一种EDCA机制分析模型

由于IEEE 802.11e 协议的EDCA(Enhanced Distributed Channel Access)机制采用优先级分类和两级冲突,对其建模分析具有相当大的难度。该文根据EDCA机制的特点提出一种简单有效的两级冲突综合模型。利用简单EDCA模型推导出的时隙发送概率公式分别计算内部虚拟冲突和外部冲突概率,将这两种冲突概率进行综合,最终仿真出饱和条件下复杂EDCA模型的吞吐率和时延。仿真结果显示:EDCA机制采用优先级分类和两级冲突,不仅可以优先保证音频和视频业务的吞吐率,而且可以大大降低系统的平均时延。     

Analysis of Enhanced Collision Avoidance Scheme Proposed for IEEE 802.11e-Enhanced Distributed Channel Access Protocol

In enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) protocol, small contention window (CW) sizes are used for frequent channel access by high-priority traffic (such as voice). But these small CW sizes, which may be suboptimal for a given network scenario, can introduce more packet collisions, and thereby, reduce overall throughput. This paper proposes enhanced collision avoidance (ECA) scheme for AC_VO access category queues present in EDCA protocol. The proposed ECA scheme alleviates intensive collisions between AC_VO queues to improve voice throughput under the same suboptimal yet necessary (small size) CW restrictions. The proposed ECA scheme is studied in detail using Markov chain numerical analysis and simulations carried out in NS-2 network simulator. The performance of ECA scheme is compared with original (legacy) EDCA protocol in both voice and multimedia scenarios. Also mixed scenarios containing legacy EDCA and ECA stations are presented to study their coexistence. Comparisons reveal that ECA scheme improves voice throughput performance without seriously degrading the throughput of other traffic types.     

Two-level protection and guarantee for multimedia traffic in IEEE 802.11e distributed WLANs

In order to support multimedia applications such as voice and video over the wireless medium, a contention-based channel access function, called Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA), has been developed in the emerging standard IEEE 802.11e. In the EDCA, differentiated channel access is provided for different traffic classes. In this paper, we propose a two-level protection and guarantee mechanism for voice and video traffic in the EDCA-based distributed wireless LANs. In the first-level protection, the existing voice and video flows are protected from the new and other existing voice and video flows via a distributed admission control with tried-and-known and early-protection enhancements. In the second-level protection, the voice and video flows are protected from the best-effort data traffic by adopting frame-based and limit-based data control mechanisms. Performance evaluations are conducted in terms of throughput, delay, transmission limit, number of collisions, and throughput square relative difference. Extensive simulation results demonstrate that the proposed two-level protection and guarantee mechanism is very effective in terms of the protection and guarantee of existing voice and video flows as well as the utilization of the channel capacity. An early version of this paper was presented at IEEE INFOCOM 2004.     

Model-based admission control for IEEE 802.11e enhanced distributed channel access

IEEE 802.11e enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) is a distributed medium access scheme based on carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocol. In this paper, a model-based admission control (MBAC) scheme that performs real-timely at medium access control (MAC) layer is proposed for the decision of accepting or rejecting requests for adding traffic streams to an IEEE 802.11e EDCA wireless local area network (WLAN). The admission control strategy is implemented in access point (AP), which employs collision probability and access delay measures from active flows to estimate throughput and packet delay of each traffic class by the proposed unsaturation analytical model. Simulation results prove accuracy of the proposed analytical model and effectiveness of MBAC scheme.     

Adaptive Priority Sliding Admission Control and Scheduling Scheme for DCF and EDCA WLANs

In this paper an Adaptive Priority Sliding Admission Control and Scheduling (APSAS) scheme is proposed to provide QoS over the existing IEEE802.11 WLANs which operate on Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) and Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) mechanisms. The roles of this scheme are generally two folds: (1) To control the number of delay-sensitive real time flows that can be admitted into the WLAN Basic Service Set network and (2) To adjust the priority of selected real time flows in order to accommodate more real time flows without violating the QoS requirement. Extensive simulation studies show that APSAS improves the total throughput, flow throughput ratio, packets end-to-end delay, and jitter of the real time applications when compared with conventional best effort and scheduling-enhanced DCF/EDCA. APSAS also offers near to unity average throughput ratio, lower mean VoIP end-to-end packet delay (<130 ms) and lower mean video packet jitter (<130 ms) over DCF and EDCA.     

Provisioning QoS controlled media access in vehicular to infrastructure communications

The emerging IEEE 802.11p standard adopts the enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) mechanism as its Media Access Control (MAC) scheme to support quality-of-service (QoS) in the rapidly changing vehicular environment. While the IEEE 802.11 protocol family represents the dominant solutions for wireless local area networks, its QoS performance in terms of throughput and delay, in the highly mobile vehicular networks, is still unclear. To explore an in-depth understanding on this issue, in this paper, we develop a comprehensive analytical model that takes into account both the QoS features of EDCA and the vehicle mobility (velocity and moving directions). Based on the model, we analyze the throughput performance and mean transmission delay of differentiated service traffic, and seek solutions to optimally adjust the parameters of EDCA towards the controllable QoS provision to vehicles. Analytical and simulation results are given to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed model for varying EDCA parameters and vehicle velocity and density.     

A Distributed Channel Access Scheme with Guaranteed Priority and Enhanced Fairness

Although the IEEE 802.11e enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) can differentiate high priority traffic such as real-time voice from low priority traffic such as delay- tolerant data, it can only provide statistical priority, and is characterized by inherent short-term unfairness. In this paper, we propose a new distributed channel access scheme through minor modifications to EDCA. Guaranteed priority is provided to real time voice traffic over data traffic, while a certain service time and short-term fairness enhancement are provided to data traffic. We also present analytical models to calculate the percentage of time to serve voice traffic and the achieved data throughput. Both analysis and simulation demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed scheme.     

话音/数据综合的多时隙预约多址协议及其性能分析

本文提出了一种综合话音和数据的多时隙预约多址协议.该协议在保证话音终端的优先权的情况下,允许数据终端在报文的传输期间在连续多个帧中预约多个信息时隙.文中对协议进行了理论分析,并推导出了协议的重要性能指标(如话音分组丢失率、数据报文平均接入时延、系统平均吞吐率等)的解析表达式.研究表明,该协议可以支持比IPRMA、NC-IPRMA更高的等效数据终端速率,而且系统平均吞吐率在很大的负载范围内接近最大值.     

Saturation Throughput Analysis of IEEE 802.11e EDCA Through Analytical Model

The IEEE 802.11e EDCA is designed to provide quality of support for real time applications with stringent latency and throughput requirements. Theoretical frameworks for analysis of throughput performance of wireless LAN employing exponential back-off exist extensively. Several models rely on simplification assumptions that preclude their direct applicability to the enhanced distributed coordination access (EDCA) which uses heterogeneous protocol parameters, while other models are exceedingly complex to analyze. In this paper, a tractable analytical model is proposed for saturation throughput of the IEEE 802.11e EDCA. The prioritization through channel access parameters including the AIFS and contention window is catered for within a three dimensional Markov chain. The integration of back-off counter freezing and retry limit enhance the models precision. Its validation is done by simulation on NS-2. Practical applicability of the model is established based on accuracy and computational efficiency. The model is utilized for throughput analysis of the EDCA under saturated traffic loads.     

Performance analysis of IEEE 802.11e contention-based channel access

The new standard IEEE 802.11e is specified to support quality-of-service in wireless local area networks. A comprehensive study of the performance of enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA), the fundamental medium access control mechanism in IEEE 802.11e, is reported in this paper. We present our development of an analytical model, in which most new features of the EDCA such as virtual collision, different arbitration interframe space (AIFS), and different contention window are taken into account. Based on the model, we analyze the throughput performance of differentiated service traffic and propose a recursive method capable of calculating the mean access delay. Service differentiation functionality and effectiveness of the EDCA are investigated through extensive numerical and simulation results. The model and the analysis provide an in-depth understanding and insights into the protocol and the effects of different parameters on the performance.     

A Throughput and Delay Model for IEEE 802.11e EDCA Under Non Saturation

In this paper, we present a model to analyze the throughput and delay performance of the EDCA mechanism under non saturation conditions. The main strength of our model is that it can be used to analyze generic source models, as it neither makes any assumption on the source’s arrival process nor requires all packets be of the same length. Simulation results confirm the accuracy of our model under a variety of realistic source models, including (i) typical arrival processes for voice, video, and data traffic, and (ii) packet length distributions derived from measurements.     

A Distributed End-to-End Reservation Protocol for IEEE 802.11-Based Wireless Mesh Networks

This paper presents an end-to-end reservation protocol for quality-of-service (QoS) support in the medium access control layer of wireless multihop mesh networks. It reserves periodically repeating time slots for QoS-demanding applications, while retaining the distributed coordination function (DCF) for best effort applications. The key features of the new protocol, called "distributed end-to-end allocation of time slots for real-time traffic (DARE), are distributed setup, interference protection, and scheduling of real-time data packets, as well as the repair of broken reservations and the release of unused reservations. A simulation-based performance study compares the delay and throughput of DARE with those of DCF and the priority-based enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) used in IEEE 802.11e. In contrast to DCF and EDCA, DARE has a low, nonvarying delay and a constant throughput for each reserved flow     

一种新的用于IEEE 802.11e EDCA中提供QoS的方法

该文提出了一种新的应用于IEEE 802.11e EDCA (Enhanced Distributed Channel Access)中提供QoS(Quality of Service)的方法。这种方法是将几个时隙组合起来构成一个超时隙,每个超时隙的开始分配给不同的业务来进行发包。时隙的分配是根据各种业务的不同优先级来实现的。这种方法可以保证高优先级业务具有较大的吞吐量,较少的MAC延时和较低的丢包率。与802.11e EDCA草案中提出的不同冲突窗口大小的方法相比,这种方法具有可以提高吞吐量,降低丢包率,并能减小站点数目变化对高优先级业务吞吐量的影响等优点。这种新的提供QoS的方法优于不同冲突窗口大小的方法,在IEEE 802.11e EDCA中应用超时隙方法可以大大提高EDCA的性能。     

Throughput and delay analysis for the IEEE 802.11e enhanced distributed channel access

In this letter, we propose a three-dimensional Markov chain model for the 802.11e enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) mode. This model can be used to compute the maximum sustainable throughput and service delay distribution for each priority class when under saturation load. The new framework models the performance impact of major quality-of-service (QoS)-specific features (e.g., CWMin, CWMax, AIFS, internal collision resolution) of the 802.11e EDCA mode, and hence can provide an analytical approach to pick the parameter values associated with EDCA to meet the QoS requirements of each priority.     

A delay-based admission control mechanism for multimedia support in IEEE 802.11e wireless LANs

Multimedia over IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networks (WLANs) has recently been the focus of many researchers due to its rapidly increasing popularity. Unlike their best-effort counterparts, multimedia applications have quality of service (QoS) needs typically expressed in terms of the maximum allowed delay and/or the minimum required throughput. Therefore, prior to accepting a multimedia application, the network must assure the satisfaction of its QoS requirements. In this paper, we develop a mechanism that can be used to control the admissibility of multimedia applications into WLANs. To develop the proposed mechanism, we first derive an analytical approximation of the delay experienced by packets when travelled through these networks. The analytical approximation of the delay is then used to propose an admission control mechanism for the enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) method used by the hybrid coordination function (HCF) of IEEE 802.11e. The proposed delay-based admission control mechanism is validated via simulations of voice traffic.     

Capacity of a wireless LAN with voice and data services

The capacity of a carrier sense multiple-access wireless LAN with voice and data services using the TCP/IP protocol is analyzed to obtain a lower bound for the capacity of the wireless networks with voice and data services. The voice traffic is given a higher priority over the data traffic to accommodate the delay requirement for an acceptable quality of service. This is implemented by assigning the TCP protocol for data and the UDP protocol for voice. The relationship between the data throughput and the number of the voice users supported in this environment is analyzed by using a nonpreemptive queuing model. While the analysis in this paper can be applied to any voice encoding system, the improved multiband excitation voice encoding technique is adopted to provide a low transmission rate with an acceptable quality     

A Throughput Model of IEEE 802.11aa Intra-Access Category Prioritization

In this paper the first saturation throughput model of an IEEE 802.11 network is presented, which includes the intra-access category prioritization introduced in the recently approved IEEE 802.11aa standard. This new feature was proposed to support finer grained prioritization of audio video streams in comparison to the existing Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) function. The presented model implements different transmission probabilities for the primary and alternate voice and video queues. Additionally, it includes such features as virtual collision handling, backoff differentiation, and Arbitration Inter-Frame Space differentiation. The presented results show the difference in the operation of IEEE 802.11aa intra-access category prioritization and EDCA inter-access category prioritization. They also allow to derive several novel conclusions.     

Performance analysis of UDP with energy efficient link layer on Markov fading channels

In this paper, we analyze the throughput and energy efficiency performance of user datagram protocol (UDP) using linear, binary exponential, and geometric backoff algorithms at the link layer (LL) on point-to-point wireless fading links. Using a first-order Markov chain representation of the packet success/failure process on fading channels, we derive analytical expressions for throughput and energy efficiency of UDP/LL with and without LL backoff. The analytical results are verified through simulations. We also evaluate the mean delay and delay variation of voice packets and energy efficiency performance over a wireless link that uses UDP for transport of voice packets and the proposed backoff algorithms at the LL. We show that the proposed LL backoff algorithms achieve energy efficiency improvement of the order of 2-3 dB compared to LL with no backoff, without compromising much on the throughput and delay performance at the UDP layer. Such energy savings through protocol means will improve the battery life in wireless mobile terminals.     

Cross-Layer Scheduling with QoS Support over a Distributed Queuing MAC for Wireless LANs

Distributed Queuing Collision Avoidance (DQCA) is an efficient MAC protocol designed for infrastructure Wireless LANs. In this paper, four algorithms are proposed that alter the FIFO scheduling order of DQCA in order to meet specific network requirements. The proposed schemes combine the efficiency of opportunistic scheduling with the QoS provisioning through service differentiation. The opportunistic policy encourages transmissions at higher rates when the channel condition is good and is implemented through a cross-layer dialogue between the PHY and the MAC layers. The key idea of service differentiation is to assign priorities to traffic flows with different requirements in order to provide QoS guarantees. The throughput, delay and jitter performance of the proposed schemes has been evaluated through simulations for a scenario with heterogeneous traffic of voice, video, best-effort and background data traffic flows.