厦门大学2013国际太阳能十项全能竞赛作品节能体系

国际太阳能十项全能竞赛,倡导将太阳能利用与建筑节能先进技术紧密结合,设计、建造并运行一座功能完善、舒适、宜居、可持续性的太阳能居住空间。该文探讨了厦门大学参赛方案节能体系配置,重点介绍其太阳能光热与光电系统、围护结构材料、空调系统、相变通风及智能控制系统等方面的节能举措。国际太阳能十项全能竞赛设计作为一个系统工程,对太阳能利用与建筑节能进行一体化设计、协调配合才能使参赛方案取得预期的节能成效。     

Ancient vernacular architecture: characteristics categorization and energy performance evaluation

Building has significant impacts on the environment and natural resources. The emerging world energy and environment challenges demand a substantial revolution of building design philosophies, strategies, technologies, and construction methods. Vernacular architectures, built by people whose design decisions are influenced by traditions in their culture, have been gleaned through a long period of trial and error and the ingenuity of local builders who possess specific knowledge about their place on the planet, and thus are valuable in promoting climate-specific passive building technologies to modern buildings. This study introduced an approach to categorizing distinct vernacular regions and evaluating energy performance of ancient vernacular homes as well as identifying optimal constructions using vernacular building techniques. The research conducted an extensive computer energy modeling for a number of representative ancient vernacular architectural characteristics observed for different climatic regions. The vernacular test subjects were compared against those established according to the International Energy Conservation Code and those generated by the optimization software. The simulation results of the energy models suggest that considering traditions seen in ancient vernacular architecture as an approach to improving building energy performance is a worthwhile endeavor and a scientific guidance can help enhance the performance. The study indicates that, although many vernacular dwells exist in the world, it is challenging (but desired) to package vernacular architecture traditions and quantitative design knowledge to modern building designers. This project is the first part of a much larger project that intends to create a knowledge base of vernacular building traditions that will include information about not only the energy performance of traditional building techniques, but also address areas of cost, material availability and cultural traditions.     

建筑学语境下的可持续设计 解读北京动物园水禽馆

北京动物园水禽馆是一个以"零能零碳"为目标的微能耗建筑,设计采用整合设计的思路,从"城市一建筑细部"各个层面进行了深入的研究。项目的最大特点是对可持续发展的建筑学思考,其整体布局、建筑平面组织、剖面组织等方面均从建筑学角度出发,提出合适的解决方案。形式本身是创造性解决可持续设计需求的重要手段。     

Effort and effectiveness considerations in computational design evaluation: a case study

Computational building evaluation tools have the potential to provide an effective means to support informed design decision making. Computational modeling, however, comes with a cost. Thereby, the most important cost factor is not software acquisition, but the time needed for learning and using the software. The extent of required time and effort is believed to be one of the main hindrances toward the pervasive use of computational building performance assessment tools by designers: Currently, modeling applications are mostly used, if at all, in the later stages of design and by specialists, rather than architects. However, few studies have explicitly dealt with the ascertainment and quantification of the actual effort needed to understand, master, and apply computational building evaluation tools. Thus, little factual information is available as to the cost and burden of computational building evaluation and its effectiveness in building design support. In this context, the present paper describes a case study, whose motivation was to estimate the time and effort needed by novice designers to computationally evaluate the performance of building designs. A group of senior architecture students participated in the study, learning and using a software application to assess the energy performance of six project submissions for a school building design competition. The outcome of this study (time investment ranges for various components of the modeling activity) was evaluated and further extrapolated to estimate the effort needed for a more comprehensive computational assessment of the environmental performance of these designs.     

Designing energy efficient commercial buildings—A systems framework

This paper provides a means for improving the effectiveness of energy related decision-making during the design phase of a building. A review of the literature and discussions with experts revealed that several approaches for an Integrated Design Process for energy efficient buildings exist. However, most of these approaches are relatively abstract and philosophical in nature, and do not prescribe procedures that enable energy efficient design.This paper attempts to address this gap by proposing a comprehensive design process titled the ‘Integrated Energy-Efficient Building Design Process’ (IEBDP). This process provides a framework based on systems theory that facilitates the integration of various facets of the energy-efficient alternatives selection process. In addition, the proposed framework seeks to integrate state-of-the-art analysis tools and methods, to aid designers in performing holistic building design. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), a multi-attribute decision-making technique is used to resolve conflicts amongst diverging design goals.The proposed IEBDP framework was then used to design an office building, taken as a case study, in the composite climate of New Delhi, India. It was found that considerable energy savings could be achieved by following the IEBDP process. The benefits of this framework vis-a-vis traditional energy efficient design approaches were evaluated by comparing the design done through the IEBDP process with designs submitted by a group of practicing architects. The various designs were evaluated in terms of strategies adopted, the level of exploration as well as design integration, in order to validate the applicability and use of the IEBDP framework.     

向着“IDP-BIM”框架体系转变：“可持续性发展之屋”的实例研究

IDP和BIM已经被公认为是解决建筑行业离散化问题的两个途径。然而要实施新的方法和工具,需要在设计实践中采取重大变革。本篇表述了一个研究项目中的一部分,该项目的最终目标是开发一种新型的知识体系,即IDP-BIM框架体系。本文着重阐述了在该背景下所实施的案例研究,包括对一座高性能建筑——位于蒙特利尔的＂可持续性发展之屋（HSD）＂的设计程序进行的族群观察,并探讨了拟定的可持续性策略的针对性。该实例研究的另一个尝试是在由专业人士团队完成设计后,采用BIM技术对设计过程进行了＂逆向工程＂设计。本文展现了这部分实例研究的成果,旨在为综合建模确定一个最佳数字环境和顺畅的工作流程。为全面表达项目,我们首先建立了该建筑的BIM模型（基于Revi软件）。然后,我们为规划、施工过程的成本估算模拟、被动式太阳热能和照明模拟进行了性能和互操作性测试。本实例研究的结果涵盖了以下方面Revit软件在设计最初阶段的可用性;主BIM模型的互操作性和数据交换能力,模拟结果的一致性。我们还为可持续性发展之屋的设计者提供了一些建议。工作流程的研究结果也丰富了＂IDP-BIM＂模型框架体系。     

跨学科设计团队的综合设计课程

怀俄明大学(University of Wyoming)建筑工程系所设计的本科课程侧重于建筑技术、能源效率和跨学科设计等方面。早在五年前,怀俄明大学(UW)就决定了应该利用BIM完成设计课程。去年,已经开始在整个建筑模拟和性能分析中利用BIM;而今年,我们已经更进一步,将建筑设计课程与高级的暖通空调课程相结合,以获得跨学科综合设计经验。本文旨在记录怀俄明大学(UW)为一项建筑工程计划所做出的努力。该项计划实施综合设计,探索和教授设计建筑的技术过程,以便达到建筑性能的优化。     

绿色建筑的设计策划

绿色建筑是将可持续发展观引入建筑领域的结果,建筑设计是建筑全寿命周期中最重要的阶段之一,它主导了后续建筑活动对环境的影响和资源的消耗。要实现绿色建筑,开发商不仅需要聘请具有“绿色建筑”设计理念的设计师,而且还需要设计师们在项目的前期阶段就尽早参与项目的整体策划。本文阐述了设计师在项目前期的工作内容和工作方法,希望对开发商如何借助设计师的帮助实现绿色建筑有所启迪。     

The User Pre-Occupancy Evaluation Method in designer–client communication in early design stage: A case study

The interaction between designers and clients is continuous during the briefing and architectural design stage. The efficiency of the interaction process may be decreased due to the limited experience of clients, such as the limited capacity in understanding drawings or reviewing design solutions. A User Pre-Occupancy Evaluation Method (UPOEM) was developed to enhance the designer–client communication by applying building information modeling, user activity simulation, and requirement management techniques. A case study is used to apply the UPOEM to verify the practical implementation in a real project and from which a comparative experimental study and questionnaire survey were conducted. The findings indicate that the UPOEM can help generate more suggestions for improving design solution during designer–client communication compared with traditional approach. It can also enhance the clients' understanding of the future built environment as well as their willingness in collaborative working with designers at the early design stage.     

Shared conceptual model for the building envelope design process

The lack of communication and co-ordination among designers during the building envelope design process results in sub-optimal solutions leading to inadequate performance. To reverse this trend and to achieve better performance of the building envelope, professionals must be provided with computer integrated design tools which facilitate communication between participants and improve the transfer of data throughout the design process. This article presents a shared conceptual model that would enable integration in the building envelope design process. The wealth of data is organized into major envelope entities which are then decomposed into cohesive sets of data called primitives to form the conceptual model. Such a conceptual model should facilitate data exchange between design tasks, improve communications among designers and support the growth of data as the design process unfolds. The resulting conceptual model is implemented as a shared central database in an object-oriented database management system to experiment with integration.     

A comprehensive model for streamlining low-energy building design

Building designers are often limited in their ability to reduce the environmental impact of buildings, due to a lack of information on the environmental performance of building components as well as inconsistencies in the way in which this information is derived. Whilst numerous tools exist to help facilitate the low-energy building design process, these typically require large investments of time and money that are often beyond those available within any particular project. This paper describes an approach for streamlining the design process to reduce building life cycle energy consumption. Building assemblies are ranked based on an assessment of the life cycle energy requirements associated with their use within a building. This facilitates early stage assessment, negating the need for a resolved design before the relative energy requirements of alternate design solutions are known. Previous work assessed the initial and recurring embodied energy as well as the operational energy requirements for heating and cooling associated with the use of a range of building assemblies, using a simplified house model. This paper presents a sensitivity analysis of variations to the floor area, shape and orientation of this model, to test the reliability and applicability of the ranking approach across a broad range of circumstances. It was found that these variations did not influence the ranked order of the assemblies in terms of their life cycle energy requirements. Thus, the ranking of assemblies appears to provide an appropriate approach for streamlining the selection of construction elements during the building design process.     

An integrated construction planning system using object-oriented product and process modelling

An interactive planning system approach poses challenges to the efficient integration of the design and construction planning process. Current research is focused on organizational knowledge processing in building design and construction, such as the representation of object-oriented planning models and constraint management incorporating design, engineering and construction planning through several planning stages. Since building construction involves cooperation among designers, engineers and project managers, comprehensive organizational planning and management tools are relevant. The integrated construction planning system (ICPS) aims to cover a wide range of knowledge processing based on formalization and representation of building and construction systems. To realize the integrated construction planning system, appropriate modelling techniques need to be introduced. This paper presents the results of research on several issues such as formalization and representation of interactive design and construction planning processes, methods for incorporating project information, knowledge and constraints and the concept of applying an object-oriented paradigm to interactive building and construction system planning. A prototype system is also presented which integrates building space planning, building system planning, construction system planning, construction activity planning and construction site layout planning.     

Life cycle cost implications of energy efficiency measures in new residential buildings

The importance of the built environment from an environmental impact and energy use perspective is well established. High thermal efficiency of the constructed building envelope is a key strategy in the design and construction of buildings which limit use of active space conditioning systems. Australia's current housing stock is thermally poor and national energy performance standards are relatively weak when benchmarked against international best practice. A lack of data has impeded the policy debate and a significant gap in analysis remains a lack of empirical research into the life-cycle cost implications of increased building thermal efficiency, particularly for residential buildings. This paper applies an integrated thermal modeling, life cycle costing approach to an extensive sample of dominant house designs to investigate life cycle costs in a cool temperate climate, Melbourne Victoria. Empirical analysis provides new insights into lifetime costs and environmental savings for volume housing design options and identifies sensitive factors. Results suggest that the most cost-effective building design is always more energy efficient than the current energy code requirements, for the full time-horizon considered. Findings have significant policy implications, particularly in view of present debates which frequently present higher energy efficiency standards as prohibitive from a costs perspective.     

Energy efficiency and building construction in India

The energy conservation has become an important issue in building design, it is logical to apply the principle of energy costing to building projects, and to look for ways to minimize the total energy consumed during their lifetime. Even though the total quantity of energy consumed in a building during its lifetime may be many times than that consumed in its construction, there are number of reasons why the energy use in the construction process, and in particular in the building materials used, should be treated as a matter of importance in looking for ways to minimize energy use in the built environment as a whole. In this paper the energy costs of alternative construction techniques using an optimization framework are assessed and compared. The techniques of construction evaluated in this paper are commonly used pucca techniques as well as low-cost construction techniques. Energy consumption and resource requirements due to the use of alternative techniques of construction for a representative room of size 3.5 m×3.5 m×3.14 m are evaluated. An assessment of the magnitude of energy consumption, if housing shortages have to be met, shows that a huge amount of energy would be consumed in housing sector alone. The associated levels of carbon dioxide emissions associated with this construction would also be prohibitively high. Finally the paper concludes with recommendations for structural changes in the energy and construction policy in India to minimize energy consumption in building construction.     

Energy modeling of two office buildings with data center for green building design

Energy simulation models are developed with EnergyPlus for two office buildings in a R&D center in Shanghai, China to evaluate the energy cost savings of green building design options compared with the baseline building. As a R&D center of an international IT corporation, there are data centers in the two buildings, which make them different from typical office buildings. The data centers house high energy consuming IT equipments and need 24 h air-conditioning every day all year round. In order to achieve energy cost savings, multiple energy efficiency strategies are employed for design proposed building, encompassing high performance building envelope, lighting system, and HVAC system. Through energy modeling, the design proposed options are compared to an ASHRAE 90.1-2004 compliant budget model to highlight energy cost savings versus “standard practice” and show the potential LEED™ Credit EA1—Optimize Energy Performance. Meanwhile, they are also compared to China Code model to figure out the energy cost savings versus the most popular practice conforming to China Public Building Energy Saving Design Standard. The whole building energy simulation results show that the yearly energy cost saving of the proposed design will be approximately 27% from China Code building and 21% from ASHRAE budget building, which can achieve 4 points for LEED credit due to energy performance optimization.     

Automated performance measurement for 3D building modeling decisions

Building information modeling (BIM) is instrumental in documenting design, enhancing customer experience, and improving product functionality in capital projects. However, high-quality building models do not happen by accident, but rather because of a managed process that involves several participants from different disciplines and backgrounds. Throughout this process, the different priorities of design modelers often result in conflicts that can negatively impact project outcomes. To prevent such unwanted outcomes from occurring, the modeling process needs to be effectively managed. This effective management requires an ability to closely monitor the modeling process and correctly measure the modelers' performance. Nevertheless, existing methods of performance monitoring in building design practices lack an objective measurement system to quantify modeling progress. The widespread utilization of BIM tools presents a unique opportunity to retrieve granular design process data and conduct accurate performance measurements. This research improves upon previous efforts by presenting a novel application programming interface (API)-enabled approach to (a) automatically collect detailed model development data directly from BIM software packages in real-time, and (b) efficiently calculate several modeling performance measures during schematic and design development phases of building projects. These indicators can be used to properly arrange modeling teams in the quest for high-quality building models. The specific objectives of this study to examine the feasibility of a proposed automated design performance measurement framework, and to identify optimal modeling team configurations using empirical performance information. A passive data recording approach allows for the real-time capture of comprehensive user interface (UI) interaction and model element modification events. The proposed framework is implemented as an Autodesk Revit plugin. Next, an experiment is conducted to capture data using the developed Revit plugin. Experiment participants' individual production rates are estimated to establish the validity of the proposed approach to identify the optimal design team configuration. The presented approach uses the earliest due date (EDD) sequencing rule in combination with the critical path method (CPM) to calculate the maximum lateness for different design team arrangements.     

寒冷地区绿色住宅设计的探讨与实践

建筑节能是世界建筑发展的基本趋势,是降低能源消耗的重要方面,而建造绿色住宅建筑又是建筑节能的有效途径。根据绿色住宅建筑的概念,在寒冷地区设计并建造绿色住宅建筑示范工程,具体包括低能耗围护结构保温体系、分室控制地板辐射采暖系统、太阳能热水系统、太阳能光伏照明系统等技术,为在寒冷地区建造绿色住宅建筑积累了经验,有利于推动绿色建筑在我国东北地区的发展。     

《建筑节能工程施工验收规范》对建筑电气技术影响的研究

2007年10月发布的《建筑节能工程施工验收规范》（GB50411-2007）是一个强制性国家标准,旨在加强建筑节能工程的施工质量管理,统一建筑节能施工验收质量的标准。《规范》第一次把节能工程明确规定为建筑工程的一项分部工程,提高了建筑工程的验收标准。其中的配电与照明分项工程,提出了明确的节能方面的要求,需要建筑电气的设计、施工和监理岗位从业人员认真研究并贯彻到工程实践之中。     

Delivering energy efficient buildings: a design procedure to demonstrate environmental and economic benefits

One of the most significant environmental impacts of buildings occurs through the consumption of energy during their operational lives. It is a well-known fact that buildings in the UK are only a fraction as efficient as current approaches and available technologies permit. The effective management of the design process is pivotal in the delivery of buildings with improved energy efficiency but, despite this, the monitoring of energy performance is not currently a typical part of the construction design process. This paper describes the development of a design management procedure in which energy performance is monitored from the earliest phases of building inception. The decision support tool gives guidance to design teams at a stage in the design process where there is currently a lack of information on project-specific energy performance issues, and their environmental and economic implications. Life cycle cost performance is captured through elemental life cycle costing, in which the implementation of systems to improve efficiency are considered as a function of additional and avoided life cycle costs. This procedure has been developed through public-sector private finance initiative (PFI) projects, which allow a longer-term view of both capital and operating costs, since the contractors are an integral part of the long-term management consortium. The much greater level of opportunity presented in these contracts and the potential to influence the wider marketplace could offer a breakthrough for the wider acceptance of environmentally sensitive building design.     

Method and simulation program informed decisions in the early stages of building design

The early stages of building design include a number of decisions which have a strong influence on the performance of the building throughout the rest of the process. It is therefore important that designers are aware of the consequences of these design decisions. This paper presents a method for making informed decisions in the early stages of building design to fulfil performance requirements with regard to energy consumption and indoor environment. The method is operationalised in a program that utilises a simple simulation program to make performance predictions of user-defined parameter variations. The program then presents the output in a way that enables designers to make informed decisions. The method and the program reduce the need for design iterations, reducing time consumption and construction costs, to obtain the intended energy performance and indoor environment.