表面张力对共轴微通道气液两相流的影响

本文以共轴流微通道芯片为研究对象,采用分散相为氩气、连续相为十二烷基硫代硫酸钠(SDS)的水溶液,在400μm×600μm矩形通道内形成气液两相流。改变表面活性剂的浓度,观察表面张力改变下流型的变化趋势,绘制出以连续相毛细数为横坐标、分散相韦伯数为纵坐标的流型分布图。实验得到滴流、滴状射流、弹状流、环状流的四种流型。随着表面张力减小,弹状流与环状流之间的边界向右移,滴流与射流之间的向边界右移。弹状流与滴流、射流之间的边界向右移不明显。     

微通道内气液两相流型的数值模拟

为了解微通道内气液两相流型对换热器热质传递的影响,建立了微通道内气液两相流型的数值模型。本文对微通道内气液两相波纹流、环状流和弹状流进行模拟,采用VOF界面追踪方法来描述气液相界面,并考虑了表面张力和重力的影响,并建立了预测微通道内气液两相流型的数值模型。通过与已有文献中的实验数据对比,验证了模型的可靠性。     

起伏振动状态下水平管内两相流多尺度熵分析

将振动装置与气液两相流实验回路相结合,对起伏振动状态下水平通道内气液两相流进行实验研究,观察记录流型并此采集压差波动信号。同时采用多尺度熵方法对102种流动条件6种流型的压差波动信号进行分析。研究结果表明:起伏振动状态下水平管内主要流型包括泡状流、珠状流、炮弹流、弹状-波状流、沸腾波状流及环状流。利用小尺度下样本熵的变化速率特征可以明显区分水平通道内气液两相流型,而大尺度下样本熵的变化特征可以反映不同流型的动力学特性。     

微肋渐扩细通道流动与传热特性分析

为进一步提高渐扩细通道热沉的综合性能,设计了3种微肋渐扩细通道,分别为:矩形肋、圆形肋和三角形肋渐扩细通道。采用CFD软件对不同结构微肋渐扩细通道的流动和传热特性进行数值研究,并将结果与光滑的渐扩细通道和直细通道进行对比。结果表明:微肋能有效地提高渐扩细通道的传热性能,但同时也增大其流动压降。在所研究的微肋渐扩细通道及工况范围内,矩形肋渐扩细通道的传热系数最高,其传热系数分别比直细通道和渐扩细通道平均高104.01%和119.1%。圆形肋渐扩细通道的压降最小,其压降分别比直细通道和渐扩细通道平均高190.65%和287.43%。此外,圆形肋渐扩细通道的综合性能最好,在所研究的工况范围其综合传热强化因子的范围为1.16—1.47,比渐扩细通道平均高28.59%。     

垂直共轴锥管中石蜡/乙醇液液两相流研究

本文以垂直共轴锥管(锥角α=2. 8°)为研究对象,采用分散相为液体石蜡、连续相为乙醇,研究石蜡/乙醇两相流。实验中发现了五种流型:柱塞流、滴流、射流、管状流和线状流。随着分散相流量的增大,石蜡微滴的流型由滴流转变为柱塞流或射流,石蜡微滴的直径和频率都增大;随着连续相流量的增大,石蜡微滴的流型由柱塞流转变为滴流、射流,石蜡微滴的直径减小、频率增大。     

小通道气液两相流流型辨识与LSTM短期预测研究北大核心CSCD

以空气与水为工质,运用压差传感器与光学位置传感器和高速摄像机对水力直径3.0 mm的小通道水平圆管内气液两相流进行实验研究。根据压差波动信号图、光电传感器模拟信号图及高速摄像机拍摄所得流型图对小通道内气液两相流进行流型辨识,辨识结果表明:存在环状流、层状流、间歇流、以及段塞流四种流型;对四种流型所对应压差波动信号进行LSTM循环神经网络的分析预测,结果表明:LSTM循环神经网络预测模型可实现小通道气液两相流压差信号的在线预测,且预测结果精确,四种流型的均方误差分别为0.004、0.0099、0.0075、0.0156。     

一种泡沫金属通道两相压降新型关联式

泡沫金属填充于换热器通道内能有效提高换热器两相传热性能,具有较好的应用前景,但要求对泡沫金属通道内两相压降能够进行准确的预测,以满足工程应用中设备和系统的设计要求。本文使用了6篇文献的泡沫金属通道内两相压降实验数据,实验条件包括:泡沫金属PPI为5-40,孔隙率为0.87-95;通道水力直径为4.36-13.8mm;质流密度为0-350kg /( m2?K);干度为0-0.8。分析了两相流因子和Lockhart-Matinelli参数的分布规律,发现两相流因子随泡沫金属孔径与通道水力直径之比减小 而增大,随干度的增大而增大;当径比从0.179变为0.31时,两相流因子提升了1.37-1.52倍;当干度从0变为0.8时,两相流 因子最大提升了3.41倍。同时基于Lookhart-Marinlli关联式开发了一种新型泡沫金属通道两相压降预测关联式,结果表明,新的关联式的预测值与实验数据的绝对平均误差为22%,该关联式能准确预测泡沫金属通道的两相压降。     

起伏振动状态下水平管内气液两相流研究

通过将振动装置与两相流实验回路结合的方法,对起伏振动状态下水平管内气液两相流问题进行了实验研究。同时基于FLUENT平台,结合动网格模型及UDF编程手段,通过数值模拟的方法,进一步扩展了研究内容:重点考察了振动工况及流体性质对压降和流型转换的影响。研究结果表明:振动工况下气液两相流动形式不同于稳态工况,主要流型有珠状流、泡弹流、沸腾波状流、波状流以及环状流。振动影响管内压降,但当Re数大于5 600时,无论是振动频率还是振动幅度对压降均没有很大影响。与稳态工况类似,黏度几乎不影响流型转换界限,流体处于高黏度状态时,振动工况对于流型转化及压降的影响减弱。振动频率和振动幅度的增大均使得流型转换界限呈现向外扩张的趋势,且与振动幅度相比,振动频率的改变对流型转换影响更大。     

微通道内流动沸腾的研究进展

微通道内的流动沸腾在能源、电子冷却、生物医疗等高新技术领域有着广泛的应用.对微通道内流动沸腾的研究进展进行了综述,研究工质涉及到水、制冷剂、液氮等,内容包括微通道与常规通道的划分,微通道的传热特性、临界热流密度、压降特性、主要流型以及流型转变、不稳定性的主要形式及产生机理等.同时指出了微通道内流动沸腾进一步的研究工作.     

纳米制冷剂在微通道内两相摩擦压降实验研究

分别以质量分数为0.2%、0.5%、0.8%的Al2O3-R141b纳米制冷剂与纯制冷剂R141b为实验工质,在截面尺寸为1 mm×2 mm的矩形微通道内进行实验,研究流动沸腾过程中两相摩擦压降。将两相摩擦压降的实验值与5种分相模型预测值进行对比,Qu-Mudawar模型预测值和实验值最为吻合,平均绝对误差为21.4%,Chishiolm模型预测效果最差,平均绝对误差为42.5%。结合实验数据在Qu-Mudawar模型基础上进行修正,得到的修正关联式能较好的预测实验两相摩擦压降,平均绝对误差降为11.3%。     

R22在矩形微细管内凝结的气液两相流动压降实验研究

实验研究了R22在当量直径为0.952 mm的水平不锈钢矩形管内凝结的气液两相流动压降。实验时的饱和温度为40-50oC、质量流速为200-800 kg/m2 s、干度为0-1。研究结果表明,实验段的压降占总压降95%以上,而出口处流通断面扩张压降所占比例很小可以忽略。R22的压力梯度随质量流速和干度的增大而增大,在较高干度区增大趋势更加明显。随饱和温度的增大压降减小。与R22相比,相同实验工况下R152a的凝结压降小于R22的。     

Pressure drop and flashing mechanisms in refrigerant expansion devices

This paper examines a novel pressure drop mechanism as well as flow choking conditions that determine mass flow rate in refrigerant expansion devices. For this study, an ideal situation is considered where an expansion device such as a short tube orifice or a thermostatic expansion valve is modeled as an ideal isentropic nozzle. In addition, a liquid with a certain initial degree of superheat is first expanded in the converging nozzle down to the exit section without any phase transition. At the exit section where the metastable liquid jet flashes to produce a complex axisymmetric two-phase flow, a shock wave may terminate the overall expansion process. The model presented here is based on experimental observations in short nozzles, where the metastable liquid in the central core undergoes a sudden phase transition in the interfacial region, giving rise to a high-speed two-phase flow. A simple 1-D analysis of the radial evaporation wave based on the theory of discontinuities from gas dynamics leads to the Chapman–Jouguet (C-J) solution. Flow choking issues are examined and numerical examples are presented for three common refrigerants: R134a, R-22, and R-600a. Results suggest that the evaporation wave may be the flow controlling mechanism in these devices.     

汽油脱硫用复合膜的制备及性能

以聚乙二醇(PEG)为活性分离层、聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)多孔膜为支撑层制备复合膜。PEG涂膜液的固含量提高到16%时,可以减少孔渗现象,提高渗透通量。考察进料温度、流量和膜下游侧压力对复合膜性能的影响。硫富集因子随温度和流量升高先增加后减小,最大值出现在100℃和100mL/min。渗透通量随温度升高而增大;当进料流量大于100mL/min时,渗透通量随流量增加而减小。两个参数均随膜下游侧压力增加而减小。对典型的催化裂化汽油,膜的渗透通量可达2.7kg/(m2.h),硫富集因子为3.6。     

Flow boiling of ammonia and hydrocarbons: A state-of-the-art review

A comprehensive review of flow boiling heat transfer, two-phase pressure drops and flow patterns of ammonia and hydrocarbons applied in air-conditioning, refrigeration and heat pump systems is presented in this paper. First, experimental studies of flow boiling of ammonia and hydrocarbons are addressed. Then, the prediction methods for flow boiling heat transfer, two-phase pressure drops and flow patterns are described. Next, comparisons of four flow boiling heat transfer and four two-phase pressure drop methods to the experimental data in smooth tubes derived from the available studies are presented. In addition, comparison of flow patterns to a flow map is presented. Based on the comparisons and analysis, recommendations on these methods are given. Furthermore, research needs on flow boiling and two-phase flow of ammonia and hydrocarbons have been identified. It is suggested that more experimental data be obtained through well conducted experiments and new prediction methods or modified ones based on the available methods be made for ammonia and hydrocarbons. In addition, the effect of oil on ammonia and hydrocarbon flow boiling and two-phase flow should be studied in order to have conclusive evidence of its effect.     

Vented gaseous deflagrations modelling of hinged inertial vent covers

The model of explosion pressure build up in enclosures with inertial vent covers and the CINDY code implementing the model are validated against experiments by Hochst and Leuckel (1998) in a 50 m3 vessel with a pair of ceiling-mounted upwards-opening hinged doors in a 'butterfly' configuration with surface densities of 73 and 124 kg/m2 under conditions of initially quiescent and turbulent mixtures. The model and the code are further validated against an experiment by Zalosh (1978) in a 33.5 m3 room-like enclosure with a pair of wall-mounted rectangular doors, in a parallel configuration, each hinged at its bottom edge with a surface density of 23.1 kg/m2 and initially quiescent mixture. A formula for the torque acting upon a rotating venting door is derived under conditions of vent cover jet formation. The vent cover jet effect decreases the torque three times compared to an elementary approach valid at the start of vent cover movement. It is demonstrated that, similar to translating vent covers, the vent cover jet effect is crucial for prediction of interdependent vent cover displacement in time and pressure transients.     

Pressure drop during flow boiling inside parallel microchannels

Pressure drop is experimentally investigated inside parallel microchannels during subcooled flow boiling of R134a in horizontal orientation. The test conditions included the inlet pressure, the inlet subcooled degree, the heat flux, the vapor quality, and the mass velocity, ranging from 600 to 900 kPa, 1 to 20 K, 5 to 220 kW m⁻², 0 to 95% and 250 to 1000 kg m⁻² s⁻¹, respectively. The effect of the mass velocity and the inlet pressure were investigated. The relative weight of the pressure drop due to two-phase flow acceleration and the friction pressure drop for single phase and two-phase flows were considered. The experimental results for the pressure drop were compared with those predicted by the homogenous model and five other semi-empirical models.     

Charge reduction experimental investigation of CO2 single-phase flow in a horizontal micro-channel with constant heat flux conditions

The use of carbon dioxide as alternative refrigerant in refrigeration plants and heat pumps has been focused recently. Through the specific properties of CO₂, the use of very compact heat exchangers is relevant and the technology of micro-channel heat exchangers rises as a suitable solution. The experimental investigation of CO₂ flow in a single micro-channel with an inner diameter of 529 μm is planned with an original test section. This test section is initially dedicated for further CO₂ two-phase flow analysis. The local heat transfer coefficients are estimated with micro-thermocouples stuck on the micro-channel wall. The pressure drop is also measured. This paper presents the first results in single-phase pressure drop and heat transfer and exhibits promising coming data in two-phase flow pressure drop and heat transfer for mass velocity between 200 kg/m²/s and 1400 kg/m²/s and working saturation temperature between −10 °C and 5 °C. The results stress on the good accuracy of suitable classical laws to predict pressure drop and heat transfer in single-phase flow in micro-channel.     

Prediction of condensation pressure drop inside herringbone microfin tubes

A generalized prediction correlation of condensation pressure drop inside herringbone microfin tubes has been proposed which includes the new empirical correlation of two-phase frictional multiplier and author’s previously proposed correlation of single-phase friction factor for herringbone microfin tubes. Three existing correlations and the newly proposed correlation of condensation pressure drop for herringbone microfin tubes have been compared with the available experimental data of five herringbone microfin tubes during condensation of R410A. From the results of overall root-mean-square (r.m.s.) deviations of relative residuals of condensation pressure drop for all tubes, proposed correlation shows best performance. Proposed correlation can also predict other experimental data of two-phase pressure drop of R410A during adiabatic two-phase flow and previously measured data of condensation pressure drop of R22 within ±20% which are not used to develop the proposed correlation.     

Modeling Dense-Phase Pneumatic Conveying of Powders Using Suspension Density

This article presents results of an investigation into the modeling of pressure drop in horizontal straight pipe section for fluidized dense-phase pneumatic conveying of powders. Suspension density and superficial air velocity have been used to model pressure drop for two-phase solids-gas flow. Two applicable models formats (developed by other researchers using two different definitions of suspension density) were used to represent the pressure drop due to solids-gas flow through straight pipe sections. Models were generated based on the test data of conveying power-station fly ash and electrostatic precipitator (ESP) dust (median particle diameter: 30 and 7 µm; particle density: 2300 and 3637 kg m^?3; loose-poured bulk density: 700 and 610 kg m^?3, respectively) through a relatively short length of a smaller diameter pipeline. The developed models were evaluated for their scale-up accuracy and stability by using them to predict the total pipeline pressure drop (with appropriate bend model) for 69 mm I.D. × 168 m; 105 mm I.D. × 168 m and 69 mm I.D. × 554 m pipes and comparing the predicted versus with experimental data. Results show that both the models with suspension density and air velocity generally provide relatively better prediction compared to the conventional use of solids loading ratio and Froude number. For fly ash, the two formats result in considerable different predictions, whereas they provide relatively similar results for ESP dust.     

Boiling flow through diverging microchannel

An experimental study of flow boiling through diverging microchannel has been carried out in this work, with the aim of understanding boiling in non-uniform cross-section microchannel. Diverging microchannel of 4° of divergence angle and 146 μm hydraulic diameter (calculated at mid-length) has been employed for the present study with deionised water as working fluid. Effect of mass flux (118–1182 kg/m²-s) and heat flux (1.6–19.2 W/cm²) on single and two-phase pressure drop and average heat transfer coefficient has been studied. Concurrently, flow visualization is carried out to document the various flow regimes and to correlate the pressure drop and average heat transfer coefficient to the underlying flow regime. Four flow regimes have been identified from the measurements: bubbly, slug, slug–annular and periodic dry-out/ rewetting. Variation of pressure drop with heat flux shows one maxima which corresponds to transition from bubbly to slug flow. It is shown that significantly large heat transfer coefficient (up to 107 kW/m²-K) can be attained for such systems, for small pressure drop penalty and with good flow stability.