Anti-aliasing lifting scheme for mechanical vibration fault feature extraction

A troublesome problem in application of wavelet transform for mechanical vibration fault feature extraction is frequency aliasing. In this paper, an anti-aliasing lifting scheme is proposed to solve this problem. With this method, the input signal is firstly transformed by a redundant lifting scheme to avoid the aliasing caused by split and merge operations. Then the resultant coefficients and their single subband reconstructed signals are further processed to remove the aliasing caused by the unideal frequency property of lifting filters based on the fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique. Because the aliasing in each subband signal is eliminated, the ratio of signal to noise (SNR) is improved. The anti-aliasing lifting scheme is applied to analyze a practical vibration signal measured from a faulty ball bearing and testing results confirm that the proposed method is effective for extracting weak fault feature from a complex background. The proposed method is also applied to the fault diagnosis of valve trains in different working conditions on a gasoline engine. The experimental results show that using the features extracted from the anti-aliasing lifting scheme for classification can obtain a higher accuracy than using those extracted from the lifting scheme and the redundant lifting scheme.     

全信息小波包分析及其在旋转机械故障诊断中的应用

针对传统旋转机械单通道故障诊断的不足，结合设备状态检测和故障诊断中微弱振动信号难以提取的问题，在介绍全信息技术的基础上，提出新的信号处理方法——全信息小波包分析，用小波包变换对双通道信号分别进行分解，以提取信号中的微弱局部成分，把需要的对应小波包进行重构并用全矢谱技术进行融合，根据融合后的数据进行故障诊断。工程应用实践表明，全信息小波包分析是一种新的、较为实用的信号处理方法。     

基于提升模式的非抽样小波变换及其在故障诊断中的应用

由于传统离散小波变换在分解信号时采用抽样操作，使原始信号的部分时域特征不能保留在分解结果中；另外，分解结果的平移可变，使得分解结果不能完美地描述故障的时域特征。为了克服上述缺陷，根据非抽样小波变换的原理，提出一种基于提升模式的非抽样小波变换框架。首先，通过信号变换方法去除提升小波变换的剖分环节，得到提升模式下的非抽样小波变换框架；在此基础上，建立提升模式下非抽样小波变换与抽样小波变换的预测器和更新器之间的转换关系，提出非抽样提升小波变换的分解和重构算法。采用这种非抽样小波变换从齿轮箱的振动信号中有效提取幅值调制和瞬态冲击的摩擦故障特征。     

基于自适应最优Morlet小波的滚动轴承故障诊断

滚动轴承早期故障信号中故障信息比较微弱常常被强噪声所掩盖,增加了对滚动轴承故障诊断的难度。针对这一问题,笔者提出了基于自适应最优Morlet小波变换的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。首先,利用粒子群优化算法对Morlet小波变换的核心参数进行自适应寻优,在获得最优Morlet小波的同时保证了良好的带通滤波性能;然后,将最优Morlet小波对滚动轴承早期故障信号进行滤波去噪,提高信号的信噪比;最后,对最优Morlet小波滤波信号进行包络谱分析,通过包络谱中的主导频率成分与滚动轴承各元件的故障特征频率对比从而判断轴承的故障位置。仿真数据和实测数据分析结果证明,笔者所提方法能够有效提取故障信号中的特征信息,具有一定的有效性。     

基于小波相关排列熵的轴承早期故障诊断技术

针对机械系统早期故障诊断困难的问题,引入滤波效果良好的小波相关滤波法(Wavelet transform correlation filter,WTCF)和对信号微弱变化特征敏感的排列熵算法,定义一种新的小波相关排列熵(Wavelet correlation permutation entropy,WCPE)的概念,并提出基于WCPE的特征提取方法。对采集到的设备振动信号进行WTCF处理,得到信噪比较高的各层小波系数,在此基础上计算小波系数的排列熵复杂度,构造信号沿各小波分解层分布的WCPE特征矢量,并据此分析振动信号的微弱变化。通过对滚动轴承全寿命振动数据的分析,证明基于WCPE提取的信号特征不但能够准确表征轴承由正常状态到故障状态的详细变化过程,还能及时检测出轴承的早期故障。对比小波熵及小波相关特征尺度熵等其他早期故障诊断方法,该方法可显著提前滚动轴承早期故障的检出时间。     

双矢时域齿轮早期微弱故障特征增强及应用

信噪比低和源信息的缺失是造成早期微弱故障难以准确判定的主要因素,针对以此问题,提出一种双矢时域变换(dual vector time-time domain transform,简称DVTD)的方法,用于完备和凸显齿轮早期微弱故障特征。方法借用全矢原理实现相互垂直的双通道振动信号的融合,保证双矢信号源信息的完整。在此基础上,结合双时域变换理论,提取二维时间序列的主对角元素用以构建完整的、故障特征增强的时域振动信号。以风电机组齿轮箱为实验对象,提取表征信号波动强度的小尺度指数作为状态特征,验证了双矢时域变换的微弱故障特征增强特性及其在齿轮早期微弱故障识别中应用的有效性。     

小波包和小波脊线相结合的解调方法在液压泵故障诊断中的应用

针对轴向柱塞泵故障振动信号呈现出的非平稳和非线性特点,提出了一种基于小波包能量法与小波脊线法相结合的信号解调方法,将其用于液压泵故障诊断中的信号解调过程。该方法首先对原始振动信号进行功率谱分析,明确故障振动信号反映出的能量集中频带带宽;根据确定的带宽和原始信号分析频率设定小波包分解的层数,采用小波包能量法提取出分解系数对应频带能量最大的特征信息进行信号重构;利用小波脊线法对重构后的频带信号进行解调处理,通过信号的包络解调谱提取故障的特征频率,利用解调后的时频谱对液压泵单柱塞滑靴磨损、斜盘磨损以及中心弹簧故障进行分析。通过实验结果验证,该方法能有效地对液压泵的故障信号进行解调,并能找出反映故障的敏感特征频率。     

Research on iterated Hilbert transform and its application in mechanical fault diagnosis

Multicomponent AM–FM demodulation is an available method for machinery fault vibration signal analysis, so a new method for mechanical fault diagnosis based on iterated Hilbert transform (IHT) is proposed. The principle of computing the asymptotically exact multicomponent sinusoidal model for an arbitrary signal by iterating Hilbert transform is introduced, and some properties of IHT are analyzed. Theoretical analysis for the generic two-component signal shows that there are limitations in the direct estimation of instantaneous frequencies via the phase signals of the previously obtained model. Therefore, a smoothed instantaneous frequency estimation (SIFE) method based on difference operator and zero-phase digital low-pass filtering is proposed, and then the accuracy and validity of this method have been proved by the simulation results. The analysis results of the mechanical fault signals show that the weak features of these signals can be efficiently extracted with the proposed approach.     

Improved CICA algorithm used for single channel compound fault diagnosis of rolling bearings

A Compound fault signal usually contains multiple characteristic signals and strong confusion noise, which makes it difficult to separate week fault signals from them through conventional ways, such as FFT-based envelope detection, wavelet transform or empirical mode decomposition individually. In order to realize single channel compound fault diagnosis of bearings and improve the diagnosis accuracy, an improved CICA algorithm named constrained independent component analysis based on the energy method (E-CICA) is proposed. With the approach, the single channel vibration signal is firstly decomposed into several wavelet coefficients by discrete wavelet transform(DWT) method for the purpose of obtaining multichannel signals. Then the envelope signals of the reconstructed wavelet coefficients are selected as the input of E-CICA algorithm, which fulfills the requirements that the number of sensors is greater than or equal to that of the source signals and makes it more suitable to be processed by CICA strategy. The frequency energy ratio(ER) of each wavelet reconstructed signal to the total energy of the given synchronous signal is calculated, and then the synchronous signal with maximum ER value is set as the reference signal accordingly. By this way, the reference signal contains a priori knowledge of fault source signal and the influence on fault signal extraction accuracy which is caused by the initial phase angle and the duty ratio of the reference signal in the traditional CICA algorithm is avoided. Experimental results show that E-CICA algorithm can effectively separate out the outer-race defect and the rollers defect from the single channel compound fault and fulfill the needs of compound fault diagnosis of rolling bearings, and the running time is 0.12% of that of the traditional CICA algorithm and the extraction accuracy is 1.4 times of that of CICA as well. The proposed research provides a new method to separate single channel compound fault signals.     

新的基于小波变换的振动信号消噪方法

噪声消除是小波变换最成功的应用之一,其基本思想是将信号的小波变换系数与给定的门限比较,保留比门限大的系数,而将其他的置零,然后进行小波重构。这种小波变换消噪方法很可能将信号中一些有用的小能量分量当成噪声消除。根据旋转机械振动信号的循环平稳性特征,提出了一种新的基于小波变换的振动信号消噪方法,并用数字试验信号和碰摩试验振动信号对新消噪方法和Matlab提供的小波消噪方法的性能进行了比较测试。结果表明,在振动信号消噪方面,新方法相比传统的小波消噪方法有更好的性能,能够有效地抑制信号中处于各频段的噪声分量。     

小波包分析在轴承早期故障诊断中的应用

为了识别轴承早期损伤引起的故障信号,利用小波包对轴承的振动信号进行处理。小波包分析的实质是对小波分解的结果作进一步细分,因而具有比小波分解高得多的频域分辨能力。文中用小波包分析了两个存在早期轻微损伤的轴承的振动信号,并比较了自然序、Gray序以及移频算法的处理结果。这些分析结果表明,小波包分析能够有效地将隐藏在正常振动信号之中的早期弱故障信号提取出来,从而发现轴承的早期损伤。     

Detection of Bearing Faults Using a Novel Adaptive Morphological Update Lifting Wavelet

The current morphological wavelet technologies utilize a fixed filter or a linear decomposition algorithm, which cannot cope with the sudden changes, such as impulses or edges in a signal effectively. This paper presents a novel signal processing scheme, adaptive morphological update lifting wavelet (AMULW), for rolling element bearing fault detection. In contrast with the widely used morphological wavelet, the filters in AMULW are no longer fixed. Instead, the AMULW adaptively uses a morphological dilation-erosion filter or an average filter as the update lifting filter to modify the approximation signal. Moreover, the nonlinear morphological filter is utilized to substitute the traditional linear filter in AMULW. The effectiveness of the proposed AMULW is evaluated using a simulated vibration signal and experimental vibration signals collected from a bearing test rig. Results show that the proposed method has a superior performance in extracting fault features of defective rolling element bearings.     

应用自适应Morlet小波和NGA优化SVM的轴承故障诊断

小波和小生境遗传算法（niche genetic algorithm,简称NGA)优化支持向量机（support vector machine,简称SVM)实现滚动轴承故障诊断的新方法。首先,采用自适应Morlet小波方法提取出最佳尺度附近的3个信号分量作为特征信号,分别计算它们的Shannon能量熵值作为特征量得到样本集,作为SVM的输入向量,并用样本集训练1-v-r SVM;然后,再构造一种新的核函数,并用NGA在SVM训练过程中对核函数参数进行优化,提高SVM学习机器的分类性能;最后,将本研究方法用于对含有较强噪声的实际滚动轴承的内圈、外圈、滚珠故障样本进行了分类识别。结果表明,该方法具有较好的抗噪和分类能力,验证了其有效性和可行性。     

Rolling element bearing fault detection based on optimal antisymmetric real Laplace wavelet

The presence of periodical impulses in vibration signals usually indicates the occurrence of rolling element bearing faults. Unfortunately, detecting the impulses of incipient faults is a difficult job because they are rather weak and often interfered by heavy noise and higher-level macro-structural vibrations. Therefore, a proper signal processing method is necessary. We proposed a differential evolution (DE) optimization and antisymmetric real Laplace wavelet (ARLW) filter-based method to extract the impulsive features buried in noisy vibration signals. The wavelet used in paper is developed from the fault characteristic signal model based on the idea of sparse representation in time-frequency domain. We first filter the original vibration signal using DE-optimized ARLW filter to eliminate the interferential vibrations and suppress random noise, then, demodulate the filtered signal and calculate its envelope spectrum. The analysis results of the simulation signals and real fault bearing vibration signals showed that the proposed method can effectively extract weak fault features.     

基于子小波布置和系数融合的轴承故障诊断

针对滚动轴承早期微弱故障特征难以提取的问题,提出一种基于子小波布置策略和小波系数融合的故障诊断方法。首先,布置子小波并进行小波变换;然后,根据峰度指标对多尺度小波系数进行融合集成;最后,运用自相关谱抑制噪声,突出故障信息。通过仿真信号和实际信号对该方法进行了验证,结果表明,该方法能够提取出微弱的故障特征,实现滚动轴承的早期故障诊断。     

基于Volterra级数的提升小波变换边界处理及应用

针对现有的提升小波变换容易产生边界振荡和频率混叠的不足,提出了一种将Volterra级数模型和抗混叠提升小波包相结合的信号处理方法.首先对信号两端进行数据延拓,用二阶Volterra级数预测模型对延拓信号进行预测;然后用抗混叠提升算法对信号进行小波包分解.对仿真信号进行边界处理后,信号在边界不会出现振荡现象;用抗混叠提升小波包对信号进行分解不会引起频率混叠现象.工程应用中,从强大的背景噪声中提取出了往复泵柱塞与缸套碰磨产生的微弱振动冲击信号,诊断出了密封盘根过度磨损的故障.     

基于PPCA-EWT的滚动轴承轻微故障诊断

针对经验小波变换(empirical wavelet transform,简称EWT)在强背景噪声下对轴承的轻微故障特征提取不足的问题,提出了概率主成分分析(probabilistic principal component analysis,简称PPCA)结合EWT的滚动轴承轻微故障诊断方法。首先,对信号做PPCA预处理,提取信号主要故障特征成分,去除强背景噪声干扰;然后,采用EWT方法分解轴承故障信号,按相关系数-峭度准则选出故障特征较为明显的分量,并将所选分量重构故障信号;最后,对信号采取包络分析,提取出轴承故障特征。仿真和实验结果表明,该方法能够有效地诊断出轴承故障且效果优于对信号进行EWT包络分析。     

DT-CWT相关滤波在齿轮箱故障诊断中的应用

根据小波系数的相关分析理论,提出了基于双树复小波变换的小波相关滤波法。该方法根据相邻层小波系数的相关性,通过迭代过程自适应地进行滤波,能够在达到良好降噪效果的同时保留微弱故障特征信息。对降噪后的信号进行希尔伯特包络分析便可准确得到故障特征频率。试验信号分析与工程应用结果表明,该方法能够有效提取强背景噪声下的齿轮箱轴承早期故障特征信息。     

基于包络解调的离心式压缩机弱故障信号增强方法研究

在离心式压缩机使用要求不断提高下,为了增强故障诊断精确性,提出基于包络解调的非平稳工况下离心式压缩机弱故障信号增强方法。将小波包分析和独立分量分析结合,通过小波包分析法对含有噪声的混合信号进行降噪,根据 FastICA 算法分离降噪后的混合信号,对分离出的信号采用收缩函数实行频段内的去噪操作,完成多源故障信号分离去噪。在故障信号分离的基础上,考虑到被分离出的信号伴随着微弱噪声,进一步通过包络解调随机共振实现弱故障信号增强。对多源信号分离结果进行包络解调操作,并对包络信号实行变尺度随机共振输出处理,实现故障特征信号增强,达到故障诊断的目的。通过实验分别对此方法的信号去噪增强效果和故障诊断精确性进行验证,实验结果表明,该方法不仅弱故障信号增强效果显著,且故障诊断鲁棒性强,精度高,具有可实践性。     

自适应提升小波在往复机械故障检测中的应用

提出了一种基于信号特征的自适应提升小波方法,即以提升小波为基础,根据信号分解后的熵来选择预测滤波器系数和更新滤波器系数,它克服了传统小波变换的不足,和提升小波只能依据信号特征来设计预测滤波器,而不能设计更新滤波器的问题.该方法用于往复机械气阀的振动信号特征提取,有效地提取了气阀的故障特征信号.实验中采用不同的小波对信号进行降噪性能比较,自适应提升方法设计的小波明显优于实验室中采用的其它小波.