不锈钢钢筋的临界氯离子浓度

采用动电位扫描测量技术和扫描电镜测试了304L和316L不锈钢钢筋与Q235钢筋在模拟混凝土孔溶液中的临界氯离子浓度,并采用XPS分析了304L和316L不锈钢钢筋的钝化膜成分。结果表明,普通碳钢(Q235)、304L、316L不锈钢在pH=12.6的模拟混凝土孔隙液中的临界氯离子浓度分别约为0.06 mol/L、1.2 mol/L、4.0mol/L;相比304L不锈钢钢筋,316L不锈钢钢筋试样表面钝化膜中含有耐腐蚀性的Cr3+的氧化物量更高。     

孔隙液pH值和Cl离子浓度对碳钢电化学行为的影响

通过改变p H值和Cl离子浓度的方法配制了不同的模拟孔隙液,研究了不同腐蚀介质中HRB400和HPB235碳钢的电化学腐蚀行为。研究结果表明,HRB400钢筋的耐腐蚀性能指标随着p H值降低而减弱,而HPB235钢筋具有明显的钝化,耐腐蚀性能没有降低;当p H值为10.5,且Na Cl浓度小于或者等于0.005%时,HRB400钢筋和HPB235钢筋的耐腐蚀性能相近,如果孔隙液中Na Cl浓度继续增加,HRB400钢筋的耐腐蚀性能开始比HPB235钢筋低。     

Cr对耐蚀钢筋在混凝土模拟液中耐蚀机理的影响

研究了Cr对低合金耐蚀钢筋在饱和Ca(OH)_2混凝土模拟液中耐蚀性能的影响机制,为低合金耐蚀钢筋的研发提供理论上的依据。周期浸润腐蚀及循环动电位极化等实验表明,含Cr耐蚀钢筋的腐蚀敏感性及腐蚀速率远低于HRB400钢筋,其耐蚀机理主要表现为:Cr的添加改变了耐蚀钢筋的显微组织,形成大量细小且均匀分布的粒状贝氏体;Cr的添加改变了钢筋表面钝化膜的组成,使得含Cr耐蚀钢筋在混凝土模拟孔隙液中的点蚀电位更高,钝化膜更稳定;含Cr耐蚀钢筋的腐蚀产物中α-FeOOH的含量高于HRB400,进一步改善了钢筋耐蚀性。     

高强钢筋在混凝土环境中的腐蚀行为

通过电化学试验研究了HPB300、HRB400E、HRB500E三种钢筋在混凝土模拟空隙液中的腐蚀行为,并研究了Cl~-浓度(0.04 mol/L～0.08 mol/L)对这三种钢筋耐蚀性的影响。结果表明:在模拟孔隙液中,三种钢筋均能达到稳定的钝化状态;随着Cl~-的加入,钢筋的腐蚀速率均有所增大;由于HRB500E钢筋含有更多的Cr、Ni、V等合金元素,其晶粒度最小,耐蚀性最好。     

不锈钢在模拟混凝土孔隙液中的腐蚀行为研究

利用动电位扫描和交流阻抗法研究了普通碳钢与不锈钢在模拟混凝土孔隙溶液中的腐蚀行为及其差别，以及Cl-浓度、溶液pH值对腐蚀行为的影响，从而探讨了不锈钢取代碳钢作为混凝土钢筋骨架的可能性.结果表明：即便混凝土碳化导致孔隙液pH值下降后，氯离子对不锈钢的影响仍然较小，钝化膜致密完好，而普通碳钢的耐蚀性明显变差，钝化膜极易被氯离子侵蚀而破坏.     

316L不锈钢表面B-RE共渗层组织及磨蚀性能北大核心CSCD

为提高316L奥氏体不锈钢的抗磨蚀性能,选用膏剂渗硼技术对316L奥氏体不锈钢表面进行硼-稀土共渗处理。采用电子显微镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射仪和显微硬度计分析共渗层组织形貌、相组成及硬度,并利用超声波振荡空蚀仪和喷射式冲刷腐蚀试验机研究共渗层的抗空蚀、冲蚀性能。结果表明,316L不锈钢表面B-RE共渗层组织致密,齿形平坦,表层为一薄层单一FeB相,内层为Fe_2B、Cr_7C_3以及基体相γ-Fe,并出现Cr元素富集现象。共渗后显微硬度高达1654~2124 HV,由表及里呈逐渐下降趋势。磨蚀试验表明,共渗层的抗空蚀能力比基材提高1个数量级,抗冲蚀性能明显提高,冲蚀机理由基材的机械冲击转变为共渗层的流体冲刷作用。     

316L不锈钢表面B-RE共渗层组织及磨蚀性能

为提高316L奥氏体不锈钢的抗磨蚀性能,选用膏剂渗硼技术对316L奥氏体不锈钢表面进行硼-稀土共渗处理。采用电子显微镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射仪和显微硬度计分析共渗层组织形貌、相组成及硬度,并利用超声波振荡空蚀仪和喷射式冲刷腐蚀试验机研究共渗层的抗空蚀、冲蚀性能。结果表明,316L不锈钢表面B-RE共渗层组织致密,齿形平坦,表层为一薄层单一FeB相,内层为Fe_2B、Cr_7C_3以及基体相γ-Fe,并出现Cr元素富集现象。共渗后显微硬度高达1654~2124 HV,由表及里呈逐渐下降趋势。磨蚀试验表明,共渗层的抗空蚀能力比基材提高1个数量级,抗冲蚀性能明显提高,冲蚀机理由基材的机械冲击转变为共渗层的流体冲刷作用。     

钢筋HRB400在NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为和力学性能

采用腐蚀试验测试了钢筋HRB400在模拟混凝土孔隙液(3.5wt％NaCl溶液)中的腐蚀率,并采用拉伸试验测试了钢筋腐蚀前后的力学性能.结果表明,随着腐蚀时间从240h增加到720h,钢筋的腐蚀率逐渐增加,腐蚀逐渐加重;随着腐蚀时间(腐蚀率)的增加,钢筋屈服强度和抗拉强度均逐渐下降,而伸长率先下降后上升.     

模拟混凝土孔隙液中钢筋表面膜组成与腐蚀行为的关联

采用XPS分析钢筋经模拟混凝土孔隙液浸泡后表面膜的化学组成,结合线性极化法和动电位扫描阳极极化曲线测试,研究钢筋在模拟混凝土孔隙液中表面膜化学组成与腐蚀电化学行为的关联.结果表明:钢筋在纯模拟液中处于钝化状态.在含Cl和不同pH值的模拟混凝土孔隙液中,随着Cl~-浓度的增加和pH值的降低,钢筋的腐蚀电位负移,电流密度增大;钢筋表面钝化膜Fe~(2+)的含量增加,Fe~(3+)的含量减少.当模拟液中外加Cl~-浓度达0.6mol/L或pH值降至11.31时,钢筋表面不发生钝化,但加入0.24mol/L NaNO_2缓蚀剂后又可使钢筋钝化从而抑制腐蚀.     

超级马氏体不锈钢在酸性浸滤液中的冲刷腐蚀行为

利用电化学测试技术及质量损失法,研究了超级马氏体不锈钢S-165及316L奥氏体不锈钢在模拟冶金酸性浸滤溶液中的电化学腐蚀性能和在1.56 m/s流速下的液-固两相流(10%H2SO4+5%NaCl+150g/L Al2O3)中的冲刷腐蚀行为。结果表明,316L比S-165不锈钢点蚀电位高,钝化区间宽,耐蚀性能好,但S-165超级马氏体不锈钢的耐冲刷腐蚀性能明显优于316L不锈钢;冲刷腐蚀2 h,316L不锈钢的总腐蚀速率为S-165的3.1倍,冲刷腐蚀持续12 h时,316L总失重率为S-165的2.3倍;冲刷腐蚀过程中316L不锈钢呈现机械磨损促进腐蚀的交互损伤主导破坏,超马钢S-165表现为腐蚀主导破坏,但S-165较高的强度及硬度抑制了腐蚀与冲刷的交互作用,从而获得了较强的冲刷腐蚀抗力。     

Corrosion properties of materials coated with Cr2O3/NiCr and with Cr2O3+NiCr functionally gradient materials

This paper studied the corrosion properties of five kinds of Cr₂O₃ coated materials: the SUS316L austenitic stainless steels respectively coated with the Cr₂O₃ layer (Cr₂O₃/316), Cr₂O₃ and 80Ni‐ 20Cr layers (Cr₂O₃/80NiCr/316), Cr₂O₃ and 50Ni‐ 50Cr layers (Cr₂O₃/50NiCr/316), Cr₂O₃ + 80Ni‐ 20Cr functionally gradient materials (Cr₂O₃ + 80NiCr FGM), and Cr₂O₃ + 50Ni‐ 50Cr FGM (Cr₂O₃ + 50NiCr FGM). All the coatings were made by atmospheric pressure plasma spraying method (APPS). The corrosion resistance of the coated materials was analyzed by immersion tests and electrochemical evaluations. A mechanism of the corrosion failures for these kinds of coated structures was proposed. The different coating structures for improving the adhesion between ceramics and substrates were assessed, and the effect of Cr content in the NiCr coatings on the corrosion property was discussed. The ceramic coatings with the 50Ni‐ 50Cr intermediate layer possessed a better corrosion resistance than that with 80Ni‐ 20Cr. The FGM structures appeared to offer weaker resistance to corrosion attack than that with the intermediate layer in general. Under corrosion test conditions, the corrosion‐proof abilities of the coated structures were, respectively: the Cr₂O₃/50NiCr/316 in the best rank; the Cr₂O₃/316, Cr₂O₃/80NiCr/316, and Cr₂O₃ + 50NiCr FGM in the second rank; and the Cr₂O₃ + 80NiCr FGM in the last rank. This means that applying the 50NiCr intermediate layer under the Cr₂O₃ ceramic coating can further improve the corrosion resistance of Cr₂O₃/316. Porosity analysis was used to explain the difference of corrosion resistance between the Cr₂O₃/50NiCr coated material and the Cr₂O₃ + 50NiCr FGM. The porosity in each layer of the Cr₂O₃ + 50NiCr FGM was higher than that in the Cr₂O₃/50NiCr coating, and as a result the corrosion resistance of Cr₂O₃/50Ni Cr/316 is better than Cr₂O₃ + 50NiCr FGM.     

Corrosion behaviors of arc spraying single and double layer coatings in simulated Dagang soil solution

Three kinds of single layer coatings of Zn, Zn15Al, 316L stainless steel and two kinds of double layer coatings with inner layer of Zn or Zn15Al and outer layer of 316L stainless steel by arc spraying were developed to protect the metal ends of prestressed high-strength concrete (PHC) pipe piles against soil corrosion. The corrosion behaviors of the coated Q235 steel samples in the simulated Dagang soil solution were investigated by potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and natural immersion tests. The results show that the corrosion of the matrix Q235 steel is effectively inhibited by Zn, Zn15Al, Zn+316L and Zn15Al+316L coatings. The corrosion rate value of Zn15Al coated samples is negative. The corrosion products on Zn and Zn15Al coated samples are compact and firm. The corrosion resistance indexes of both Zn and Zn15Al coated samples are improved significantly with corrosion time, and the latter are more outstanding than the former. But the corrosion resistance of 316L coated samples is decreased quickly with the increase in immersion time. When the coatings are sealed with epoxy resin, the corrosion resistance of the coatings will be enhanced significantly.     

Corrosion and wear behaviors of boronized AISI 316L stainless steel

In this study, the effects of a boronizing treatment on the corrosion and wear behaviors of AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel (AISI 316L) were examined. The corrosion behavior of the boronized samples was studied via electrochemical methods in a simulation body fluid (SBF) and the wear behavior was examined using the ball-on-disk wear method. It was observed that the boride layer that formed on the AISI 316L surface had a flat and smooth morphology. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction analyses show that the boride layer contained FeB, Fe₂B, CrB, Cr₂B, NiB, and Ni₂B phases. Boride layer thickness increased with an increasing boronizing temperature and time. The boronizing treatment also increased the surface hardness of the AISI 316L. Although there was no positive effect of the coating on the corrosion resistance in the SBF medium. Furthermore, a decrease in the friction coefficient was recorded for the boronized AISI 316L. As the boronizing temperature increased, the wear rate decreased in both dry and wet mediums. As a result, the boronizing treatment contributed positively to the wear resistance by increasing the surface hardness and by decreasing the friction coefficient of the AISI 316L.     

低温低压等离子弧辅助离子渗316L不锈钢的耐磨耐蚀性能

目的提高316L不锈钢的硬度、耐磨性。方法在400℃、2 Pa下,利用空心阴极直流弧辅助,进行了316L奥氏体不锈钢离子渗氮(PN)、离子氮碳共渗(PNC)及离子氮碳共渗加离子渗氮复合(PNC+PN)处理。针对处理后的样品,用莱卡显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、维氏硬度仪、3D形貌仪、球盘式摩擦磨损仪及电化学工作站等对组织、形貌、物相、机械性能及耐蚀性能进行表征。采用显微硬度计、微纳米综合力学系统测试分析处理后样品的力学性能。结果在空心阴极直流弧辅助下,三种工艺可获得超过3 mm/h的渗层生长速度。同316L不锈钢基体相比,PNC+PN复合处理样品的表面硬度提高3倍以上,在3.5%Na Cl中性电解质中的耐蚀电流密度降低约50%。结论 PNC处理和PNC+PN复合处理可获得更大的渗层厚度和更高的表面硬度,渗层中C、N含量越高,渗层组成相的晶格参数越大,渗层中产生的滑移带密度越大。低温低压等离子弧辅助离子渗不仅能有效提高316L不锈钢的表面硬度,还能提高不锈钢的耐蚀能力。     

Corrosion behaviour of Lotus-type porous high nitrogen nickel-free stainless steels

Corrosion behaviour of three austenitic Lotus-type porous high nitrogen Ni-free stainless steels exposed to an acidic chloride solution has been investigated by electrochemical tests and weight loss measurements. Polarization resistance indicates that the corrosion rate of Lotus-type porous high nitrogen Ni-free stainless steels is an order of magnitude lower than that of Lotus-type porous 316L stainless steel in acidic environment. The localised corrosion resistance of the investigated high nitrogen Ni-free stainless steels, measured as pitting potential, E_b, also resulted to be higher than that of type 316L stainless steel. The influences of porous structure, surface finish and nitrogen addition on the corrosion behaviour were discussed.     

Investigation of corrosion behaviors at different solutions of boronized AISI 316L stainless steel

In this study, corrosion behaviors of boronized and non-boronized AISI 316L stainless steel (AISI 316L SS) were investigated with Tafel extrapolation and linear polarization methods in different solutions (1 mol dm^?3 HCl, 1 mol dm^?3 NaOH and 0.9% NaCl) and in different immersion times. AISI 316L SS were boronized by using pack boronizing method for 2 and 6 hours at 800 and 900°C within commercial Ekabor®-2 powder. Surface morphologies and phase analyses of boride layers on the surface of AISI 316L SS were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. SEM-EDS analyses show that boride layer on AISI 316L SS surface had a flat and smooth morphology. It was detected by XRD analyses that boride layer contained FeB, Fe₂B, CrB, Cr₂B, NiB and Ni₂B phases. Boride layer thickness increases with increased boronizing temperature and time. The corrosion experiments show that boride layer significantly increased the corrosion resistance of the AISI 316L SS in 1 mol dm^?3 HCl solution. While no positive effect of the boride layer was observed in the other solutions the corrosion resistance of the borid layer on AISI 316L SS was increased in all solution with the increase of the waiting periods.     

Corrosion behavior of austenitic 304L and 316LN stainless steel clad reinforcing bars in cracked concrete

A study has been conducted on the chloride-induced corrosion behavior of 304L and 316LN stainless steel clad reinforcing bars (rebar) in concrete and in synthetic concrete pore solution. Metallographic examination of the as-received clad bars confirmed a strong metallurgical bond at the core/clad interface and some grain growth interdiffusion of species at the interface. Both bars showed a wide variation in coating thickness around the rebar circumference, from a minimum of 0.32 and 0.60 mm to a maximum of 1.4 and 2.8 mm in the 304L clad and 316LN clad, respectively. The electrochemical results and visual examination after autopsy showed that active corrosion was yet initiated on either the solid and clad stainless steel or carbon steel rebar in the sound noncracked concrete specimens. In contrast, corrosion had initiated in the bars embedded in cracked concrete at the base of the crack and extended along or around the bars. In the concrete and synthetic pore solution tests, the current densities of both solid and clad stainless steel rebar exposed to ∼21% chloride brine solution for days between 400 and 1,500 were similar. This was also the case for current densities of the straight and bent stainless steel bars tested in the synthetic pore solution test.     

Corrosion behaviour of an Fe3Al-type intermetallic in a chloride containing solution

The corrosion behaviour of an Fe₃Al-base intermetallic compound with different crystal structures in a chloride containing solution has been investigated. The corrosion current densities of this intermetallic were independent of the material crystal structure showing a passive state stable with time. These corrosion rates were of the same order of magnitude as for 316L stainless steel. The pitting corrosion resistance evaluated by means of cyclic anodic polarization curves was high for all different states. Amongst the different crystal structures of this intermetallic alloy, the two ordered states present the lowest pitting probability. This Fe₃Al intermetallic shows higher pitting corrosion resistance than the 316L stainless steel but its capacity for repassivation is lower. A damaging factor of influence on the pitting corrosion behaviour is the presence of non-metallic inclusions on the surface which reduce the pitting corrosion resistance by almost a half.     

316L不锈钢在模拟体液中的腐蚀行为

目的研究316L不锈钢生物医用材料植入体内初期的表面行为。方法在模拟体液中,采用浸泡实验,表征了316L不锈钢浸泡不同时间的表面形貌、润湿性及耐腐蚀性。结果白光干涉测试结果表明,样品表面粗糙度随浸泡时间的延长而变大。浸泡1 d后,在样品表面出现大量无规则的腐蚀坑,腐蚀坑内出现金属的溶蚀。润湿性测试结果显示,随浸泡时间的延长,316L不锈钢的接触角减小,亲水性增强,表面能增加。电化学测试表明,浸泡1周后,316L不锈钢的自腐蚀电流为浸泡前的3倍多,腐蚀速度增大,耐腐蚀性变差。结论在模拟体液中,316L不锈钢表面存在局部腐蚀,材料的表面形貌、成分、润湿性及耐腐蚀性均发生改变。     

Untersuchungen zum kritischen korrosionsauslösenden Chloridgehalt von Stahlfasern in künstlicher Betonporenlösung

Investigations into the critical corrosion‐inducing chloride content of steel fibres in artificial concrete pore solution It is well known, that reinforcement steel in concrete is normally protected against corrosion due to the high pH‐value of the pore solution of the concrete. This alkalinity leads to a passive layer on the steel surface, which prevents further corrosion. The passive layer can be destroyed by chloride ions diffusing into the concrete. The concentration of chloride in the concrete which leads to a destruction of the passive layer and therefore to corrosion of the steel is defined as the critical chloride content. Investigations in artificial concrete pore solutions show that the critical chloride content of black steel is strongly dependent on the pH‐value of the solution: the higher the concentration of the OH⁻‐ions the higher the critical chloride content. For steel fibres earlier investigations have shown, that steel fibres do not corrode in concrete even at high chloride contents. Therefore it could be assumed, that the critical corrosion‐inducing chloride content of steel fibres in concrete is distinctly higher than of conventional reinforcing steel. To verify this assumption the corrosion‐inducing chloride content of steel fibres is investigated in artificial chloride‐containing concrete pore solutions at different pH‐values. 5 different types of steel fibres, 1 lashing wire and as reference 1 reinforcing steel are investigated at 3 different pH‐value ranges. The concentration of chloride within the pore solution is gradually increased in time steps of 12 h. The beginning of corrosion is determined by current as well as potential measurements. Furthermore additional investigations are carried out with intermediate products of the fibre production (steel wires with different diameters) to investigate if the critical chloride content of the wires is increasing gradually with decreasing diameter. The investigations show, that steel fibres in artificial chloride‐containing pore solutions indicate an distinctly increased resistance against chloride‐inducing corrosion compared with conventional reinforcing steel for high pH‐values. With decreasing diameter of wires the critical chloride content increases gradually.