R134a在微肋管内流动冷凝换热计算关联式的改进

本文选用表面传热系数为评价指标,对外径为6.35 mm的微肋管内R134a两相流动冷凝换热特性进行实验研究,分析了水力工况、测试管结构参数等对管内表面传热系数的影响,还选用Cavallini et al.关联式、Miyara et al.关联式和Oliver et al.关联式对微肋管内表面传热系数进行预测,发现Cavallini et al.关联式对微肋管内换热性能的预测能力最好,关联式预测值与实验值的平均误差、标准误差分别为-21.47%和21.94%。虽然Miyara et al.关联式预测值与实验值的平均误差、标准误差分别为16.21%、30.65%,但两者之间的误差范围为-47.12%～82.32%,说明在部分工况下Miyara et al.关联式对管内换热性能的预测仍存在较大误差。三个关联式中,Oliver et al.关联式的预测能力最差,预测值与实验值之间平均误差高达-54.93%,因此,实验根据现有实验数据对Oliver et al.关联式进行了修正,修正Oliver et al.关联式对管内换热性能的预测能力大大提高,预测值与实验值的平均误差、标准误差分别为-2.37%和10.77%。     

微肋管内的换热强化的实验和理论分析

在1根光管、2根微肋管内运行了R1234yf两相流动冷凝换热实验,工况设定中冷凝温度为40℃、43℃、45℃,质量流量为500—900 kg/(m~2·s),换热管进出口处制冷剂干度分别为0.8—0.9、0.2—0.3。实验结果显示:传热系数随冷凝温度的降低、质量流量的增加而增大,且微肋管内传热系数均大于光管内传热系数,其中8°和15°肋片螺旋角微肋管换热强化倍率分别为2.51—2.89、3.11—3.57,均大于其面积增加比;使用关联式对管内传热系数预测时:Cavallini et al关联式对光管内传热系数预测精度最高,其预测误差范围在±8%以内,预测平均误差为0.56%;Cavallini et al关联式和Koyama et al关联式对微肋管内传热系数预测精度较高,其预测误差范围在±25%以内,两者的平均预测误差小于6%。     

水平内螺纹管内R410A流动凝结换热的实验研究

本文实验研究了R410A在水平内螺纹管内的流动凝结换热特性,分析了水力工况、测试管结构参数对管内制冷剂侧表面传热系数、压降的影响。结果表明:表面传热系数、压降均随着质量流速的增加、冷凝温度的降低而增大;虽然表面传热系数随着测试水Re的增加而减小,但测试水Re对压降的影响很小。利用单位压降表面传热系数对换热进行综合性能评价时发现,单位压降表面传热系数随着质量流速的增加而减小,随着冷凝温度的增大而增大。将实验数据与经典关联式的预测值进行对比,对于光滑管,除了Akers et al.关联式低估了实验数据,Shah关联式与Thome et al.关联式均高估了实验数据,并且Thome et al.关联式表现出最高的预测精度。而对于内螺纹强化管,Cavallini et al.关联式展现出最高的预测精度,而Koyama et al.关联式与Miyara et al.关联式均低估了实验数据。     

小通道钎焊板式冷凝器性能仿真与实验研究

本文针对当量直径为1.5 mm的小通道钎焊板式冷凝器的换热和压降特性进行了仿真和实验研究。采用有限体积法建立了一维稳态分布参数模型,对R134a和R1234yf两种制冷剂在板间冷凝换热的性能进行仿真模拟,并对模型进行了实验验证。实验结果表明:本文所建立的仿真模型精度较高,换热性能平均误差为4%,压降平均误差为16%,可用于分析换热器的整体性能。最后用此模型仿真对比了R134a和R1234yf在小通道钎焊板式换热器内的冷凝换热特性,结果显示,在相同工况下,用R1234yf替代R134a,传热系数平均下降9%,压降平均下降8%。     

毛细管内R410A两相流摩擦因子关联式研究

准确预测毛细管内两相流制冷剂的压降是提高毛细管分流精度的基础,而高精度的毛细管内制冷剂两相流摩擦因子关联式又是准确预测毛细管压降的关键。本文拟合得到毛细管内R410A两相流摩擦因子关联式,并给出基于近似积分的毛细管压降计算模型。试验验证表明:基于Blasius公式拟合的毛细管内R410A两相流摩擦因子关联式的平均预测误差为±5.3%,95%的数据点的预测误差在±20%以内,而基于本文提出的毛细管内R410A两相流摩擦因子关联式的压降计算结果与试验数据的误差在±12%以内,平均误差在±5%以内,相比Blasius公式具有更高的计算精度。     

R404A小管径冷凝传热与压降关联式的适配性

针对R404A的冷凝传热与压降关联式不少,但都是基于7 mm或者9.52 mm等大管径光管或者强化管,针对5 mm管径的关联式也都是适用于其它制冷剂,没有R404A小管径冷凝直接适用的关联式。本文通过实验测试与理论计算结合论证的办法,利用控制变量法、性质相似制冷剂优先法筛选出一批关联式,大量对比由关联式计算与由实验数据计算得出的传热系数与压降的偏差,研究关联式的适用性及可修正性。结果表明：Dobson and Chato冷凝换热关联式乘以修正系数2.13,能很好预测R404A在内螺纹管中的冷凝传热系数,与实验值正偏差为+15.51%,负偏差为﹣14.13%。黄翔超提出的摩擦压降关联式能很好预测R404A在小管径内螺纹管内冷凝的摩擦压降,与实验值的正偏差为+12.56%,负偏差为﹣13.58%,两者均可为换热器设计计算提供较准确的理论指导。     

基于R410A的板式换热器两相仿真计算模型

建立了R410A的板式换热器两相仿真计算模型,基于实验数据对模型进行了误差分析和比较,总结了影响两相换热的影响因素.通过关联式修正,冷凝换热模型平均误差可以达到5%以下;蒸发换热在Yan and Lin模型基础上修正的形式与已有文献相比拟合精度提高10%,平均误差为6.5%,离散度减小.压降方面,基于Yan and Lin和Shah-Focke模型的修正压降关联式,实验数据验证该式平均误差2.5%,最大误差8%.     

水平微翅管内二元混合制冷剂流动沸腾阻力特性研究

对非共沸混合工质R32／R134a在水平微翅管内流动沸腾阻力特性进行了实验研究，分析了影响压特性的一些因素，讨论了混合物在水平微翅管内流动沸腾的流动阻力特点和规律。通过对试验数据的拟合，按分相模型计算了加速阻力，并建立了预测摩擦阻力的关联式，计算结果与实验较吻合。     

R404A小管径冷凝换热与压降关联式的适配性

针对R404A的冷凝换热与压降关联式有很多,但均为基于7 mm或者9.52 mm等大管径光管或者强化管,针对5 mm管径的关联式也都是适用于其它制冷剂,没有R404A小管径冷凝直接适用的关联式。本文采用实验测试与理论计算结合论证的方法,利用控制变量法、性质相似制冷剂优先法筛选出一批关联式,大量对比由关联式计算与由实验数据计算得出的换热系数与压降的偏差,研究关联式的适用性及可修正性。结果表明:M.K.Dobson等提出的冷凝换热关联式乘以修正系数2.13,能很好预测R404A在内螺纹管中的冷凝换热系数,与实验值正偏差为+15.51%,负偏差为-14.13%。X.C.Huang等提出的摩擦压降关联式能很好预测R404A在小管径内螺纹管内冷凝的摩擦压降,与实验值的正偏差为+12.56%,负偏差为-13.58%,两者均可为换热器设计计算提供较准确的理论指导。     

微通道平行流冷凝器两相流传热和压降的修正方法

本文通过建立以R134a为制冷剂的微通道平行流冷凝器的分布参数模型,使用交复检验非线性法对微通道冷凝器两相区的传热和压降关联式进行修正,并与无修正的仿真模拟结果、传统简单多项式拟合修正法的结果进行了比较。结果表明,运用交复检验非线性法修正的效果要优于无修正及传统简单多项式拟合法,使用前者修正后可将换热量误差减少64. 5%,均方误差控制在3%以内;制冷剂侧压降误差减少82. 05%,均方误差控制在10%以内,该方法为换热量和制冷剂侧压降的修正提供了一种预测精度更高的思路和方法。     

Condensation of refrigerants in horizontal microfin tubes: comparison of correlations for frictional pressure drop

This paper presents a comprehensive comparison of eight previously proposed correlations with available experimental data for the frictional pressure drop during condensation of refrigerants in helically grooved, horizontal microfin tubes. Calculated values are compared with experimental data for seven refrigerants (R11, R123, R134a, R22, R32, R125 and R410A) and eight tubes and with mass velocity from 78 to 459 kg/m² s. The tubes had inside diameter at the fin root between 6.41 and 8.91 mm; the fin height varied between 0.15 and 0.24 mm; the fin pitch varied between 0.34 and 0.53 mm and helix angle between 13 and 20°. The results show that the overall r.m.s. deviations of relative residuals of frictional pressure gradient for all tubes and all refrigerants taking together decreased in the order of the correlations of Nozu et al. [Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 18 (1998) 82], Newell and Shah [Refrigerant heat transfer, pressure drop, and void fraction effects in microfin tubes. In: Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. on Two-Phase Flow and Experimentation, vol. 3. Italy: Edizioni ETS; 1999. p. 1623–39], Kedzierski and Goncalves [J. Enhanced Heat Transfer 6 (1999) 161], Cavallini et al. [Heat Technol. 15 (1997) 3], Goto et al. (b) [Int. J. Refrigeration 24 (2001) 628], Choi et al. [Generalized pressure drop correlation for evaporation and condensation in smooth and microfin tubes. In: Proc. of IIF-IIR Commision B1, Paderborn, Germany, B4, 2001. p. 9–16], Haraguchi et al. [Condensation heat transfer of refrigerants HCFC134a, HCFC123 and HCFC22 in a horizontal smooth tube and a horizontal microfin tube. In: Proc. 30th National Symp. of Japan, Yokohama, 1993. p. 343–5], and Goto et al. (a) [Int. J. Refrigeration 24 (2001) 628], i.e., this final correlation (Goto et al. (a)) gives the best overall representation of the data.     

Development and validation of a micro-fin tubes evaporator model using R134a and R1234yf as working fluids

This paper presents a model of shell and tube evaporator with micro-fin tubes using R1234yf and R134a. The model developed for this evaporator uses the ε-NTU method to predict the evaporating pressure, the refrigerant outlet enthalpy and the outlet temperature of the secondary fluid. The model accuracy is evaluated using different two-phase flow boiling correlations for micro-fin tubes and comparing predicted and experimental data. The experimental tests were carried out for a wide range of operating conditions using R134a and R1234yf as working fluids. The predicted parameter with maximum deviations, between the predicted and experimental data, is the evaporating pressure. The correlation of Akhavan– Behabadi et al. was used to predict flow boiling heat transfer, with an error on cooling capacity prediction below 5%. Simulations, carried out with this validated model, show that the overall heat transfer coefficient of R1234yf has a maximum decrease of 10% compared with R134a.     

Heat transfer, pressure drop, and flow pattern recognition during condensation inside smooth, helical micro-fin, and herringbone tubes

This paper presents a study of flow regimes, pressure drops, and heat transfer coefficients during refrigerant condensation inside a smooth, an 18° helical micro-fin, and a herringbone tubes. Experimental work was conducted for condensing refrigerants R-22, R-407C, and R-134a at an average saturation temperature of 40 °C with mass fluxes ranging from 400 to 800 kg m⁻² s⁻¹, and with vapour qualities ranging from 0.85 to 0.95 at condenser inlet and from 0.05 to 0.15 at condenser outlet. These test conditions represent annular and intermittent (slug and plug) flow conditions. Results showed that transition from annular flow to intermittent flow, on average for the three refrigerants, occurred at a vapour quality of 0.49 for the smooth tube, 0.29 for the helical micro-fin tube, and 0.26 for the herringbone tube. These transition vapour qualities were also reflected in the pressure gradients, with the herringbone tube having the highest pressure gradient. The pressure gradients encountered in the herringbone tube were about 79% higher than that of the smooth tube and about 27% higher than that of the helical micro-fin tube. A widely used pressure drop correlation for condensation in helical micro-fin tubes was modified for the case of the herringbone tube. The modified correlation predicted the data within a 1% error with an absolute deviation of 7%. Heat transfer enhancement factors for the herringbone tube against the smooth tube were on average 70% higher while against the helical micro-fin tube it was 40% higher. A correlation for predicting heat transfer coefficients inside a helical micro-fin tube was modified for the herringbone tube. On average the correlation predicted the data to within 4% with an average standard deviation of 8%.     

Condensation heat transfer and flow pattern inside a herringbone-type micro-fin tubeTransfert de chaleur lors de la condensation et configuration de l'écoulement à l'intérieur d'un tube à microailettes à chevrons

Condensation heat transfer and pressure drop of R410A and R22 in a newly proposed herringbone-type micro-fin tube are measured and compared to those of a helical micro-fin tube and a smooth tube. The heat transfer coefficient of the herringbone micro-fin tube is higher than that of the helical micro-fin tube in the high mass velocity region, while it has slightly lower value in the low mass velocity region. Pressure drop of the herringbone micro-fin tube is, however, higher than that of the helical micro-fin tube. Flow patterns of the herringbone micro-fin tube are observed and the heat transfer enhancement mechanism is discussed. The heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of the helical micro-fin tube is predicted well with previously proposed correlations, while those of the herringbone-type micro-fin tube has higher value than the predicted values. Preliminary correlations for the pressure drop and the heat transfer coefficient are proposed for the herringbone micro-fin tube.     

Review of flow condensation of CO2 as a refrigerant

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) has emerged as an excellent substitute natural refrigerant for low temperature refrigeration applications, but a better understanding of its in-tube flow condensation is needed in order to achieve its full potential. From experimental studies in the open literature we review the effects of mass flux, vapour quality and saturation pressure on CO₂ flow condensation heat transfer, frictional pressure drop and flow regime transition inside smooth, micro-fin and microchannel tubes. Successful condensation models which were developed from experiments with other refrigerants are evaluated against the CO₂ flow condensation experimental data. Comparison between the predicted and experimental data shows that the unique thermophysical properties of CO₂ at high reduced pressure conditions lead to these correlations having high prediction errors on the flow condensation heat transfer inside smooth tubes and microchannels, but have less significant effects on the flow condensation heat transfer and two-phase frictional pressure drop under high mass flux conditions inside micro-fin tubes. Recommendations for condensation and pressure drop models to apply to CO₂ flow condensation in different tubes are made. As there is inconsistency between the experimental data in smooth tubes from different sources, and the effects of microchannel and micro-fin tube geometries, on the flow regime transition and condensation heat transfer of CO₂, are unclear, a more extensive range of the experimental data in different tubes is needed for a fully understanding of in-tube CO₂ flow condensation.     

5 mm微肋管内R404A沸腾换热模型的适配性

本文针对5 mm微肋管内R404A流动沸腾换热进行实验研究,并将研究结果与筛选出的一批换热模型进行适配性验证。实验工况:热流密度5~25 kW/m^2、饱和温度0℃、质量流率200~500 kg/(m^2·s)、干度为0.1~0.9。结果表明:Zhang Xiaoyan等的模型由于工质热物性差异较大,过高的预测了部分数据;Liu Zhongliang等的模型低估了热流密度对传热系数的影响,过低的预测了实验数据;S. M. Kim等的模型不能体现高干度区域传热系数的衰减,整体预测精度不高;K. E. Gungor等的模型能够很好的解释管内传热的过程,同时预测精度较高,平均绝对偏差仅27.46%。乘以修正系数1.372后的模型平均绝对偏差仅为8. 95%,落在30%偏差带上的数据多达98.18%。     

An experimental study on condensation of refrigerant R134a in a multi-port extruded tube

In the present study, the local characteristics of pressure drop and heat transfer are investigated experimentally for the condensation of pure refrigerant R134a in two kinds of 865 mm long multi-port extruded tubes having eight channels in 1.11 mm hydraulic diameter and 19 channels in 0.80 mm hydraulic diameter. The pressure drop is measured at an interval of 191 mm through small pressure measuring ports. The local heat transfer rate is measured in every subsection of 75 mm in effective cooling length using heat flux sensors. It is found that the experimental data of frictional pressure drop agree with the correlation of Mishima and Hibiki [Trans. JMSE (B) 61 (1995) 99], while the correlations of Chisholm and Laird [Trans. ASME 80 (1958) 227], Soliman et al. [Trans. ASME, Ser. C 90 (1998) 267], and Haraguchi et al. [Trans. JSME (B) 60 (1994) 239], overpredict. As a trial, the data of local heat transfer coefficient are also compared with correlations of Moser et al. [J. Heat Transfer 120 (1998) 410] and Haraguchi et al. [Trans. JSME (B) 60 (1994) 245]. The data of high mass velocity agree with the correlation of Moser et al., while those of low mass velocity show different trends. The correlation of Haraguchi et al. shows the trend similar to the data when the shear stress in their correlation is estimated using the correlation of Mishima and Hibiki.     

Experiments with micro-fin tube in single phase

This work shows heat transfer and friction characteristics for water single-phase flow in micro-fin tubes. The analysis of thermal and hydraulic behavior from a laminar to a turbulent flow was carried out in an experimental setup with a 9.52 mm diameter micro-fin tube. The tube was wrapped up with an electrical resistance tape to supply a constant heat flux to its surface. Different operational conditions were considered in the heating tests. The inlet and outlet temperatures, differential wall temperatures along the tube, pressure drop and flow rate were measured. The relationships of heat flux and flow rate with heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop were analyzed. Under the same conditions, comparative experiments with an internally smooth tube were conducted. The micro-fin tube provides higher heat transfer performance than the smooth tube (in turbulent flow h_micro-fin/h_smooth=2.9). In spite of the increase in pressure drop (Δp_micro-fin/Δp_smooth=1.7) the heat transfer results were significantly higher (about 80%). This shows the advantages of this enhanced configuration in thermal performance related to conventional tubes. The smooth tube results were validated by the comparison with the Dittus–Boelter and Gnielinski correlations. For the micro-fin tube an empirical correlation to the heat transfer coefficient adjusted from the set of measured data is proposed. The values obtained are in conformity with experimental results.