120～170 km/h条件下碳滑板/铜接触线摩擦磨损性能试验研究

在环-块式高速摩擦磨损试验机上,试验研究电流I=100～300 A、滑动速度v=120～170 km/h和法向载荷Fn=100～200 N条件下纯碳滑板/铜接触线的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:无电流时,碳滑板磨损率很低,一般不超过0.001 4 g/km,但摩擦因数较高,一般在0.30以上.加入电流后,碳滑板的磨损率明显增加,达到无电流时磨损率的10倍多;而摩擦因数明显降低,一般在0.24～0.30间波动.观察碳滑板磨损形貌发现,无电流时磨痕面积较小,随着电流的增加磨痕面积不断增大;且磨损面出现电弧烧蚀的黑色流线和麻点.滑动速度、法向载荷对碳滑板摩擦磨损性能影响较小,而电流作用引起的高温磨损和电弧烧蚀是导致碳滑板材料磨损加剧的主要因素.     

弓网系统滑动电接触表面磨损特征研究

为探究弓网系统受电弓滑板在不同电流、接触压力和滑动速度条件下的磨耗特性,开展弓网载流磨损实验,探讨不同工况下摩擦副的载流效率、电弧能量、摩擦因数和温度;分别使用金相显微镜与表面粗糙度仪对实验后的滑板磨损区域进行分块多次测量,使用一种基于Otsu大津算法的图像处理方法,将凹坑部分从形貌图像中提取并进行标记计算,统计分析不同工况下凹坑面积、数量和粗糙度参数（包括轮廓算术平均偏差和最大轮廓谷深）的变化情况。结果表明：随着电流的增大,凹坑面积和数量增加,粗糙度参数减小;随着接触压力的增大,凹坑面积减小,凹坑数量先减小后略有增大,粗糙度参数减小;随着滑动速度的增大,凹坑面积、数量和粗糙度参数都增大。     

地铁刚性弓网系统接触线磨损特性试验研究

为研究地铁刚性接触网系统接触线磨损的规律,以地铁刚性接触网系统常用的浸金属碳滑板/铜银合金接触线作为摩擦副,通过模拟地铁弓网系统运行参数,使用载流摩擦磨损试验机研究有、无电火花放电情况下,浸金属碳滑板与铜银合金接触线直流电滑动过程中磨损量、摩擦因数、载流效率随滑动距离的变化。试验结果表明：电火花放电会使得接触线与浸金属碳滑板磨损量显著上升,出现电火花放电时摩擦因数较小,弓网系统载流效率会明显降低同时出现大幅波动。试验后对碳滑板和接触线表面形貌的观察可知：电火花放电会使得浸金属碳滑板表面烧蚀坑数量和尺寸大小增加,同时会出现滑板材料大面积剥落和表面裂纹增多的问题,接触线表面形貌变得更加粗糙。     

滑板倾斜对碳滑板/纯铜接触线高速滑动摩擦磨损性能的影响

使用环-块式高速摩擦磨损试验机,试验研究在交流电场中滑板倾斜对电弧放电以及碳滑板/纯铜接触线高速滑动摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明,电流为100 A时,碳滑板材料的磨损量随着接触压力和滑板倾斜角度的增大而逐渐减小,试验盘每转平均放电能量也随着接触压力和滑板倾斜角度的增大而逐渐减小,碳滑板磨损率随着电弧能量的增大而增大;当滑板有倾斜角时,在弓网电滑动摩擦过程中会出现受电弓与接触线分离的状态,且滑板倾角越大,分离的时间就越长,这种现象影响列车受流质量和运行平稳性。因此实际弓网系统中要避免滑板倾斜角过大,滑板倾角应小于2°。     

平均离线距离对弓网电弧特性及碳滑板载流摩擦磨损性能的影响

采用环-块式载流摩擦磨损试验机研究了平均离线距离对弓网电弧特性及碳滑板载流摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明:法向载荷越小,滑动速度越大,平均离线距离越大;无电流时,碳滑板的磨损率随离线距离的增大而减小;通电后,碳滑板的磨损率和电弧能量均随平均离线距离的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势;通电后的碳滑板的磨损率远大于无电流时的;平均离线距离很小时,碳滑板的磨损机制主要为氧化磨损、粘着磨损及少量的磨粒磨损;平均离线距离较大时,碳滑板的磨损机制主要为电弧烧蚀和氧化磨损,同时伴有少量的粘着磨损和磨粒磨损。     

环境湿度对浸金属碳滑板磨损及温升的影响

为探究环境湿度对弓网摩擦副载流滑动过程中电弧放电能量、浸金属碳滑板温升及滑板磨损量的影响,采用环-块式高速载流摩擦磨损试验台,对比不同湿度条件下,电弧能量、滑板温升及滑板磨损量随滑动速度、电流强度、法向力的变化情况。试验结果表明：不同环境湿度下,滑动速度和电流强度的增大均会导致电弧能量及滑板温升急剧增大;电弧热是导致温升的主要热源;增大法向力对于抑制电弧放电、降低滑板温升均有显著效果,而对于滑板磨损量变化的影响,不同湿度情况则截然相反;高湿度环境下接触副附着的水膜改善了接触状况和散热情况,电弧能量及滑板温升都小于低湿度环境;低湿度环境下滑板表面受到更严重的机械摩擦,其表面状态相比高湿度更差;在平均湿度较高的夏季适当增加升弓压力,在平均湿度较低的冬季适当降低列车行驶速度可以减少浸金属碳滑板磨损。     

接触压力对碳滑板/铜接触线载流摩擦磨损性能的影响

控制电流为250 A,滑动速度为160 km/h,在接触压力50,70,90,110,130 N下,在环-块式载流摩擦磨损试验设备上进行接触压力对碳滑板/铜接触线载流摩擦磨损性能的影响试验,用光学显微镜对滑块的磨损形貌进行观察.结果表明:随着接触压力的减小,滑块的磨损形貌由以较光滑磨损面为主过渡到以受电弧飞溅影响磨损面和多麻坑磨损面为主,主要磨损形式由磨粒磨损过渡到电弧烧蚀磨损,摩擦因数的过渡阶段逐渐明显,稳定阶段的摩擦因数逐渐增大;碳滑板的磨损率随着试验的进行进入稳定期,稳定期磨损率随着接触压力的增加先减小后增加,呈“U”形分布;接触压力的增加可以降低电弧功率和离线率;从碳滑板的磨损率和载流稳定性综合考虑,90 N为最佳接触压力.     

拉出值对碳滑板/铜银合金接触线载流磨损性能的影响

利用环-块式载流摩擦磨损试验机,通过调节碳滑板往复滑动的行程,来模拟实际工况中的拉出值(定位点处接触线偏移受电弓中心的距离),研究拉出值对电弧放电特性以及滑板/接触线摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明:放电频率、电弧能量都随着拉出值的增大而增大;有电流时,碳滑板在无拉出值状态下的温升比其有拉出值时要低,而其在有拉出值状态下表面温升随着拉出值的增大而降低;无电流时,碳滑板温升随着拉出值的增大而降低;当拉出值为0时,碳滑板的磨损率非常低,一般不超过3.090 mm~3/km。当拉出值不为0时,碳滑板磨损率随着拉出值的增大而降低。     

电压对碳滑板磨损性能和温升的影响

在受电弓/接触网高速载流摩擦磨损试验机上试验研究恒定电流及不同电压下,纯碳滑板与铜银合金接触线载流滑动摩擦时,接触压力和相对滑动速度对纯碳滑板磨损性能和温升的影响。试验结果表明:随着试验电压的增加,弓网间的电弧放电现象更加明显,燃弧时间更长,磨损率先急剧增大后趋于平缓,纯碳滑板的磨损率与温度表现出正强相关性。分析纯碳滑板磨损后的形貌可知:随着试验电压的增加,纯碳滑板的磨损先以机械磨损为主,然后转变为以电弧烧蚀和氧化磨损为主;纯碳滑板表面的电弧烧蚀坑增多且分布较均匀,烧蚀区面积增大。     

浸金属碳滑板/铜银合金接触线载流摩擦磨损性能的试验研究

选取地铁刚性接触网中现役的浸金属碳滑板与铜银合金接触线为接触副,模拟地铁弓网的实际运行状况,在环-块式试验机上研究直流电流为200~400 A、法向载荷为15~40 N、滑动速度为40~120 km/h工况下浸金属碳滑板载流摩擦磨损性能。结果表明：摩擦因数随电流和滑动速度的增大而减小,随法向载荷的增大而增大;磨损量随电流和滑动速度的增大而增大,当电流较小时（如200 A）,磨损量和法向载荷之间存在一个阈值,当电流较大时（如400 A）,磨损量随法向载荷的增大而减小;滑板温度随电流的增大而增大,随法向载荷增大而减小,当电流较小时（如200 A）,滑板温度随速度的增大而增大,当电流较大时（如400 A）,滑板温度随速度的增大而减小;当电流为200~300 A时,其磨损机制主要为机械磨损,当电流为300~400 A时,其磨损机制主要为氧化磨损和电弧烧蚀。     

Investigation of the Transition State in the Wear of Polyphenylene Sulfide Sliding Against Steel

The effect of sliding variables, including counterface roughness, sliding speed, and contact pressure, on the run-in state of wear and friction was studied. Sliding was performed in the pin-on-disk configuration with a polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) pin resting on the flat steel counterface. Some experiments were also run to study the effect of air cooling and heating. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the shape and size of the wear debris, worn pin surface, and the transfer film formed on steel counterfaces. It was found that friction and wear in the run-in state were significantly affected by the sliding variables studied and their influence was closely related to the development of a transfer film during the run-in state. If the transfer film developed during initial sliding, the coefficient of friction increased and wear rate decreased. The wear rate in the run-in state increased with the increase in initial counterface roughness and there was an optimal counterface roughness of 0.06 m Ra for minimum steady state wear rate. A higher applied load led to a higher wear rate in the run-in state but that was not the case with steady state wear rate.     

Friction and wear of self-mated SiC and Si3N4 sliding in water

The friction and wear of self-mated SiC and Si₃N₄ with different initial roughness sliding in water were investigated with pin-on-disk apparatus at normal load of 5 N and sliding speed of 120 mm/s in ambient condition. It was found that, for self-mated Si₃N₄, the wear mechanism for surface smoothening to obtain low friction was tribochemical wear, but for self-mated SiC, it changed from mechanical wear into tribochemical wear with increasing sliding cycles. After running-in in water, self-mated Si₃N₄ exhibited lower steady-state friction coefficient than self-mated SiC did. For these two ceramics, initial and steady-state friction coefficients were hardly dependent on initial roughness. Initial roughness mainly affected the running-in period. The larger the initial roughness, the longer the running-in period, but the running-in period was much shorter for self-mated Si₃N₄ at each initial roughness than that for self-mated SiC.     

Effects of Contact Pressure and Sliding Speed on the Unlubricated Friction and Wear Properties of Zn-15Al-3Cu-1Si Alloy

The unlubricated friction and wear properties of Zn-15Al-3Cu-1Si alloy were studied over a range of contact pressure (1–5 MPa) and sliding speed (0.5–2.5 ms^?1) for a sliding distance of 2,500 m using a block-on-disc type test machine. It was observed that as the contact pressure increased, the friction coefficient of the alloy decreased but its working temperature, surface roughness, and wear volume increased. Sliding speed had no significant effect on the friction coefficient of the alloy but increased its working temperature, surface roughness, and wear volume. It was also observed that the formation of a hard and brittle surface layer had a great influence on the wear behavior of the experimental alloy. The hardness and thickness of this layer increased with increasing contact pressure and sliding speed. However, contact pressure was found to be much more effective on the hardness of the surface layer of this alloy. Both adhesion and abrasion were observed to be the dominant wear mechanisms for the alloy under the given sliding conditions. The results obtained from the friction and wear tests are discussed in terms of the test conditions and microstructural changes that take place during sliding.     

Tribological behaviour of steel‐alumina sliding pairs under boundary lubrication conditions

The tribological behaviour of oil‐lubricated steel‐alumina sliding pairs was investigated using a ball‐on‐disc tribometer at room temperature. Commercial bearing balls of 10 mm diameter were mated to 99.7% Al₂O₃ discs, and additive‐free mineral oil was fed into the contact area. The sliding speed and the applied normal load were varied, and the initial surface roughness of the Al₂O₃ disc was altered using different polishing and grinding procedures. The results showed that the surface roughness of the ceramic discs dominated the tribological behaviour under the given experimental conditions. The sliding speed as well as the normal load showed less effect on the friction behaviour, but the amount of wear depended strongly on the normal load. From the results it was concluded that improvement of the surface roughness and optimised surface machining of the ceramic material can be essential for improving the tribological performance for boundary‐lubricated steel‐ceramic sliding pairs.     

Effects of Normal Load,Sliding Speed,and Surface Roughness on Tribological Properties of Niobium under Dry and Wet Conditions

The effects of normal load, sliding speed, and surface roughness on the friction and wear of high-purity niobium (Nb) during sliding without and with an introduction of water were systematically investigated. Increasing the normal load or sliding speed decreased the friction of the Nb under the both dry and wet conditions because the increased wear of the Nb decreased the interfacial shear strength between the steel ball and Nb by promoting the surface roughening and the production of wear debris. However, the Nb tested at the lowest sliding speed under the lowest normal load with water exhibited the lowest friction and wear due to the formation of oxide layer on the wear track. The friction and wear of the Nb tested under the dry condition decreased with increased surface roughness because the higher interfacial shear strength between the steel ball and smoother Nb resulted in the earlier breakdown of the native oxide layer and direct contact between the steel ball and Nb. However, increasing the surface roughness of the Nb increased its friction and wear under wet conditions, probably due to the easier breakdown of the oxide layer that formed on the rougher surface during sliding. The tribological results clearly showed that the introduction of water during sliding had a significant influence on the tribological properties of the Nb.     

表面粗糙度对碳/铜载流摩擦副摩擦磨损性能的影响

通过环-块式摩擦磨损试验研究了表面粗糙度对碳/铜载流摩擦副摩擦磨损性能的影响,并分析了磨损形貌及机制。结果表明:其摩擦因数与电弧行为密切相关,无电弧时摩擦因数曲线平滑;对磨环的表面粗糙度越大越容易产生电弧,电弧的烧蚀导致块试样的磨损加剧;不同表面粗糙度下均存在临界起弧法向压力,且随着表面粗糙度的增大而增大;载流摩擦副的磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损、粘着磨损、电弧烧蚀及材料转移。     

Exploratory study of alumina-on-alumina sliding contact in the presence of the chemical vapor aluminum tri-sec-butoxide

The purpose of this experiment is to explore whether the introduction of the chemical vapor aluminum tri-sec-butoxide, [C₂H₅CH(CH₃)O]₃Al (ATSB), into the boundary layer of an alumina-on-alumina sliding contact can reduce wear and friction. Since the efficacy of ATSB in the boundary layer might depend on other factors, a split-plot factorial experiment was conducted. The factors tested, in addition to the presence or absence of ATSB, were normal load, sliding speed, and surface roughness. The product of normal load and sliding distance was constant in these experiments. The main conclusions of the experiment are that ATSB has no statistically significant effect on specific wear, but that the presence of ATSB reduces friction by 21% at low sliding speed (0.02 m/s) and increases friction by 26% at high sliding speed (1.2 m/s). Secondary conclusions regarding the dependence of specific wear and friction on surface roughness, sliding speed and normal load also will be discussed.     

Effect of Operating Conditions on Tribological Response of Al–Al Sliding Electrical Interface

Aluminum is widely used in electrical contacts due to its electrical properties and inexpensiveness when compared to copper. In this study, we investigate the influence of operating conditions like contact load (pressure), sliding speed, current, and surface roughness on the electrical and tribological behavior of the interface. The tests are conducted on a linear, pin-on-flat tribo-simulator specially designed to investigate electrical contacts under high contact pressures and high current densities. Control parameters include sliding speed, load, current, and surface roughness. The response of the interface is evaluated in the light of coefficient of friction, contact resistance, contact voltage, mass loss of pins, and interfacial temperature rise. As compared to sliding speed, load, and roughness, current is found to have the greatest influence on the various measured parameters. Under certain test conditions, the interface operates in a “voltage saturation” regime, wherein increase in current do not result in any increase in contact voltage. Within the voltage saturation regime the coefficient of friction tends to be lower, a result that is attributed to the higher temperatures associated with the higher voltage (and resulting material softening). Higher interfacial temperatures also appear to be responsible for the higher wear rates observed at higher current levels as well as lower coefficients of friction for smoother surfaces in the presence of current.