Mapping ion beam induced current changes in a commercial MOSFET

We demonstrate a novel nuclear microprobe imaging and analysis modality for micrometre-scale field effect transistor devices probed with focused beams of MeV ions. By recording the drain current as a function of time during ion irradiation it is possible to identify current transients induced by the passage of single ions through the sensitive structures of the device. This modality takes advantage of the fact that the ionization produced by the passage of a single ion acts in an equivalent way to a transient change in the gate bias which therefore modulates the drain current as a function of time. This differs from the traditional ion beam induced charge technique where the ionization drifts in an internal electric field and induces a single charge pulse in an electrode applied to the device. Instead a richer variety of phenomena are observed, with different time constants which depend on the proximity of the ion strike to the channel of the device. The signals may be used to examine device function, radiation sensitivity or to count ion impacts within the channel.     

高灵敏度铷原子磁力仪研制

研制了一种新型的激光抽运高灵敏度原子磁力仪。该原子磁力仪利用磁场中铷原子与光场的相互作用,极化的铷原子在待测磁场中将进行拉莫尔进动,利用铷原子磁光共振频率与外磁场之间的关系,通过高灵敏度低噪声弱磁检测技术实现磁场的准确测量。测试结果表明,该磁力仪灵敏度为1pT/Hz~(1/2);测试过程中磁场波动范围优于0.4 nT。     

Measurement of beam power and profile for DNB on HT-7 tokamak

In normal experimental operation, a diagnostic neutral beam (DNB) can produce 6 A of extracted beam current in hydrogen at an energy of 49 keV with a pulse length of 100 ms. Hydrogen and deuterium beams can be produced as well. The diagnostic neutral beam has been added to the diagnostic set so that charge-exchange recombination spectroscopy (CXRS) can be used to acquire ion temperature and rotation. The beam power and beam profile distribution of the DNB injection can be obtained with a thermocouple probe measurement system on the HT-7 superconducting tokamak. The thermocouple probe measurement system with 13 thermocouples crossly distributed on the probe plate was used to measure the temperature rise of each coppery target, so the profile distribution of the ion/neutral beam was obtained by calculation. In this paper, the structure of the probe plate on the DNB for HT-7 tokamak and some measurement results are presented.     

Application of Kelvin Probe to Studies of Fusion Reactor Materials under Irradiation

Recently, the work function （WF） changes in metallic and ceramic materials to be potentially used in future fusion reactors have been examined by means of Kelvin probe （KP）, under He ion irradiation in high energy （MeV） and / or low energy （500 eV） ranges. The results of polycrystalline Ni samples indicate that the 1 MeV beam only induces decrease in the WF within the experimental fluence range; whereas the irradiation of 500 eV beam results in decrease in the WF firstly, then increase till saturation. A dual layer surface model is employed to explain the observed phenomena, together with computer simulation results by SRIM code. Charges buildup on the surface of lithium ceramics has been found to greatly influence the probe output, which can be explained qualitatively using a model concerning an induction electric field due to external field and free charges on the ceramic surface.     

Invited Paper-Single Turn Extraction

The salient features of the resonance extractio ystem for the MSU cyclotron have already been described in a series of studies includings the generation of turn separation via the resonance mechanism, the design calculations for the electrostatic and magnetic channels, and the development of the air-core magnetic channel. A report issued in connection with this conference describes the status and presents pertinent data on the performanc of the cyclotron, including the extraction system. Since the issuing of that report, the electrostatic channel has been installed for preliminary tests. Experiments have verified that a suitable field bump drives the beam into this channel with clean turn separation, and that the turn pattern observed under these conditions agrees with orbit computations; the upper part of Fig. 1 shows the turn patter obtained from the differential and integral probe with the deflector in place (the azimuth of the probe is 160° before that of the channel entrance). The air-core magnetic channel is approaching completion and when this channel is installed, the extraction system will beame fully operational.     

Investigation of short-channel design on performance optimization effect of Hall thruster with large height–radius ratio

In this study, the neutral gas distribution and steady-state discharge under different discharge channel lengths were studied via numerical simulations. The results show that the channel with a length of 22 mm has the advantage of comprehensive discharge performance. At this time, the magnetic field intensity at the anode surface is 10% of the peak magnetic field intensity. Further analysis shows that the high-gas-density zone moves outward due to the shortening of the channel length, which optimizes the matching between the gas flow field and the magnetic field, and thus increases the ionization rate. The outward movement of the main ionization zone also reduces the ion loss on the wall surface. Thus, the propellant utilization efficiency can reach a maximum of 96.8%. Moreover, the plasma potential in the main ionization zone will decrease with the shortening of the channel. The excessively short-channel will greatly reduce the voltage utilization efficiency. The thrust is reduced to a minimum of 46.1 mN. Meanwhile, because the anode surface is excessively close to the main ionization zone, the discharge reliability is also difficult to guarantee. It was proved that the performance of Hall thrusters can be optimized by shortening the discharge channel appropriately, and the specific design scheme of short-channel of HEP-1350PM was defined, which serves as a reference for the optimization design of Hall thruster with large height–radius ratio. The short-channel design also helps to reduce the thruster axial dimension, further consolidating the advantages of lightweight and large thrust-to-weight ratio of the Hall thruster with large height–radius ratio.     

Neutron Produced Trapping Centers in Junction Field Effect Transistors

The junction field effect transistor has been employed to study trapping centers introduced in silicon by fast neutron irradiation. Extensive measurements have been made of both the static and dynamic characteristics of irradiated devices. The effects of neutron-produced traps have been explored in both n and p channel devices, as a function of neutron fluence and dopant concentration. The trapping center effects on small signal transconductance and large signal pulse response are characterized and the data are compared to appropriate theories to determine ionization energy values for the dominant traps. In n-type, trap energy levels of Ec - 0.38 ± 0.03 and Ec - 0.46 ± 0.03 eV are obtained, and in p-type an energy level of Ev + 0.29 ± 0.03 eV is observed.     

A 7 T Pulsed Magnetic Field Generator for Magnetized Laser Plasma Experiments

A pulsed magnetic field generator was developed to study the effect of a magnetic field on the evolution of a laser-generated plasma.A 40 kV pulsed power system delivered a fast(~230 ns),55 kA current pulse into a single-turn coil surrounding the laser target,using a capacitor bank of 200 nF,a laser-triggered switch and a low-impedance strip transmission line.A one-dimensional uniform 7 T pulsed magnetic field was created using a Helmholtz coil pair with a 6 mm diameter.The pulsed magnetic field was controlled to take effect synchronously with a nanosecond heating laser beam,a femtosecond probing laser beam and an optical Intensified Charge Coupled Device(ICCD) detector.The preliminary experiments demonstrate bifurcation and focusing of plasma expansion in a transverse magnetic field.     

Transient Ionization Effects in Silicon Induced by 48 MeV Electron Pulses

Transient radiation effects induced in silicon irradiated in the temperature range 90 to 300°K by 0.007 to 4.5 microsecond pulses of 48 MeV electrons were studied using the transient response of resistivity and Hall effect voltages as the measuring probes. Results are given for one ohm-cm phosphorus-doped n-type silicon and 10 to 100 ohm-cm n-type and p-type samples. In the case of one ohmcm silicon the results clearly show the actual buildup of excess electrons produced by ionization during the time the electron pulse is irradiating the sample. Moreover, the shape of the pulse during buildup is independent of temperature as long as the electron beam pulse is kept constant. Dependence of the number of injected excess carriers on the ionization intensity (total integrated electron flux in the pulse) was found to be linear up to excess carrier concentrations of ~ 1017 cm-3. The lifetime is found to increase linearly with injection implying that the recombination may be dominated by one defect energy level. In p-type silicon the transient Hall and conductivity voltages decay in ~ 20-50 jsec. Relatively long saturation times (~ 10 to 100 microseconds) are observed in the transient Hall and conductivity voltage following an electron burst. The saturation time decreases with dose accumulation in p-type and also decreases as the irradiation temperature of the sample (both n- and p-type) is decreased. Very similar effects also are observed in n-type silicon samples.     

Ion mass separation by use of spatial cyclotron resonance

Spatial cyclotron resonance of an ion beam in a wavy magnetic field is investigated to realize the separation of stable isotopes. To perform the experiment, a surface-ionizing lithium ion beam source, which is collisionless and charge-neutralized, has been developed. A wavy magnetic field is produced by setting two magnet-arrays face to face. At the resonance condition, clear scattering of the lithium ion beam is observed and the concentration of ⁶Li is obtained on a target.     

Neutron Source Based on a Counter-Deuterium Beam Linear IEC

A high-efficiency inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) neutron generator consists of linear IEC fusion chamber and ionization chambers at both ends, connected by an externally applied magnetic field. A pair of deuterium beams is produced in the ionization chambers that are positively biased so as to accelerate deuterium ions along the magnetic field towards the reaction chamber. For the purpose of achieving high-efficiency, the counter-streaming beam column is focused to form a thin filament. Such a configuration must avoid beam-driven instabilities such as the two-beam instability and Weibel’s instability. The stability analysis is performed showing that these modes are stabilized by an externally applied magnetic field parallel to the ion beams. The required magnetic field is less than several of 0.1 Tesla. Thus highly efficient neutron generator is potentially possible with counter-streaming ion beams focused and stabilized by an external magnetic field. An example giving specifications for such a neutron generator is presented.     

Prompt acceleration of a μ+ beam in a toroidal wakefield driven by a shaped steep-rising-front Laguerre–Gaussian laser pulse

Recent experimental data for anomalous magnetic moments strongly indicates the existence of new physics beyond the Standard Model. Energetic μ⁺ bunches are relevant to μ⁺ rare decay, spin rotation, resonance and relaxation (μSR) technology, future muon colliders, and neutrino factories. In this paper, we propose prompt μ⁺ acceleration in a nonlinear toroidal wakefield driven by a shaped steep-rising-front Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) laser pulse. An analytical model is described, which shows that a μ⁺ beam can be focused by an electron cylinder at the centerline of a toroidal bubble and accelerated by the front part of the longitudinal wakefield. A shaped LG laser with a short rise time can push plasma electrons, generating a higher-density electron sheath at the front of the bubble, which can enhance the acceleration field. The acceleration field driven by the shaped steep-rising-front LG laser pulse is about four times greater than that driven by a normal LG laser pulse. Our simulation results show that a 300 MeV μ⁺ bunch can be accelerated to 2 GeV and its transverse size is focused from an initial value of w₀ = 5 μm to w = 2 μm in the toroidal bubble driven by the shaped steep-rising-front LG laser pulse with a normalized amplitude of a = 22.     

Guidance of a Laser Beam Through an Axially Non-Uniform Plasma Channel in the Weakly Relativistic Limit

The guiding of a laser beam in a plasma channel formed by a short ionizing pulse is investigated in the weakly relativistic limit. The plasma channel formed is axially non-uniform due to self defocusing of the prepulse. When a second delayed laser pulse propagates through the plasma channel formed by the prepulse, the competition between refraction and diffraction results into alternate convergence and divergence of the guided beam. Second-order nonlinear differential equations for the beam width parameter of the prepulse and guided pulse are derived by moment theory approach. The effect of the guided pulse and prepulse intensities on the propagation of the guided laser pulse through the plasma channel formed by the prepulse is studied. Laser guidance up to several Rayleigh lengths is observed.     

Panofsky magnet for the beam extraction from the synchrotron using a fast Q-magnet and RF-knockout

The fast control of the beam spill extracted from a synchrotron is a key function for the spot scanning irradiation in cancer therapy application. The authors propose an extraction method which uses the quadruple field of fast response, as well as the RF-knockout. A Panofsky magnet was developed as a quadruple magnet, with a frequency response of around 10 kHz. The Panofsky magnet has a rectangular beam aperture and plate coils attached to the pole face. A model magnet has been manufactured with ferrite, and static and dynamic magnetic fields were measured. From the measurement we observed that the effects of eddy current in the plate coils were large and the uniformity of the magnetic field gradient in the beam aperture was worse than ±5% with a plate thickness of 0.02 cm and a frequency of current of 10 kHz. For the future, in a detailed design the eddy current effects have to be taken into account.     

Conceptual design of 5 MW-NBI injector for HL-2 M tokamak

The HL-2 M tokamak is now under construction in Southwestern Institute of Physics in China. As one of the main auxiliary heating systems for HL-2 M tokamak, a new NBI beam line with 5 MW NBI power, 42° injection angle, based on 4 sets of 80 kV/45 A/5 s bucket ion sources with geometrical beam focus, is conceptually designed with geometrical calculation and engineering simulations. The preliminary structure and layout of key components including ion sources, neutralizers, ion dumps, deflection magnet, beam edge scraper, long pulse calorimeter target, short pulse calorimeter target, injection port and beam drift duct are determined. The magnetic shielding of the stray field of HL-2 M tokamak is analyzed. Beam power transmission efficiency is calculated with geometrical algorithm. The ratio of neutral beam injection power to ion beam power is as high as 48%.     

Nonlinear processes of probe formation of a beam with inhomogeneous phase density at nuclear microprobe

The work describes nonlinear processes of probe formation on the target with allowance for an inhomogeneous density of ion distribution in phase space in the object collimator plane taken from experimental data. The chromatic aberrations, intrinsic aberrations of the 3rd order and parasitic aberrations caused by sextupole and octupole components of the magnetic quadrupole lens field have been taken into account in the object-target phase coordinate transformation. The criterion of obtaining the optimal resolution was defined as the minimum spot size (FWHM) for a fixed ratio I_FWHM/I₀ of beam current in this spot to the total beam current. The conditions for which the initial density of ion distribution in phase space is matched with the ion-optical characteristics of the probe-forming system were considered. The influence of axial brightness and parasitic sextupole and octupole field components on the beam current distribution at the target has been determined.     

Improvements in time resolution and signal-to-noise ratio in a compact pico-second pulse radiolysis system

A compact pico-second pulse radiolysis system has been developing at Waseda University for studying primary processes in radiation chemistry. The system is composed of a photo-injector system and a pico-second all-solid-state laser system. An infrared (IR) and an ultraviolet (UV) laser pulses are obtained from mode-locked Nd:YLF laser system and used for generation of the white light continuum as a probe light and the irradiation to the Cu cathode of a photo-cathode RF-gun, respectively. To improve signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and time resolution of this pulse radiolysis system, we optimized both probe light and pump electron beam. As a result, our pico-second pulse radiolysis system has been enough to study the primary processes of radiation chemistry. The experimental results and the improvements of our system are described in this paper.     

Modelling effect of magnetic field on material removal in dry electrical discharge machining

One of the reasons for increased material removal rate in magnetic field assisted dry electrical discharge machining(EDM) is confinement of plasma due to Lorentz forces.This paper presents a mathematical model to evaluate the effect of external magnetic field on crater depth and diameter in single-and multiple-discharge EDM process.The model incorporates three main effects of the magnetic field,which include plasma confinement,mean free path reduction and pulsating magnetic field effects.Upon the application of an external magnetic field,Lorentz forces that are developed across the plasma column confine the plasma column.Also,the magnetic field reduces the mean free path of electrons due to an increase in the plasma pressure and cycloidal path taken by the electrons between the electrodes.As the mean free path of electrons reduces,more ionization occurs in plasma column and eventually an increase in the current density at the inter-electrode gap occurs.The model results for crater depth and its diameter in single discharge dry EDM process show an error of 9%-10%over the respective experimental values.     

现场校准用便携式X射线照射装置的优化设计及辐射特性研究

中国原子能科学研究院计量测试部研制了一款用于校准现场固定式X、γ辐射剂量仪的便携式X射线照射装置。首先利用蒙特卡罗软件建立模型,对出射口准直光阑结构进行优化设计,随后,对所建参考辐射场射束范围、均匀性及散射辐射进行模拟计算,并利用TW32005电离室进行了实验验证。在本研究所选辐射质、管电流及参考点-焦斑距离条件下,所建立的辐射场能量范围为60～164 keV,空气比释动能率在0.08～565 mGy/h,周围剂量当量率在0.13～892 mSv/h,为后续利用便携式X射线照射装置开展现场校准技术研究奠定了基础。结果表明,经优化设计后的准直光阑在满足准直限束需求的同时有效减轻了自身重量,便携式X射线参考辐射场特性满足GB/T 12162.1—2000要求,验证了所建模型的正确性及蒙特卡罗方法用于便携式X射线参考辐射场特性研究的有效性。     

Diagnosis and dynamics in a simple low energy medium current electron beam channel

We present a simple experimental setup and an associated method enabling both the non-destructive diagnosis and the calculation of the beam evolution in a low energy medium current electron beam channel, where the space-charge and emittance effects are comparable. The diagnosis makes use of an axially symmetric magnetic lens while a second lens is added to increase the flexibility in the beam processing. The paper emphasizes the three steps involved in the method: the evaluation of the lenses' magnetic field by numerical simulation, the beam diagnosis, and the computation of the beam envelope. The calculation of the magnetic field is based on the finite element method. Subsequently, the beam parameters at the electron source exit – emittance and cross-over radius and position – are found with the modified three gradient method. Finally, the beam dynamics are modeled with the K–V equation adapted for the particular case of axial symmetry. The results obtained in this paper can be used to optimize technological processes, such as welding, hardening, cladding, and surface alloying.