道路旁大气悬浮微粒之理化特性及污染源解析

旨在探讨道路旁悬浮微粒之理化成分,并解析其可能的污染来源.悬浮微粒采样作业于2003年5月～2004年1月期间进行,悬浮微粒样本采集时间包括春、夏、秋、冬四季的假日与非假日,所采集的悬浮微粒样本经化学成分分析可得水溶性离子成分与金属元素成分,并透过化学质量平衡受体模式及逆轨迹模式进行污染源解析.测量结果显示,假日的大气悬浮微粒PM10浓度高于非假日,而假日与非假目的总悬浮颗粒则无明显变化.此外,道路旁悬浮微粒PM10主要受非交通源的长程传输与当地的交通源所影响,而总悬浮颗粒则主要源自于附近道路的车行及逸散扬尘.另就悬浮微粒化学成分而言,金属元素成分以Ca、Fe、Al最多,水溶性离子成分则主要为SO42-、NO3-、NH4+等二次污染物.受体模式及逆轨迹模式分析结果得知,污染来源主要为交通污染及道路扬尘,然而,亦有相当部分的污染来自上风处的非交通源.     

道路旁大气悬浮微粒的理化特性及污染源解析(英文)

旨在探讨道路旁悬浮微粒之理化成分,并解析其可能的污染来源。悬浮微粒采样作业于2003年5月～2004年1月期间进行,悬浮微粒样本采集时间包括春、夏、秋、冬四季的假日与非假日,所采集的悬浮微粒样本经化学成分分析可得水溶性离子成分与金属元素成分,并透过化学质量平衡受体模式及逆轨迹模式进行污染源解析。测量结果显示,假日的大气悬浮微粒PM10浓度高于非假日,而假日与非假日的总悬浮颗粒则无明显变化。此外,道路旁悬浮微粒PM10主要受非交通源的长程传输与当地的交通源所影响,而总悬浮颗粒则主要源自于附近道路的车行及逸散扬尘。另就悬浮微粒化学成分而言,金属元素成分以Ca、Fe、Al最多,水溶性离子成分则主要为SO42-、NO3-、NH4+等二次污染物。受体模式及逆轨迹模式分析结果得知,污染来源主要为交通污染及道路扬尘,然而,亦有相当部分的污染来自上风处的非交通源。     

数显式大气采样器检定方法的研究与探讨

随着人们环保意识的不断提升,空气中污染物浓度的测量受到越来越多人的关注,数显式大气采样器也因其读数较为方便等特点,成为目前应用最为广泛的空气采样设备。但现行有效的JJG956—2013《大气采样器检定规程》,只适应于采用转子流量计控制气体流量式大气采样器的检定。本文从采样原理出发,从转子流量计式大气采样器和数显式大气采样器气体流量控制方式不同入手,研究和探讨数显式大气采样器检定过程,分析不同显示流量示值误差计算的方法,进一步保证采样和大气监测工作的准确可靠,以期望对大气环境监测和环境评价工作提供技术支持。     

陕西省榆林市冬季PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的污染特征

为了探讨陕西省榆林市冬季大气颗粒物的污染特征,2013年11月对榆林市3个采样点进行可吸入颗粒物(PM10)和细颗粒物(PM2.5)同步观测,利用离子色谱法和热光分析法测定PM10和PM2.5中无机水溶性离子和碳组分的浓度。结果表明:3个采样点PM10和PM2.5日均质量浓度分别为162、74μg/m3,颗粒物浓度由大到小的采样点为环保旧站、实验中学和环保大厦;PM10中有机碳和元素碳的质量浓度空间分布与颗粒物的相同;PM2.5中有碳组分在环保旧站和实验中学的浓度接近,都大于环保大厦的;无机离子中SO42-和Ca2+浓度最大;PM10与PM2.5整体偏碱性,亏损的阴离子主要是CO32-;扬尘在PM10中的比例远远大于其他组分;PM2.5中碳组分含量较大,其次是土壤尘、硫酸盐、氯化物和硝酸盐等;治理PM10和PM2.5污染应以加强扬尘控制和减少燃煤污染物排放为主。     

采样器气体流量闭环控制研究

针对传统采样器气体流量采用开环控制,随着抽气泵负载的增加引起气体流量的下降,导致采样气体体积误差偏大的问题,提出了闭环流量控制的气体采样器,并对其进行了研究。利用微型气体质量流量传感器、可调微型气泵及控制器组成了闭环控制系统,并结合带死区的增量PID控制算法和积分累积气体采样的方式,消除了采样流量由于负载的变化而引起的误差。最后通过实验证明了闭环控制的采样器气体流量具有较好的线性度及较高的精度。     

玻璃料对可陶瓷化硅橡胶基复合材料耐高温性能的影响

玻璃料可以改善可陶瓷化硅橡胶基复合材料高温热解后的力学强度,保持结构的完整性。为了研究玻璃料的成分对云母/硅橡胶复合材料耐高温性能的影响,分别以玻璃料A和B为助熔剂,制得了2种复合材料,研究了其力学性能、微观形貌、热分解性能及陶瓷化机制。结果表明:云母/硅橡胶复合材料常温拉伸强度为3~4 MPa,600~1 200℃下热解后试样的弯曲强度在0.3~4.5 MPa之间,且保持结构完整;SEM结果显示玻璃料B有助于形成大量的液相结构,更好地改善热解后形成的陶瓷层的强度和结构;TG结果显示玻璃料可以加速硅橡胶的分解,因此要控制玻璃料的加入量;XRD结果显示在温度变化过程中,添加含SiO₂和K₂O成分较多的玻璃料B至云母/硅橡胶复合材料中形成了非晶相和钾长石（K₂O·Al₂O₃·6SiO₂）,从而提高陶瓷层的强度。      

烧结矿喷洒CaCL2溶液的研究与应用

为提高烧结矿低温还原粉化指数,改善烧结矿入高炉冶炼时的透气性,国内多数钢铁企业给成品烧结矿喷洒3％浓度的CacL2溶液。随着烧结原料结构发生变化,烧结矿成分及性能改变很大,其中低温还原粉化指数也较以前有了很大的提高。我们是否需要继续喷洒CaCL2溶液就有待更加深入的研究。本篇文章从原理上说明喷洒cack溶液如何改变烧结矿低温还原粉化指数,并从经济冶炼,高效生产的角度进行探时,以科学喷洒CacL2溶液,供国内钢铁企业借鉴。     

含腐殖酸类有机物模拟废水超滤过程研究

研究了用中空纤维超滤膜组件净化含腐殖酸类有机物模拟废水的过程.考察了料液中Ca2 浓度、离子强度和pH值对超滤过程的影响.实验结果表明,由于Ca2 与腐殖酸分子发生络合反应,随着料液中Ca2 浓度的增大,膜污染程度加剧;料液离子强度的变化改变了腐殖酸分子的构型和溶质分子之间以及溶质分子与膜面之间的相互作用,随着溶液离子强度的增大,膜通量下降程度增大;料液pH值的降低减少了腐殖酸分子链上官能团中H 的离解度,随着pH值的降低,膜污染程度增大;同时,随着料液中Ca2 浓度、离子强度的增大以及pH值的降低,膜对腐殖酸的脱除率降低.     

德士古气化粗渣成分分析及处理手段深入探讨

本文通过对气化粗渣成分分析研究后,针对其特殊的组成,深入解析了在电厂锅炉的二次燃烧,内燃转烧制,金属元素提取,建筑材料,筑路材料等方面运用的明显优势。优化气化炉运行控制条件,提高气化原料煤的利用效率。     

高铝矾土和煤矸石合成矾土基莫来石料的研究

按照莫来石料的化学组成要求,以高铝矾土和煤矸石为基料,需要时加入少量的活性Al2O3微调成分,配成多组混合料,将混合料分别经磨细、过滤、烘干、成型、干燥、煅烧工艺后,测定合成料的性能.结果表明:采用此工艺方法可制备出莫来石料,加与不加烧结助剂试样的烧结温度分别为1600℃和1700℃,莫来石料的显气孔率分别为1.0%和2.5%以下,体积密度分别为2.75g·cm-3和2.87g·cm-3以上,并具有较高的荷重软化温度,分别为1590℃和1600℃.     

宁波市河道淤泥与建筑渣土建材化利用的基础研究

采用宁波市三江河道淤泥和建筑渣土为原材料,进行制备烧结类墙体材料的基础研究。本文分析了多个采样点不同深度的河道淤泥和建筑渣土的矿物组成、粒径分布、有机质含量、重金属含量等基本的物化性质。结果表明,河道淤泥在深度方向上矿物组成几乎相同,粘土质含量呈现层状分布;淤泥可利用的深度超过5m;建筑渣土与河道淤泥物相组成相同,也可以作为建材化利用的原料。河道淤泥和建筑渣土烧结后样品中存在Cr与As的浸出量升高的问题,利用水玻璃可以有效降低烧结后Cr与As的浸出量。     

An efficient and clean utilization technique for red mud based on fluidized bed carbon monoxide reduction

In order to simulate the pre-reduction behavior of ore powder by coal gas produced by smelting reduction of coal-based electric furnace, an efficient and clean utilization technique for red mud based on fluidized bed carbon monoxide reduction was developed in the present study. Experimental results indicated that a metallization rate of 68.08 % and reduction degree of 78.72 was obtained under the optimal conditions of reduction temperature of 800 °C, CO concentration of 85 %, and reduction time of 30 min. Pre-reduced materials can be used as raw materials for electric furnace melting reduction. The order in which iron oxides were reduced is only related to temperature, and at 800 °C, iron oxides were reduced in the order of Fe₂O₃ to Fe₃O₄ to FeO to Fe. During different stages of prereduction, the surface structure of ore particles changes, which is related to the metallization rate of iron oxides in red mud.     

Utilization of flotation wastes of copper slag as raw material in cement production

Copper slag wastes, even if treated via processes such as flotation for metal recovery, still contain heavy metals with hazardous properties posing environmental risks for disposal. This study reports the potential use of flotation waste of a copper slag (FWCS) as iron source in the production of Portland cement clinker. The FWCS appears a suitable raw material as iron source containing >59% Fe(2)O(3) mainly in the form of fayalite (Fe(2)SiO(4)) and magnetite (Fe(3)O(4)). The clinker products obtained using the FWCS from the industrial scale trial operations over a 4-month period were characterised for the conformity of its chemical composition and the physico-mechanical performance of the resultant cement products was evaluated. The data collected for the clinker products produced using an iron ore, which is currently used as the cement raw material were also included for comparison. The results have shown that the chemical compositions of all the clinker products including those of FWCS are typical of a Portland cement clinker. The mechanical performance of the standard mortars prepared from the FWCS clinkers were found to be similar to those from the iron ore clinkers with the desired specifications for the industrial cements e.g. CEM I type cements. Furthermore, the leachability tests (TCLP and SPLP) have revealed that the mortar samples obtained from the FWCS clinkers present no environmental problems while the FWCS could act as the potential source of heavy metal contamination. These findings suggest that flotation wastes of copper slag (FWCS) can be readily utilised as cement raw material due to its availability in large quantities at low cost with the further significant benefits for waste management/environmental practices of the FWCS and the reduced production and processing costs for cement raw materials.     

Potential use of pyrite cinders as raw material in cement production: Results of industrial scale trial operations

Pyrite cinders, which are the waste products of sulphuric acid manufacturing plants, contain hazardous heavy metals with potential environmental risks for disposal. In this study, the potential use of pyrite cinders (PyCs) as iron source in the production of Portland cement clinker was demonstrated at the industrial scale. The chemical and mineralogical analyses of the PyC sample used in this study have revealed that it is essentially a suitable raw material for use as iron source since it contains >87% Fe₂O₃ mainly in the form of hematite (Fe₂O₃) and magnetite (Fe₃O₄). The samples of the clinkers produced from PyC in the industrial scale trial operation of 6 months were tested for the conformity of their chemical composition and the physico-mechanical performance of the resultant cement products. The data were compared with the clinker products of the iron ore, which is used as the raw material for the production Portland cement clinker in the plant. The chemical compositions of all the clinker products of PyC appeared to conform to those of the iron ore clinker, and hence, a Portland cement clinker. The mechanical performance of the mortars prepared from the PyC clinker was found to be consistent with those of the industrial cements e.g. CEM I type cements. It can be inferred from the leachability tests (TCLP and SPLP) that PyC could be a potential source of heavy metal pollution while the mortar samples obtained from the PyC clinkers present no environmental problems. These findings suggest that the waste pyrite cinders can be readily used as iron source for the production of Portland cement. The availability of PyC in large quantities at low cost provides further significant benefits for the management/environmental practices of these wastes and for the reduction of mining and processing costs of cement raw materials.     

Properties of alkali activated slag–fly ash blends with limestone addition

In this article, the effects of raw materials’ composition on fresh behavior, reaction kinetics, mechanical properties and microstructure of alkali activated slag–fly ash–limestone blends are investigated. The results indicate that, with the increasing content of fly ash and limestone, the slump flow increases. The setting times are shortened when increasing the slag content, while both fly ash and limestone show a negligible influence. The reaction process is slightly accelerated by the presence of limestone due to the extra provided nucleation sites, but the reaction process is mainly governed by the slag. The slag content exhibits a dominant role on strength in this ternary system, while for a constant slag content, the compressive strength increases with the increasing limestone content up to 30%. The microstructure analysis shows that the gel characteristics are independent of the limestone powder content. The presence of limestone in initially high Ca and Al conditions does not lead to the formation of additional crystalline phases, which is different from Portland cement systems. Both physically and chemically bound water contents are slightly increased when limestone powder is incorporated.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Iron-Rich Glass Ceramic Materials:A Model for Steel Industry Waste Reuse

Wastes deriving from steel industry, containing large amounts of iron oxides and heavy metals, when collected in landfills are subjected to atmospheric agents, with consequent release of toxic substances in the soil and groundwater. The reuse of these wastes as raw materials for the production of advanced materials is a viable way both to overcome the environmental impact and to reduce the disposal costs,proposing new technologically advanced materials. This work aims to simulate these interesting glassceramics by using glass cullet coming from recycled municipal waste and high amount of iron(III) oxide(from 25 wt% to 50 wt%), the prevalent component of steel waste. The oxide was mixed with glass cullet and vitrified. The samples composition and the microstructure were investigated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and X-ray diffraction(XRD) was used to evaluate the nature of the crystalline phases.The chemical stability of the materials, in terms of ionic release into saline solution, was assessed. The electrical behavior of the samples was also investigated by varying the iron ions content and controlling the crystallization process. It is possible to obtain chemically stable materials with a nearly semiconducting behavior.     

磁铁矿铁磁性能解析及应用

探讨磁铁矿物理化学特性,研究单线圈阻抗检测方法,用其实现铁矿选矿工艺过程中全铁品位指标的在线自动监测.采用X射线衍射分析方法和电感耦合等离子体质谱方法表征磁铁矿原矿及铁精粉矿样的物相组成及化学成分.利用振动样品磁强计测试矿样的磁化强度、矫顽力、比磁化系数等磁学性能指标,解析磁铁矿的强磁性能,应用其铁磁特性探讨交流激磁、矩型电感线圈、磁铁矿铁芯等条件下全铁品位指标的电磁感应测量方法及测试机理.设计信息采集装置、信号调理电路以及PIC单片机控制系统,给出温湿度测试方法及温度补偿方案.实验测试结果表明:应用磁铁矿铁磁特性进行全铁品位指标电磁效应在线监测具备可行性,铁精粉干粉实验测试误差低于±0.5%,测量标准差为0.19%.     

Solid State Reaction Yielding a Mineral Utilizing Silica Obtained from an Agricultural Waste

1.IntroductionWollastonite,chemicallycalciummetasilicate(CaSiO3),isamineralofwideindustrialutility[l~6].Asityieldstheendproductswithdesirableproper-ties,theworldmarketdemandforthisrawmaterialhasbecometremend.us[7].Shortsupplyofthenatu-ralmineral,consequently,hasurgedresearchworkerstoproduceitsynthetically.Muster[8]mixedtheappropriatequantitiesofCaOandSiO2andfiredthemixtureinasolarfurnace.HeemployedXRDandchemicalanalysis(CA)tech-niquesforevaluatingtheproduct.While,Kakitani[9]attemptedtoaf…     

煤焦油中固体颗粒物的分析与表征

煤焦油中的固体颗粒物对热解聚合和炭化产物的显微结构具有重要的作用。由于受原料、焦炉结构和炼焦条件的影响,固体颗粒物的组成、结构和粒径分布存在较大的差别。为了解析煤焦油中的固体颗粒物(喹啉不溶物,QI)对沥青炭化过程的影响,对从煤焦油中分离出的固体颗粒物进行了元素分析、粒径分析、扫描电镜及能谱分析、X射线衍射分析及热重分析,考察了固体颗粒物对煤焦油沥青炭化产物显微结构的影响。结果表明,煤焦油中固体颗粒物大多呈现圆形结构,部分是圆形颗粒物的聚集体,其收率为3.44%,95.29%的固体颗粒小于10μm。颗粒物主要是碳的聚合物,约占98%,尚有少量的无机金属物质,以铁、钙、铝和硅等为主,这与炼焦过程有关。颗粒物的存在倾向于生成具有镶嵌结构的生焦,因此制备优质炭素材料需要有效地脱除固体颗粒物。     

原料配比对泡沫膏体充填材料性能的影响

以水泥、粉煤灰、煤矸石、膨润土等为原料制备了泡沫膏体充填材料,采用单因素试验研究了不同水料比条件下,原料配比对泡沫膏体充填材料流动度、凝结时间、干密度及后期抗压强度的影响规律。结果表明:流动度随水料比和煤矸石掺量的增加而增加,随发泡剂和膨润土掺量的增加而减小,但在高、低水料比条件下流动度随粉煤灰掺量的增加其变化趋势略有不同;凝结时间随水料比、粉煤灰、煤矸石及发泡剂掺量的增加而延长,而膨润土掺量则对其影响不大;干密度随水料比、粉煤灰、煤矸石及发泡剂掺量的增加而减小,随膨润土掺量的增加先减后增;后期抗压强度随煤矸石、发泡剂掺量的增加而减小,随膨润土掺量的增加先增后减,在高、低水料比条件下粉煤灰对其影响规律相反,此外高水料比有助于原料之间配合成型,对强度有益,但随原料掺量的增加其强度急剧下降。