窄矩形通道弹状流中液弹特性研究

气-液两相弹状流广泛存在于核动力工程中,弹状流中液弹特性对弹状流模型的建立具有重要意义。利用高速摄像系统,对竖直窄矩形通道内弹状流中液弹特性进行可视化研究。研究结果表明,窄矩形通道中稳定液弹可分为3个区域:先导气弹尾流区、主流速度分布恢复区和稳定速度分布区。先导气弹尾流区形成机理为先导气弹尾部液膜壁面射流过程。气弹在液弹中所处区域对其特性影响显著;主流为层流及过渡流态时,尾随气弹特性受先导气弹影响显著。在充分发展湍流工况下,液弹中近壁面处轴向速度趋于稳定所需距离等于最小稳定液弹长度Lmin;Lmin随气弹长度增加而增大,随两相雷诺数增加而减小,其变化范围为9 Dh~17Dh。     

竖直圆管内泡状流界面参数分布特性

采用双头光纤探针对内径为50 mm竖直圆管内空气-水两相泡状流界面参数径向分布特性进行了实验研究。气液两相表观速度变化范围分别为0.004～0.05 m/s和0.071～0.283 m/s。结果表明,竖直管内向上泡状流局部界面面积浓度（IAC）、空泡份额及气泡频率径向分布相类似,即气相流速较低时管道中间很大范围内以上3个局部界面参数几乎恒定,近壁区迅速下降到较低值;随气相流速的增加,局部界面参数在管道中心出现峰值。本实验中气泡聚合与破碎现象较少发生,索特平均直径沿径向近似均匀分布,且随气液两相流速变化很小。通过气泡横向受力解释了局部界面参数分布的影响机理。     

竖直窄矩形通道内弹状流中液膜特性研究

气液两相弹状流广泛存在于工程领域,弹状流中液膜特性对弹状流模型的建立具有重要意义。为此利用高速摄像系统,对竖直窄矩形通道(3.25 mm×40 mm)内弹状流中液膜进行了可视化研究。实验中发现窄矩形通道中气弹左右两侧窄边液膜厚度不等且存在波动,但其对两侧液膜速度影响较小,两侧液膜速度相等。液膜脱离厚度主要受两相流速及气弹长度影响。液膜脱离速度随液相折算速度增加而增大;在低液相流速时,随气相折算速度增加而减小;当液相流速≥1.204 m/s时,液膜不下落,液膜脱离速度随气相速度变化较小,主要受液相流速影响。     

窄流道内弹状流和液膜特性的数值模拟

基于流体体积函数( VOF)模型,对矩形窄流道中不同液相流速下泰勒气泡及周围流场特性进行分析.结果表明,无量纲气泡速度随毛细力数(Ca)变化关系与垂直方形流道实验结果符合较好.壁面切应力在气泡长度方向上不断变大,直到进入尾流区,产生强烈的无规则变化.随着液体质量流速的增大,泰勒气泡变得更尖锐,液膜厚度变厚,但壁面切应力...     

倾斜管内上升泡状流界面参数分布特性实验研究

采用双头光纤探针对倾斜圆管内空气-水两相泡状流界面参数分布特性进行了实验研究,包括局部空泡份额、气泡通过频率、界面面积浓度及气泡当量直径径向分布特性。实验段内径为50 mm,液相表观速度为0.144 m/s,气相表观速度为0~0.054 m/s。结果表明倾斜管内向上泡状流气泡明显向上壁面聚集。局部界面浓度、空泡份额及气泡通过频率径向分布相似。倾斜条件下局部界面参数分布下壁面附近峰值相对于竖直状态被削弱甚至消失,上壁面附近峰值被加强,中间区域从下壁面往上逐渐增大,且随倾斜角度的增加变化更加剧烈。气泡等价直径随径向位置、气相速度及倾斜角度的不同无明显变化,气泡聚合和破碎现象较少发生。通过气泡受力分析解释了倾斜对泡状流局部界面参数分布的影响机理。     

竖直窄矩形通道内空气-水两相流中气弹运动速度研究

以空气和水为工质,应用高速摄像仪,对竖直窄矩形通道(3.25 mm×40 mm)内气液两相弹状流进行了可视化实验研究。气、液相表观速度分别为0.1~2.51 m/s和0.16~2.62 m/s,工作压力为常压。实验中发现窄矩形通道内弹状流与圆管中存在较大差别,气弹多发生变形,高液相流速时变形更为严重。窄边液膜含气量较高,在高液相流速时窄边液膜不下落,宽边液膜中含有由气弹头部进入和气弹尾部进入的气泡。气弹速度受气弹头部形状和宽度影响较大,受气弹长度影响较小。气弹速度可由Ishii & Jones-Zuber模型计算,但在低液相折算速度时偏差较大,其主要原因为漂移速度计算值较实验值偏小。     

基于扩散界面法的液态LBE中单个弹状气泡上升行为CFD研究

利用扩散界面法对液态铅铋合金中弹状气泡在垂直管中的上升过程进行数值模拟研究,用来验证扩散界面法在模拟液态铅铋合金(LBE)中弹状气泡上升行为的准确性和可行性,并对模拟结果进行进一步分析,来解释弹状气泡在LBE中的上升行为。数值模拟得到不同液体流速情况下弹状气泡在上升过程中的形态和速度变化,数值模拟结果与文献中的经验关系式以及实验中的结果都吻合良好,证明了扩散界面法在模拟液态铅铋合金中弹状气泡上升行为的准确性和可行性,为液态金属和弹状气泡的两相流提供了一种新方法。对数值模拟结果进行进一步分析,发现气泡尾部形态变化较大,会在尾部两端分裂出子气泡,尾部附近流场产生旋涡,受到强烈干扰而出现湍流,对于提高换热效率起到积极作用。气泡上升对尾部区域产生影响的最远距离约80 mm,为连续气泡的注入提供了气泡间距参考值。     

外加扰动下垂直管内气-液两相流空隙波特性

采用双环电导探针技术实验研究了外加扰动对垂直上升管内气-液两相流空隙波特征的影响。研究结果表明，气-液两相流空隙波对外加周期性扰动具有频率选择性。在泡状流区，低频扰动能诱发与扰动等频的空隙波；在泡状流／弹状流转变区，低频扰动能加速气泡合并，促进泡状流向弹状流转变；而在弹状流区空隙波特征对外界扰动并不敏感。空隙波的传播速度受外界扰动频率的影响，随着扰动频率的增大，空隙波波速先减少又增大。本文的实验研究发现，存在对气-液两相流空隙波特征影响最为显著的临界扰动频率，在本实验条件和参数范围内，该临界扰动频率为20Hz。     

竖直矩形窄缝通道内单个空气泡尾流特性的实验研究

采用粒子图像测速仪(PIV)测量流场的速度分布,对空气泡在矩形窄缝通道内上升的尾流特性进行了研究,分析入口平均流速和气泡直径对空气泡最终上升速度、尾流结构以及尾流场速度分布的影响。实验结果表明:气泡的最终上升速度随气泡直径的增加先减小后增加,随入口平均流速的增加而增加;尾流结构特性随着气泡直径的增加而改变,且扰动从流道中心向流道壁面转移;入口平均流速的增加导致气泡的尾流结构简化,尾流场扰动变小;在距离气泡尾部小于1.0 W(W为流道宽度,mm)的范围内,流场扰动明显,在大于1.0 W的范围,扰动减弱。     

文丘里气泡发生器内气液两相流流型及压降实验研究

针对一类文丘里气泡发生器内气液两相流动的流型及压降开展了实验研究。通过可视化实验观测区分了气泡发生器内3种基本流型,包括泡状流、弹状流和柱状流。实验发现,随着两相流从弹状流转变为柱状流,气泡发生器内压降迅速增大。通过对压力信号的时频分析,证明气泡发生器出口位置最有利于压力信号的在线监测。从压力信号中提取了与流型转变紧密相关的概率密度函数相对峰度和功率谱密度差异系数,并分别应用于弹状流-柱状流和泡状流-弹状流流型转变的识别。由于已有的压降模型无法准确预测文丘里气泡发生器的整体压降,为此本研究提出了新的压降预测方法。新关联式考虑了气泡发生器内部分单液相流过程以及流型转变对压降预测的影响,预测值与实验测量结果吻合较好,相对均方根偏差约为10.74%。     

Distribution of void fraction for gas-liquid slug flow in an inclined pipe

In order to investigate the effect of inclination angle on the spatial distribution of phases,experiments on gas-liquid two-phase slug flow in an inclined pipe were carried out by using the optical probe and an EKTAPRO 1000 high speed motion analyzer.It has been demonstrated that the inclination angle and the mixture velocity are important parameters to influence the distribution of void fraction for upward slug flow in the inclined pipe.At high mixture velocity,the gas phase profile is axial symmetry in the cross-section of the pipe.This is similar to that for vertical slug flow.In contrast.most of the gas phase is located near the upper pipe wall at low mixture velocity.By measuring the axial variation of void fraction along the liquid slug.it can be concluded that there is a high void fraction wake region with length of 3-4D in the front of liquid slug.In the fully developed zone of liquid slug.the peak value of the void fraction is near the upper wall.     

可变液膜厚度下垂直塞状流参数预测模型

基于流动机理的分析建立了塞状流参数预测模型;模型中考虑了液膜的厚度变化.分析了液膜厚度变化对预测结果产生的影响,并用公开发表的数据对模型进行了验证.分析表明,若忽略液膜厚度的变化,将Taylor泡简化为圆柱体,会使其长度的预测值偏小,导致压力梯度的预测出现正偏差,且偏差会随气相表观速度的增加而增大.新建模型反映了液膜的流动特性,可对不同来源的数据进行较为准确的预测.     

Two-phase slug flow in vertical and inclined tubes

Gas-liquid slug flow is investigated experimentally in vertical and inclined tubes.The non-invasive measuremnts of the gas-liquid slug flow are taken by using the EKTAPRO 1000 High Speed Motion Analyzer.The information on the velocity of the Talyor bubble,the size distribution of the dispersed bubbles in the liquid slugs and some characteristics of the liquid film around the Taylor bubble are obtained.The experimental results are in good agreement with the available data.     

中压沸腾工况相径向分布实验研究

采用高温高压单探头光学探针．在中压沸腾工况下进行了局部空泡率与汽泡频率径向分布特性实验研究,并根据探针信号对两相流流型进行了识别,分析了中压沸腾工况下空泡率径向分布与流型的关系。研究结果表明：随热平衡含汽率增加,整个直径方向上空泡率分布从近U形向鞍形和弧形发展;汽泡频率则以近U形分布为主;泡状流工况下,空泡率呈U形或近壁区显著高于中心区的鞍形分布,弹状流工况下,中心区空泡率略低于近壁区。整个直径上空泡率呈弧形分布。     

Behavior of a Single Bubble in Quiescent and Flowing Liquid inside a Cylindrical Tube

The velocity of a single bubble in quiescent and flowing liquid was studied to gain information on the structure of bubble- and slug-flows of gas-liquid two-phase flow.

In the experiments, tap water was used at room temperature and the bubbles were generated by injecting air with a syringe. The bubble velocities were evaluated from photographs taken by multiflash exposure. The tube diameters adopted were 5, 1 and 0.5 cm for the flowing liquid experiments and 1, 0.5 and 0.2 cm for the quiescent liquid experiments. The average liquid velocities varied from about 0 to 2 m/sec.

The results indicated that the velocity of a single bubble in flowing liquid was the sum of the local liquid velocity in the vicinity of the bubble and of the velocity of rise of bubble in quiescent liquid. For Taylor bubbles, the local liquid velocity is given by the maximum liquid velocity near the center of the channel.

The velocities of spherical and ellipsoidal bubbles are determined by the balance of forces acting on them, but that of the Taylor bubble appears to be determined by a different mechanism. A good explanation of such a mechanism is Taylor instability at the gas-liquid interface well removed from the channel wall.     

Pressure wave propagation in air-water bubbly and slug flow

Related to nuclear reactor safety problems, such as the loss of coolant accident caused by some small crevasses in nuclear reactor, choked flows after postulated breaks of hot and cold legs of pressurized water reactors and the boiling flow instability in parallel channels, the characteristics of pressure wave propagation were investigated experimentally for the air-water bubbly and slug two-phase flow in a vertical pipe. Pressure wave was generated from the small pressure disturbance by the up-and-down movement of piston in the test section. Air void fraction was up to 0.7 and superficial liquid velocity was up to 1.5 m/s as experimental conditions. The experimental results show that the pressure wave propagation velocity in bubbly flow decreases acutely with the increase of air void fraction from 0 to 0.05. In slug flow, it is constant when the air void fraction is less than 0.5 but increases gradually when the void fraction increases beyond 0.5. The attenuation coefficient of pressure wave increases with the increase of air void fraction in bubbly flow. The dependency of pressure wave propagation velocity on angle frequency ω in air-water flow shows the dispersion characteristic. The propagation velocity and attenuation coefficient increases gradually with the increase of angle frequency. However, the increase vanishes slowly as the angle frequency reaches 250 Hz in bubbly flow. The propagation of pressure wave in bubbly flow is independent of the superficial velocity of fluids in the range of experiment.     

摇摆状态下气液两相流流型转变的实验研究

通过可视化观察和数码照片对摇摆状态下光滑有机玻璃管内气液两相流流型进行分类和定义,并分析了不同管径、摇摆角度以及摇摆周期对流型之间转变的影响.结果表明:在液相折算流速一样的情况下,管径增加、摇摆周期缩短或摇摆角度减小会使得环状流形成需要更高的气体折算流速;弹状流向搅混流转变所需气相流量则随着管径的减小、摇摆周期的增加或摇摆角度的减小而增加.而在气相折算流速一样的条件下,管径增加、摇摆周期缩短或摇摆角度增大会使泡状流产生需要更高的液相流量.