泡沫混凝土压缩特性及抗压强度模型

制备了一系列的泡沫混凝土,对泡沫混凝土的压缩力学性能进行了测试,研究了泡沫混凝土压缩应力-应变曲线的特征,分析了影响泡沫混凝土压缩性能的相关因素,并运用Gibson-Ashby模型对抗压强度进行了模拟,通过拟合得出了抗压强度与相对密度的方程,确定了表征孔棱材料分数和孔壁断裂强度的微观结构参数。研究表明,泡沫混凝土压缩过程分为4个阶段,即平台阶段、密实阶段、屈服阶段和衰退阶段,其压缩力学性能受到基体材料、容重和气孔形态及分布等因素的影响;Gibbson-Ashby模型拟合的结果具有较高的合理性,对分析泡沫混凝土微观结构力学性能有较大的帮助。     

基材的应变强化效应对蜂窝缓冲性能的影响

采用数值模拟的方法研究了基材的应变强化效应对正六边形蜂窝在共面冲击载荷下的变形模式和缓冲性能的影响。为了定量表示基材的应变强化效应,定义了强化参数珚E;保持蜂窝结构参数一定,建立不同珚E值的蜂窝样品在不同加载速度下的有限元模型,并进行大量的模拟计算,获得相应的变形模式和响应曲线.结果显示,随着冲击速度的增加,蜂窝芯材依次出现了"X"字形、"V"字形、"一"字形三种变形模式,基体材料的应变强化效应使变形趋于均匀化;与弹性理想塑性材料相比,基体材料的应变强化效应能够引起蜂窝动态峰应力和能量吸收的增长,但是冲击速度的增加会抑制这种影响.     

基于渗流法的泡沫铝细观结构模型研究

泡沫铝能在较低的流动应力下产生较大的塑性变形,是一种优异的缓冲吸能材料.渗流法是目前较成熟的工业化生产开孔泡沫铝的方法之一,基于该方法的工艺流程,采用蒙特卡罗法和重力堆积法建立了泡沫铝的细观结构模型.结合SPH算法在应变率范围为10~10 000s-1内对泡沫铝的压缩行为进行数值模拟,并分析了泡沫铝的变形失效模式.结果表明:基于渗流法的数值模拟方法可以反映泡沫铝的动态压缩过程,并且高应变率下泡沫铝的变形模式与中低应变率相比存在明显的差异.     

含瓦斯原煤三轴压缩变形时的能量演化分析

为了探究含瓦斯煤变形破坏过程中的能量演化规律,理论推导了恒定围压下含瓦斯煤样压缩变形时的能量计算公式.针对平顶山矿区八矿己15-14120工作面瓦斯突出煤体进行了4组不同瓦斯压力下的压缩破坏试验,得到了能量输入密度、弹性能密度和耗散能密度的演化规律.结果表明:1)含瓦斯煤三轴压缩变形破坏过程中,轴压方向能量吸收,围压方向能量释放,瓦斯压力做功与体应变有关.2)煤样达到峰值之前,能量输入密度、弹性能储存密度、能量耗散密度都随着轴向应力的增大而增大,吸收能密度最快,弹性能密度次之,耗散能密度增加缓慢;峰值过后,能量输入密度继续上升,弹性能密度下降,耗散能密度激增.3)基于声发射的能量释放规律与应力-应变曲线有很好的对应,瓦斯压力越大,相对于轴向应变的能量耗散来期越早,同时耗散速率也越快.4)随着瓦斯压力的提高,煤体变形声发射信号初始点、体积膨胀点、峰值应力点处的吸收能密度、弹性能密度降低,耗散能密度增大.     

挤出制备的小麦淀粉泡沫密度对力学性能的影响

本文对有关结构设计及优化小麦粉泡沫的力学性能与密度的对应关系的进行了研究.揭示了用不同加工条件可以制备不同密度的小麦淀粉泡沫,并对不同密度的泡沫材料进行了静压力学测试和动态缓冲曲线测试.相对压缩强度与相对密度呈幂函数关系,可用式子σc/σ5≈0.308(ρc/ρ5)1.5表示.动态缓冲性能也随泡沫密度的变化而变化.     

海带发泡缓冲材料的制备及性能研究

以新鲜海带为原料,经盐酸酸化和NaOH溶液碱处理,利用真空冷冻干燥方法制备海带发泡缓冲材料,并对其结构和性能进行研究。结果表明:海带发泡缓冲材料呈致密的枝化结构,由薄壁构成开孔。当NaOH质量分数为1.1%时,缓冲材料的密度(ρ*)、孔壁材料的密度(ρs)和相对密度(ρ*/ρs)最小,分别为0.0449g/cm3、0.6483g/cm3和0.0693,而缓冲材料的平均孔径、初始弹性模量和压缩吸收能最大,分别为0.4 mm、0.15 MPa和42.38kJ/m3。随着NaOH质量分数的增加,海带发泡缓冲材料的平均孔径减小,ρ*、ρs和ρ*/ρs则增大,初始弹性模量先减小后略微增大,压缩吸收能呈减小趋势。因此当NaOH浓度为1.1%时,海带发泡缓冲材料的静态缓冲性能最好。     

具有高效吸能特性的新型仿蜂窝多级薄壁结构

针对现有薄壁结构存在比吸能不高、压缩力效率较低的问题,以蜂窝为原型,模拟蜂窝多级嵌套结构,进行仿生结构优化设计。为了更好地探究形状参数对吸能能力的影响,进一步以相对旋转角度及加强柱直径为设计变量,设计了共20种仿蜂窝多级薄壁结构。运用3D打印技术,制备了尼龙材质的仿蜂窝多级薄壁结构样件,并进行准静态压缩试验。最后,对比分析了数值模拟结果与试验结果,得出以下结论：本文吸能能力最强的模型为YMT20-3.6,比吸能达到了10.87 J·g-1,较初始模型YMT0-0提高了约86%;旋转角度越大,加强柱直径越大,模型截面面积分布越均匀,模型变形模式也趋于对称,其能量吸收能力也更强;较大的旋转角度拥有更优异的吸能能力,但是其压缩力效率较小。增大模型加强柱直径能够减少旋转角度对压缩力效率的影响,提高模型的压缩力效率,从而得到吸能能力强、压缩力效率高的薄壁结构。     

组合蜂窝纸板缓冲性能的静态试验研究

通过静态压缩试验,研究不同面积蜂窝纸板叠置组合的缓冲性能.阐述了组合的蜂窝纸板的静态压缩过程,试验表明组合的方式能改善蜂窝纸板的缓冲性能.同时还选择不同面积板组合情况进行对比分析,得出了板面积变化对整体缓冲性能的影响.     

正方形蜂窝纸板面内压缩力学性能仿真分析

采用SolidWorks软件仿真分析结构性能的功能,研究了正方形蜂窝结构面内压缩力学性能。结果表明,当蜂窝厚度一定时,蜂窝边长越大,屈服强度迅速下降;当蜂窝边长一定时,随着蜂窝厚度增加,屈服强度逐渐增加。通过有限元分析方法能有效地降低实际测试费用。     

泡沫流体在井筒内流动时的耦合数学模型

基于均质平衡流模型,根据动量方程和能量方程建立了计算泡沫流体在井筒内流动时的密度、压力和温度分布的耦合数学模型,并进行了编程求解,给出了泡沫流体的压力、温度和密度沿井深的分布规律.计算分析表明,泡沫流体在井筒内流动时的密度、压力和温度是相互影响的.泡沫质量越大,泡沫流体的温度变化越大,而压力和密度变化则相对平缓.在将泡沫流体应用于深井作业时,不能忽略温度变化对泡沫参数及性能的影响,特别是在大泡沫质量下.由于考虑了传热和温度变化对泡沫流体的影响,该模型比常规计算方法的适用范围更广.     

FeTiNbMoW高熵合金的组织和性能

为了研究一种能够吸收γ射线的含W合金的性能,按照等摩尔比设计了一种FeTiNbMoW五组元高熵合金.利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、显微硬度计、密度仪和万能力学试验机对合金的晶体结构、微观组织、成分、硬度、密度和压缩性能进行了分析.结果表明,FeTiNbMoW高熵合金组织由简单BCC固溶体基体和分布其上的少量金属间化合物组成.BCC结构的实际晶格常数为0.315 5 nm,组织形貌为典型枝晶组织.枝晶硬度和枝晶间硬度分别为830.05和793.04 HV.合金的实测密度为10.7 g/cm3,略高于其理论值10.21 g/cm3.室温下合金的抗压强度和对应塑性应变分别为604 MPa和3.19%.合金呈粉末性断裂,其断裂机制为解理断裂.     

Energy absorption diagrams of multi-layer corrugated boards

Based on the static compression experiments, the compressive stress-strain curve of multi-layer corrugated boards is simplified into three sections of linear elasticity, sub-buckling going with local collapse and densification. By considering the structure factors of multi-layer corrugated boards, the energy absorption model is obtained and characterized by the structure factors of corrugated cell-wall. The model is standardized by the solid modulus and it is universal for corrugated structures of different basis material. In the liner-elastic section, with the increase of the load, the energy absorption per unit volume of multi-layer corrugated boards gradually increases; in the sub-buckling section going with local collapse, the compression resistance of multi-layer corrugated boards goes on under a nearly constant load, but the energy absorption per unit volume rapidly increases with the increase of the compression strain. It is shown as an ascending curve in the energy absorption diagram. In the densification section, the corrugated sandwich core has no energy absorption capability. A good consistency is achieved between theoretical and experimental energy absorption curves. In designing the cushioning package, the cushioning properties can be evaluated by the theoretical model without more experiments. The suggested method to develop the energy absorption diagram for corrugated boards can be used to characterize the cushioning properties and optimize the structures of corrugated sandwich structures.     

泡沫混凝土填充圆钢管的轴压力学性能

采用试验和有限元模拟方法,研究泡沫混凝土填充圆钢管构件在轴压荷载作用下的力学性能. 通过轴压试验,分析短柱构件的耗能能力和长柱构件的轴压承载力,短柱构件发生叠缩破坏变形模式,耗能能力随着泡沫混凝土密度的提高而显著增强,长柱构件发生整体失稳破坏,稳定承载力随着泡沫混凝土密度的增大而增大. 基于ABAQUS的Explicit求解器,建立泡沫混凝土填充圆钢管构件的数值模型,获得的模拟结果与试验结果吻合良好. 开展参数分析,讨论径厚比、长细比及填充泡沫混凝土密度等因素对长柱构件承载能力的影响. 研究结果表明：长柱构件的稳定承载力随着长细比和径厚比的增大而减小,随着填充的泡沫混凝土密度的增大而增大. 基于Perry-Robertson公式,推导了泡沫混凝土填充圆钢管长柱构件的稳定承载力公式. 预测结果表明,该公式能够很好地预测长柱构件的稳定承载力.     

RPUF填充薄壁圆钢管短柱构件的轴压力学性能

基于建筑工程领域存在的碰撞、冲击等工程背景,提出密度为300 kg/m~3的硬质聚氨酯泡沫(RPUF, rigid polyurethane foam)填充建筑圆钢管短柱吸能构件,为获得该类构件在轴压荷载作用下的基本力学性能及吸能能力,开展了3组空钢管和3组RPUF填充圆钢管短柱构件的轴压试验.试验结果表明:轴压荷载作用下,填充RPUF能够有效改善建筑圆钢管在轴压荷载作用下的叠缩变形模式,使构件趋于对称叠缩变形;同时,RPUF填充圆钢管构件较空钢管的首个峰值荷载及各项吸能指标都有了较大幅度的提升,且壁厚越薄,提升幅度越大,体现了填充RPUF对建筑圆钢管的力学性能及吸能能力的提升.基于ABAQUS/Explicit求解器建立RPUF填充圆钢管短柱构件的轴压有限元模型,将仿真结果与试验结果对比,以验证有限元模型的准确性,随后开展参数分析,结果表明RPUF填充圆钢管耗能能力随壁厚和管径的增大而增大.在Alexander经典叠缩模型的基础上,推导了平均压缩力预测公式,与试验结果和数值模拟结果对比发现该公式能够有效预测RPUF填充圆钢管短柱构件在轴压荷载作用下的平均压缩力.     

开孔空心球结构的准静态压缩力学行为

空心球材料具有超轻、高比强度、缓冲性能好等优点，在航空航天、汽车安全等领域具有诸多需求，其力学性能主要受微观结构的影响。利用实验和有限元数值模拟研究3D打印开孔空心球结构的准静态压缩力学行为，主要分析胞元个数、开孔孔径以及空心球排列方式对两种连接方式空心球结构力学性能的影响。研究结果证实，开孔空心球结构的准静态压溃过程主要分为弹性变形阶段、塑性大变形阶段以及密实化阶段；当试件中胞元个数达到3×3×3以上时，其力学性能基本与胞元个数无关；总体上，有连接颈结构的比模量和比强度高于无连接颈结构，而无连接颈结构的比吸能高于有连接颈结构；面心立方排列结构的压缩力学性能优越，其次是体心立方排列结构，简单立方排列结构力学性能最弱；简单立方和体心立方结构的比模量、比强度以及比吸能与孔径之间是线性关系，而对于面心立方结构是非线性关系。为3D打印空心球材料的设计与应用提供一定参考。     

轻质材料微结构构型的拓扑优化设计

为了减轻结构的质量和降低成本,针对轻质材料,提出将整体的边界条件转化为微结构单胞的边界条件,建立微结构单胞的有限元模型,并运用变密度方法和优化准则法结合求解微结构单胞的拓扑优化问题.优化模型是在相应的体积约束条件下以变形能为目标获得最大刚度的微结构单胞.利用优化准则设计方法的计算公式,改变单元的相对密度值,小于阀值的单元进入下步迭代,如此反复,实现拓扑优化.采用适当的惩罚因子和阀值对迭代进行控制,提高了收敛的速度和精度,优化结果表明,该方法可以获得优化的微结构单胞,得到相同体积下最刚的多孔材料,降低了结构的重量和成本.     

Uniaxial compressive properties of ultra high toughness cementitious composite

Uniaxial compression tests were conducted to characterize the main compressive performance of ultra high toughness cementitious composite (UHTCC) in terms of strength and toughness and to obtain its stress-strain relationships. The compressive strength investigated ranges from 30 MPa to 60 MPa. Complete stress-strain curves were directly obtained, and the strength indexes, including uniaxial compressive strength, compressive strain at peak stress, elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio, were calculated. The comparisons between UHTCC and matrix were also carried out to understand the fiber effect on the compressive strength indexes. Three dimensionless toughness indexes were calculated, which either represent its relative improvement in energy absorption capacity because of fiber addition or provide an indication of its behavior relative to a rigid-plastic material. Moreover, two new toughness indexes, which were named as post-crack deformation energy and equivalent compressive strength, were proposed and calculated with the aim at linking up the compressive toughness of UHTCC with the existing design concept of concrete. The failure mode was also given. The study production provides material characteristics for the practical engineering application of UHTCC.     

Rheological properties of surrounding rock in deep hard rock tunnels and its reasonable support form

Second lining stability, which is the last protection in tunnel engineering, is critically important. The rheological properties of the surrounding rock heavily affect second lining stability. In this work, we used laboratory triaxial compressive rheological limestone tests to study nonlinear creep damage characteristics of surrounding rock mass in construction projects. We established a nonlinear creep damage constitutive model for the rock mass, as well as a constitutive model numerical implementation made by programming. Second, we introduced a new foam concrete with higher compression performance and good ductility and studied its mechanical properties through uniaxial and triaxial tests. This concrete was used as the filling material for the reserved deformation layer between the primary support and second lining. Finally, we proposed a high efficiency and accuracy staged optimization method. The minimum reserved deformation layer thickness was established as the optimization goal, and the presence of plastic strain in the second lining after 100 years of surrounding rock creep was used as an evaluation index. Reserved deformation layer thickness optimization analysis reveals no plastic strain in the second lining when the reserved deformation minimum thickness layer is 28.50 cm. The results show that the new foam concrete used as a reserved deformation layer filling material can absorb creep deformation of surrounding rock mass, reduce second lining deformation that leads to plastic strain, and ensure long-term second lining stability.     

Influence of Density on Compressive Properties and Energy Absorption of Foamed Aluminum Alloy

The foamed aluminum alloys with different densities were fabricated by melt foaming technique. The compressive properties and energy absorption of the foamed aluminum alloy with different densities were analyzed. The results reveal that the compressive stress-strain curves follow the typical behavior of cellu- lar foams with three deformation stages. Under the same strain, the energy absorption capability decreases with the decrease of density. However, with increasing the strain, the energy absorption efficiency of foamed metal increases initially and then decreases. The lower the density, the longer the plateau region, within the range of high strain, the energy absorption efficiency is always high.