Targets and Misunderstandings in Pollutants Reduction of Power Plants——An Interview with Wang Zhixuan, Vice-Secretary of CEC

● The demand for organics reduction in power industry needs to be analyzed. Generally speaking, the organics from power plants is neither a main source of water pollution nor an emphasis of pollution control. ● The normal operation of FGD facilities is the key to fulfill the mission of SO2 emission reduction. ● The control of SO2 emission should not be imposed uniformly on all power plants nationwide. ● It is difficult to promote the emission trading of SO2 institutionally. ● The active policy of levying for SO2 emission starting from zero emission and using levies for SO2 control is unreasonable. It should be reformed as levying only for over-limit emission, and not levying for emissions below limit or levying indicatively. ● Environmental regulations on SO2 control should make differences depending on environmental function of zones, time period of generating units installed and manner of emissions.     

Suggestions on Promotion of FGD Industrialization of Thermal Power Plants

Introduction SO2 emission is the main cause of atmospheric pollution and acid rain growing in China. In recent years the state issued a series of laws, rules and policies concerning the promotion of SO2control in thermal power plants and speeded up constr…     

FGD Capacity Prediction of Thermal Power Plants in China

Through analyzing the proportion of SO2 emission from thermal power plants in the nationwide SO2 emission in USA, Japan etc. developed countries, and the developmental course of thermal power installed capacity and the FGD capacity in USA, the FGD capacity of thermal power plants in China is forecasted from two angles. One is to predict FGD capacity in accordance with the policy in force in China. The other is to predict FGD capacity based upon the emission right trading policy. As compared, it is held that FGD equipment should be mainly installed on the large size units burning high sulfur coal according to the emission right trading policy. Such a method of work not only can economize large amount of investments and operation costs, but also can realize the same environmental effect.     

Reliability Analysis on Data of SO2 Emissions from Thermal Power Plants

Since the atmospheric pollutants from thermal power plants account for a large proportion of the national total, knowing well the status of SO2 emissions of power industry is of great significance for making control strategies and related environmental policies concerning SO2 and acid rain. Through introduction and analysis to some key links, such as the existing monitoring network, data sources, examining methods and procedures for statistic data and calculating methods of total national emissions, it is concluded that the data of SO2 emissions from the statistic database for power environment is reliable and can be a reference for decision-making both on power development and environmental protection.     

Matching of Micropore Silencer with Boiler Vent Stack

The micropore silencer was developed domestically on a new principle and has been successfully used in power plants since the early eighties. Due to the unique features of great noise reduction, compact configuration, light, stable performance and convenient for installation & maintenance, the comprehensive performance is superior to the conventional silencer of compound-impedance type, the micropore silencer has been widely adopted by power plants in China. First, the micropore silencer is successfully used in boiler's steam blow-off & safety valve steam exhaust during start-up for noise control; later used to the noise control for steam blow-off of steam piping     

Thinking About the New Atmospheric Pollutant Emission Standard for Thermal Power Plants

China’s new Atmospheric Pollutant Emission Standard for Thermal Power Plants has been made the most stringent atmospheric pollutant emission limit in the world,with the intensified control of nitrogen oxides in the air pollutants emitted by thermal power plants,the tightened limit on the emission of sulfur dioxide,and the widened range of control including mercury and other compounds discharge.The adoption of the new standard will considerably impact the survival and development of power plants,even the whole economy of the nation.While implementing all the policies and measures on emission reduction issued by the State to fulfill political,social,and economic responsibilities,China Huadian Corporation,one of the leading state-owned power generation groups,is actively exploring the green and low-carbon path for the sound and rapid development of the group.     

Suggestions on Promotion of FGD Industrialixation of Thermal Power Plants

In order in thoroughly solve the problem of , SO2 pollution and promote the sound development of the Thermal power FGD, this article proposes the technical principles of FGD process selection to standardize the supplying market and the post-assessment of FGD facilities.The selection principles can be detailed as：1）the limestone-gypsum proccss is preferred in the case that the mass fraction of sulphur content in power coal is more than 1% and the capacity of a unit is no less than 200MW.2）the matured low-cost technologies such as dry or semi-dry processes are applicable in the case that the mass fraction of sulphui coment in power coal is less than 1% and the capacity of a unit is less than 200MW.3） the seashore power plants with less than 1% mass fraction of sulphur content in power coal can take the seawater process into consideration.     

Implications of Carbon and Energy Taxes as Instrument for Environmental Emission Reduction in China＇s Power Sector

With the Integrated Resources Planning Assessment （IRPA） model, implications of carbon tax and energy tax on technological selection, power price and environmental pollution in power industry of China were studied. This model is a least-cost generation planning model, with which the technological composition, electricity price and pollutant emission can be calculated by comparing the cost changes for different power generation options due to carbon and energy taxes. The primary simulation result shows that the levy of US$ 25/tC carbon tax or US$ 0.5/Mbtu energy tax can improve the power generation structure and greatly reduce CO2, SO2 and NOx emissions in power industry. Several advanced power generation technologies such as IGCC and NGCC are of competitive cost, and should be given priority in future planning of power industry.     

Implications of Carbon and Energy Taxes as Instrument for Environmental Emission Reduction in China''''s Power Sector

With the Integrated Resources Planning Assessment (IRPA) model, implications of carbon tax and energy tax on technological selection, power price and environmental pollution in power industry of China were studied. This model is a least-cost generation planning model, with which the technological composition, electricity price and pollutant emission can be calculated by comparing the cost changes for different power generation options due to carbon and energy taxes. The primary simulation result shows that the levy of US$ 25/tC carbon tax or US$ 0.5/Mbtu energy tax can improve the power generation structure and greatly reduce CO2, SO2 and NOX emissions in power industry. Several advanced power generation technologies such as IGCC and NGCC are of competitive cost, and should be given priority in future planning of power industry.     

Primary Study of Power-Exchanging Transaction Model Among Price-Varied Power Plants in Practical Conditions

At present, electricity price to grid of domestic power plants is priced by the national administration based on the policy of “one power plant with one electricity price to grid,” which is difficult to realize real bidding for access to grid in practice in a short term. This paper presents one kind of power-exchanging transaction model among price-varied power plants, which will be beneficial to price-varied power plants without any loss of profits of them and guarantee state-owned assets profits in minimum loss with no promotion of average price limit by power plants. Under ideal conditions, the computation results showed the sufficiency and necessity of power-exchanging transaction and maximum similarity with the requirements of optimized resources disposition in economics. The presented model is shown to be full of practicability and has been used in some part of power market.     

Application Prospects of 1000-kV AC Transmission Technologies in China

The scale of 1000-kV AC transmission development, which relates to the strategy of the state＇s energy development, is mainly determined by the output scale of large pit-mouth power plants in northern China. The demonstration has shown the construction of large-sized pit-mouth power plants of aircooling type in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia for sending bulk power to Central and East China is economically rational and overall beneficial to environmental protection.     

Energy Saving and Emission Reduction Is in Action

Along with the social economic development, power supply and demand keeps on increasing. In order to meet the demand, power industry develops very fast. Though the energy efficiency of the power industry itself improves continuously, it still belongs to an energy-intensive and high-emission industry. Energy saving and emission reduction in power industry is more important than in other industries for the country to realize her total control targets.     

Study on CO2 Emission Reduction from Chinese Coal-Fired Power Plants Between 1993 and 2010

Based on the Chinese thermal coal and power generation data,such as ultimate analysis,proximate analysis,low heat value(LHV)on as received basis,power generation volume,thermal coal consumption volume and net coal consumption rate,several mathematical models for calculating CO 2 reduction by Chinese coal-fired power plants are established.Calculations of the CO 2 emission factor(CEF),the CO 2 emission volume and reduction volume are made according to these models.The calculation results reveal that between 1993 and 2010,the CO 2 emission volume reached 31.069 Gt,reduced by 0.439 Gt,averaging 28.83 Mt each year.     

Regulations Perfection Accelerates Development of Desulfurization Industry,——The 11th Five-Year Plan on SO2 emission control in existing coal-fired power plants constituted

The ＂Outline of National Economic and Social Development of the 1 lth Five-Year Plan＂ has set forth the target of cutting SO2 emissions by 10% to the year 2010. To realize the target, the National Development and Reform Commission and the State Environmental Protection Administration of China jointly constituted ＂The 1 lth Five-Year Plan on SO2 Emission Control in Existing Coal-Fired Power Plants＂ which is not only a completing document for implementing the outline but also an important basis for the state to administer preferential policies to existing coal-fired power plants to equip desulfurization installations.     

Hierarchical distributed control fordecentralized battery energy storagesystem based on consensus algorithmwith pinning node

A decentralized battery energy storage system (DBESS) is used for stabilizing power fluctuation in DC microgrids. Different state of charge (SoC) among various battery energy storage units (BESU) during operation will reduce batteries’ service life. A hierarchical distributed control method is proposed in this paper for SoC balancing and power control according to dispatching center requirement in DBESS. A consensus algorithm with pinning node is employed to allocate power among BESUs in the secondary control whereas in the primary control, the local controller of BESU adjusts output power according to the reference power from secondary control. Part of BESUs are selected to be pinning node for accepting command from dispatching center while other BESUs as following nodes which exchange output power and SoC information with the adjacent nodes through communication network. After calculating reference power of each BESU by adopting consensus algorithm, the power sharing in DBESS is achieved according to their respective SoC of BESUs. Meanwhile, the total output power of DBESS follows the varying requirements of dispatching center. The stability of DBESS is also improved because of having no center controller. The feasibility of the proposed control strategy is validated by simulation results.     

Hierarchical distributed control for decentralized battery energy storage system based on consensus algorithm with pinning node

A decentralized battery energy storage system (DBESS) is used for stabilizing power fluctuation in DC microgrids. Different state of charge (SoC) among various battery energy storage units (BESU) during operation will reduce batteries’ service life. A hierarchical distributed control method is proposed in this paper for SoC balancing and power control according to dispatching center requirement in DBESS. A consensus algorithm with pinning node is employed to allocate power among BESUs in the secondary control whereas in the primary control, the local controller of BESU adjusts output power according to the reference power from secondary control. Part of BESUs are selected to be pinning node for accepting command from dispatching center while other BESUs as following nodes which exchange output power and SoC information with the adjacent nodes through communication network. After calculating reference power of each BESU by adopting consensus algorithm, the power sharing in DBESS is achieved according to their respective SoC of BESUs. Meanwhile, the total output power of DBESS follows the varying requirements of dispatching center. The stability of DBESS is also improved because of having no center controller. The feasibility of the proposed control strategy is validated by simulation results.     

Challenges from the New Emission Standards for SO2 and NOX

The Emission Standards of Air Pollutants from Thermal Power Plants (GB 13223-2011) prescribe a stricter limitation to air pollutants than ever before. As set in the new emission standard, the limitations of SO2 and NOX for sensitive areas under normal conditions are 50 mg/m3 and 100 mg/m3, respectively. The objective analysis and suggestions are proposed. The recent status and operational experience of desulfurization and denitrification equipment are discussed. From the discussions, thermal power plants face a huge challenge to satisfy the new emission standards. For further reducing of the emission concentrations of SO2 and NOX, three methods were introduced, including: seriously implementing the emission standards, improving treatment equipment, and increasing the efficiencies of desulfurization and denitrification.     

Guangdong''''s desulphurization plan of power plants

Guangdong will completely carry out an environmental protectionplanning to strictly control SO2 emission,shut down and closesmall thermal power units with serious pollution and enhanceatmospheric quality control.     

Flue Gas CO2 Emission Reduction Technologies and Applications

The current status and trend of CO2 emission from coal-fired power plants in China are introduced. Main flue gas decarbonization technologies and their prospective of applications in China are discussed in two separate parts-capture and sequestration. It is stated that the selection of CO2 capture and sequestration technologies relates closely with the geographical location of power plants, with the destination of CO2 being the key. Further, it is suggested that industrialized test centers or test platforms of national or industrial level should be set up.     

Goal and Progress of Power Tariff Reform——An interview with Liu Zhenqiu,Vice Director ofDepartment of Price,NDRC

● Power tariffreform has made many important and substantialprogresses in respect ofmarketization● The benchmark tariff is a revolutionary progress made in China's power tariff reform● Coal-electricity price linkage is a transitional approach which needs further improvement● The principle of T&D pricing is "cost plus profit," but it can also be based on pro rata control● China's electricity market should choose the mode of bilateral contracting combined withcentralized market● The direction of the power tar...