冷凝器中流场数值模拟的研究

倾斜往返式冷凝器采用冷凝回流的方式来完成蒸汽的冷凝过程 ,本文在试验的基础上 ,采用两流体分析模型 ,建立了往返式冷凝器内蒸汽冷凝回流的流动分析模型 ,编制开发了相应的Matlab计算程序 ,并根据试验测得的初值条件 ,对其流场进行了数值模拟 ,并对计算结果进行了分析。结果表明 ,截面汽相所占有的份额沿管长方向逐渐增大 ;汽液两相流速沿管长方向逐渐减小 ;在相同压力下 ,当倾角 β =90°时 ,液膜最薄 ,两相流速沿管长的变化最为显著 ;当倾角一定时 ,随着压力减小 ,液膜厚度也逐渐减小     

单液滴撞击球面液膜水花形成特征分析

应用VOF(volume of fluid)方法对液滴撞击球面液膜的飞溅过程进行数值模拟,由计算结果分析了不同液滴撞击速度和液膜厚度对撞击产生的水花形态、高度和直径的影响。结果表明:随着液滴撞击速度和液膜厚度的增加,水花高度增大;随着液滴撞击速度增加,水花直径增大,但当液膜厚度增加时,水花直径减小。     

单液滴撞击平面液膜飞溅过程的CLSVOF模拟

采用CLSVOF(coupled level set and volume of fluid)方法对单液滴撞击平面液膜初期的飞溅过程进行了数值模拟,探讨了撞击速度和液膜厚度对撞击后形成冠状水花形态及扩展直径的影响.结果显示,扩展直径随撞击速度的增大而增大,随液膜厚度的增大而减小,CLSVOF方法可较好地用于液滴撞击过程的数值计算.     

矩形窄缝流道内过冷沸腾汽泡行为的可视化

采用高速摄像仪,对矩形窄缝流道内过冷沸腾时的汽泡行为进行了可视化实验研究.分析了工况参数对汽泡成核起始点及其脱离直径的影响.结果表明:高过冷沸腾时,窄缝流道内加热面上产生了沿近壁面滑移的汽泡,这种滑移汽泡对窄缝流道内的换热产生了积极的作用,而且汽泡的滑移现象与主流流体的温度有着密切的关系,分析了产生这种滑移现象的原因.     

不稳定蒸汽射流凝结振荡实验研究

对不稳定蒸汽射流凝结压力振荡现象进行了实验研究。结果表明:在不同的蒸汽质量流率和过冷水温度下蒸汽射流存在3种凝结流型,即喘振、半球形汽泡振荡和周期性汽泡振荡;压力振荡发生频率随着蒸汽质量流率的增加而增大,随着过冷水温度的升高先增大后减小,最大压力振荡发生频率出现在由喘振/半球形汽泡振荡区向周期性汽泡振荡区转变时;喘振和半球形汽泡振荡区的压力振荡幅值随蒸汽质量流率的增加而减小,周期性汽泡振荡区的压力振荡幅值随蒸汽质量流率的增加而增大;3种流型下的压力振荡幅值均随过冷水温度的升高而增大。     

Effect of gravity conditions on heat transfer and flow fluctuations of liquid hydrogen in a non-isothermal horizontal circular tube

Liquid hydrogen phase transition is a common phenomenon in space missions for space vehicles using low temperature liquid hydrogen as propellant. In this study, a numerical model with coupled RANS solver and VOF/Level-set method was used to simulate the liquid hydrogen phase transition in a non-isothermal horizontal circular tube under different gravity conditions (1g-10^?4 g). The gas phase hydrogen produced by evaporation of liquid hydrogen was calculated by Lee model. The statistics of the overall volume, heat flux, mass flow rate, mean velocity of gas phase hydrogen was carried out. The data results shown that the flow fluctuations were strongest under the gravity acceleration of 10^?1 g relative to other gravity conditions. The average bubble volume at 10^?1 g was the smallest, which was 11.58% smaller than that at 10^?3 g condition. The intermittent contact with the tube wall, which leaded to intermittent long bubble and flow resistance, was the main reason.     

Numerical investigation on steam jet submerged in subcooled water under different ambient pressures

This paper aims to investigate the effect of ambient pressure on the thermal hydraulic behavior of stable steam jet during the process of direct contact condensation (DCC). Three-dimensional steady CFD simulation was conducted. A thermal equilibrium phase change model was inserted as a user defined function (UDF) to simulate the process of steam jet condensed into subcooled water. The shape of steam plume and axial temperature distribution were compared between experimental and numerical results, and good agreements were obtained. The steam plume shapes under different ambient pressures were obtained. The transformation of flow pattern from annular flow to bubble flow along axial direction was observed from the cross-sectional slices at different axial locations. Then the axial parameters such as velocity, temperature and static pressure under different ambient pressures were investigated. The existence of expansion and compression wave was verified due to the existence of the fluctuation of axial temperature. Besides, the average heat transfer coefficient ranges from 0.97 to 1.08 MW/m² K when ambient pressure ranges from 80 to 200 kPa.     

Numerical modeling of a steam-assisted tubular coal gasifier

Understanding the heat and mass transfer phenomena in a coal gasifier is very useful for the assessment of gasifier performance and optimization of the design and operating parameters. In this paper, performance of an entrained flow air blown laboratory scale gasifier is numerically simulated with Fluent software. In the model, the continuous phase conservation equations are solved in an Eulerian frame, while those of particle phase are solved in a Lagrangian frame, with coupling between the two phases carried out through interactive source terms. The dispersion of the particles due to turbulence is predicted using a stochastic tracking model, in conjunction with the k–ε equations for the gas phase. The coal gasification model adopted includes devolatilization, combustion of volatiles, char combustion and gasification. The gasification performance inside the gasifier has been predicted for different air ratios as well as for different air and steam inlet temperatures. The overall temperature inside the gasifier is found to increase when the degree of air/steam pre-heating is increased, resulting in acceleration of the different reaction steps in the gasifier. The overall gasification performance indices such as carbon conversion, heating value of the exit gas and cold gas efficiency have been predicted. The predicted results show good agreement with available experimental data in literature.     

Nucleate boiling in two types of vertical narrow channels

To explore the mechanism of boiling bubble dynamics in narrow channels, we investigate 2-mm wide I- and Z-shaped channels. The influence of wall contact angle on bubble generation and growth is studied using numerical simulation. The relationships between different channel shapes and the pressure drop are also examined, taking into account the effects of gravity, surface tension, and wall adhesion. The wall contact angle imposes considerable influence over the morphology of bubbles. The smaller the wall contact angle, the rounder the bubbles, and the less time the bubbles take to depart from the wall. Otherwise, the bubbles experience more difficulty in departure. Variations in the contact angle also affect the heat transfer coefficient. The greater the wall contact angle, the larger the bubble-covered area. Therefore, wall thermal resistance increases, bubble nucleation is suppressed, and the heat transfer coefficient is lowered. The role of surface tension in boiling heat transfer is considerably more important than that of gravity in narrow channels. The generation of bubbles dramatically disturbs the boundary layer, and the bubble bottom micro-layer can enhance heat transfer. The heat transfer coefficient of Z-shaped channels is larger than that of the I-shaped type, and the pressure drop of the former is clearly higher.     

Numerical investigation on subcooled pool film boiling of liquid hydrogen in different gravities

A clear understanding of bubble dynamics and heat transfer characteristics of hydrogen boiling in microgravity is significant for achieving safe and high-efficiency utilization of liquid hydrogen in space. In the present paper, a numerical simulation model is developed to predict the subcooled pool film boiling for liquid hydrogen in different gravities. The computations are based on the volume of fluid method combined with Lee's phase change model. The results show that the bubble released from the wavy gas-liquid interface might grow to a larger size before departure with the decrease of gravity, and poor heat transfer performance is observed in reduced gravity. However, once the gravity level is low enough or the subcooling of liquid is sufficiently large, instead of bubble formation and release at the vapor-liquid interface, a thin gas film layer is almost observed and maintained in the surface of horizontal flat or wire heater.     

电场作用下冷气泡行为试验研究

气泡的生成、成长、脱离和上升等行为均是决定电场强化传热机理的主要过程,为获得电场作用下气泡生长的动态过程,研究了电场作用下冷态氮气泡的行为特性,利用高速摄像机拍摄了不同电场强度下的气泡生长试验图像,并对气泡脱离形态、周期和速度及加速度进行对比分析。试验结果表明,冷态氮气泡沿着场强方向拉长,呈圆柱体形状脱离壁面,气泡的脱离周期、速度与场强成正比,而加速度与场强成反比。     

Bubble Dynamics and Heat Transfer during Pool and Flow Boiling

A large number of studies of bubble growth rate and departure diameter have been reported in the literature. Because of uncertainty in defining the shape of an evolving interface, empirical constants are invariably used to match the model predictions with data. This is especially true when force balance is made on a vapor bubble to determine the departure diameter. In this paper, the results of an alternate approach based on a complete numerical simulation of the process are given. Single and multiple bubbles are considered for both pool and flow boiling. The simulations are based on the solution of the conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy for both phases. Interface shape is captured through a level set function. A comparison of bubble shape during evolution, bubble diameter at departure, and bubble growth period is made with data from well-controlled experiments. Among other variables, the effect of magnitude of gravity and contact angle is explicitly investigated.     

A model to predict the effect of contact angle on the bubble departure diameter during heterogeneous boiling

Over the past eighty years, bubble release during heterogeneous boiling has been the subject of numerous investigations. However, current understanding of factors that influence this process is still incomplete. In this paper, a model is developed to describe the effect of contact angle on the bubble departure from an upward-facing horizontal surface. Based on the concept of macro- and micro-contact angles, this model gives an explicit theoretical relation between the bubble departure diameter and the contact angle. Agreement with previous experimental data confirms the predictive ability of the present model.     

考虑转捩的风力机翼型动态失速数值模拟

以风力机专用翼型的动态失速为对象,采用一种基于流场当地变量的Gamma-Theta转捩模型配合SSTk-ω湍流模型进行数值模拟,研究转捩对动态失速性能的影响和动态失速下的转捩规律。结果表明,使用考虑转捩效应,能够使动态失速过程中上仰段大迎角状态下失速和下俯段气流再附的模拟得到改善。在动态失速上仰段,上表面转捩由后缘分离泡向前缘分离泡的转变过程较快,导致转捩点迅速前移;而在下俯段,前缘分离泡向后缘分离泡的转变过程中经过了自然转捩和再层流化的过渡,因此转捩点的移动较上仰段平滑。     

Pressure Drop in Multi-Parallel Channels of Corrugated Plate Steam Condensers

An experimental investigation has been carried out to find the pressure difference of the process of steam condensation across the port to channel in plate heat exchangers. In the present study, low corrugation angle (30°) plates have been used for different number of channels, namely, 10 and 80. The process steam entered at 1 bar with a small degree of superheat. Water has been used as the cold fluid. The pressure probes are inserted through the plate gasket into both the inlet and exit ports of the channel. The pressure drop of the process steam has been measured and recorded at the first, middle, and last channels at different flow and exit conditions for each plate package of the heat exchanger. Also, the overall pressure drop has been measured at different conditions at the outlet of the process steam, i.e., full and partial condensation. The pressure drop measurements have indicated that there is a considerable variation in pressure drop from the first channel to the last channel due to flow maldistribution. The experimental data has been analyzed to show how the flow maldistribution affects the pressure drop of a plate condenser.