Modeling of surface roughness effect on dry contact friction in metal forming

Interfacial conditions such as friction and roughness substantially affect the process characteristics of metal forming. This study developed a dry friction model that accounted for the adhesion and interference effects of surface roughness. A sliding friction coefficient was suggested to provide fundamental information about the interfacial conditions of the contact surface. The proposed model was easily verified by published experiments and predicted values agreed with experimental results. Accordingly, friction coefficient ?? clearly increased as relative roughness R _m (=?roughness of tool $ R_a^T $ /roughness of workpiece $ R_a^M $ , measured as interference effect) increased. Simulations confirmed that the friction coefficient ?? decreased as dimensionless stress S _m (=?contact pressure p _m /tensile strength $ \sigma_u^0 $ ) increased at small strain hardening exponent n-values. Under the conditions of large n and small R _m values, the friction coefficient ?? initially decreased and then increased. It then slightly decreased as dimensionless stress S _m increased. However, this trend became less apparent as relative roughness R _m increased since friction coefficient ?? simply decreased.     

Investigation of the tribological properties of silicon containing zinc–aluminum based journal bearings

In this study, frictional behavior of thin-walled journal bearings produced from Zn–Al–Cu–Si alloys was investigated using a purpose-built journal bearing test rig. The alloys were produced by permanent mould casting. Mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile strength, elongation, hardness and microstructure of these alloys were determined. The friction properties of the bearings produced from these alloys were also investigated. In this investigation, the effects of surface roughness and bearing pressure on the frictional properties of the journal bearings were taken into account. The results showed that friction factor decreased with increasing bearing pressure especially in the mixed and full-film lubrication zones. It was found that high surface roughness led to high friction factor. The ZnAl27Cu2Si1 and ZnAl40Cu2Si1 bearings showed full Stribeck curve tendency while ZnAl27Cu2Si2 bearing did not exhibit the typical diagram having no full-film lubrication zone at the pressure of 0.7 and 1.1 MPa.     

Surface roughness and material strength of tribo-pairs in ring compression tests

The quantification of friction by means of simple models such as Amonton-Coulomb’s and the law of constant friction is questionable because the influence of surface roughness and material strength, among other factors, is not considered.This paper provides a comprehensive analysis on the influence of surface roughness and material strength in friction and proposes a new operator based on a sigmoid function to incorporate the combined influence of both phenomena in a modified version of the Amonton-Coulomb’s law.The presentation is supported by thoroughly researched quantitative data obtained from experimentation and finite element modelling of the ring compression test.     

模具粗糙度对板材拉延件摩擦特性的影响

金属板材拉延是一个复杂的塑性变形过程,广泛应用在各种大型汽车覆盖件等零件生产中。介绍了金属带料弯曲拉伸试验机的工作原理和试验方法。该试验机能很好地模拟凹模圆角区的摩擦场变化规律;通过选用不同的模具表面粗糙度,改变带料拉伸力、变形速度和成形头平均面压,测出摩擦因数的变化规律,用以研究模具表面粗糙度等对板材拉延件摩擦特性的影响。研究表明,适当降低模具表面粗糙度,有利于发展边界润滑,减少摩擦热的产生和作用。该研究方法把拉延过程中的摩擦、磨损和润滑有机地结合起来,为优化拉延件加工的摩擦条件奠定了理论基础。     

A Model for Wear and Friction in Cylinder Liners and Piston Rings

Abstract

A one-dimensional elstohydrodynamic mixed lubrication wear and friction model is developed. The model can predict the effects of surface roughness, asperity contact, temperature-pressure-viscosity on wear, lubrication, and friction of the piston rings and cylinder liner. Wear is predicted based on the surface asperity contact pressure. The cylinder bore wear and the ring pack friction during an engine break-in are simulated and compared with the experimental results. The influence of cylinder wall temperature and surface roughness on friction and wear is investigated. The ring pack friction due to oil viscous shearing and asperity contact is found to reach its minimum at a certain oil temperature.     

Effect of friction between powder and a mandrel on densification of iron powder during cold isostatic pressing

The effects of friction between the powder and the mandrel on densification behavior of metal powder were investigated under cold isostatic pressing. The friction coefficients between the powder and the mandrels with different surface roughness were determined from the relationship between the compaction pressure and the ejection pressure of the mandrel from powder compacts. The elastoplastic constitutive equations based on the yield function of Shima and Oyane were implemented into a finite element program (ABAQUS) to simulate compaction responses of metal powders during cold isostatic pressing. Finite element results were compared with experimental data for pure iron powder under cold isostatic pressing.     

聚乙烯亚胺修饰碳纤维对环氧树脂复合材料性能的影响

为提高碳纤维与环氧树脂的界面结合性能,从而提高复合材料的摩擦学性能,用聚多巴胺和聚乙烯亚胺对碳纤维进行表面修饰,利用光谱分析仪和扫描电子显微镜分析修饰前后碳纤维表面的化学组成和微观结构,利用万能材料试验机和摩擦磨损试验机考察碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料的力学性能和摩擦学性能。结果表明：碳纤维经表面处理之后的粗糙程度和活性官能团增多,改善了纤维与树脂之间的界面结合,使得复合材料的弯曲强度和拉伸强度得到不同程度的提高;与未修饰碳纤维增强的环氧树脂复合材料相比,表面修饰碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料的耐磨性能得到了很大程度的提高,复合材料的磨损机制也由疲劳磨损转变为磨粒磨损。     

纸基摩擦材料的压缩性对湿式离合器啮合特性影响

对主动盘下表面有摩擦材料的湿式离合器的啮合过程进行分析。采用Greenwood-Williamson模型,并考虑惯性影响以及摩擦材料受压变形,建立基于Patir-Cheng平均流量模型的研究模型,推导出摩擦副的润滑控制方程,进行求解并分析摩擦材料压缩性对啮合特性的影响。结果表明:考虑摩擦材料压缩性时,由于摩擦材料受压变形,进入混合润滑阶段所需时间变长,整个过程的实际啮合所需时间比不考虑压缩性要长;湿式离合器摩擦副啮合过程中,随着油膜厚度的减小,微凸体作用逐渐变强,流体压力比不考虑摩擦材料压缩性情况下要大。     

Influence of Surface Roughness, Material and Climate Conditions on the Friction of Human Skin

The gliding comfort and performance of personal care and wellness products is strongly influenced by the sliding friction behaviour of human skin. In the open literature, most of the results on skin friction are related to the performance of cosmetic products or to the slip and grip properties of surfaces. Experiments were usually carried out on the forearm or the fingertips. The influence of the surface roughness and the material of engineering surfaces have received little attention so far, especially not in sliding contact with the skin of the cheek, or under different climate conditions. A custom-built rotating ring device was used to study the influence of the probe surface roughness (R _a = 0.1–10 μm), the probe material (metals, plastics), the climate conditions (21–29 °C, 37–92% RH) and skin hydration on the frictional behaviour of the skin on the cheek and the forearm. The amplitude of the surface roughness has a dominant influence on the friction behaviour: the smoother the surface, the higher the friction. Differences can be as large as a factor 5–10, especially in the range R _a < 1 μm. The probe material itself has no significant influence; except for PFTE which reduces the friction by approximately 25% compared to the other materials. In a humid climate, the skin becomes hydrated and the friction is twice as high as in a dry climate. The effect of skin hydration is smaller on the cheek than on the forearm, probably due to the presence of beard stubbles. A simple friction model for human skin is presented, based on adhesion friction, contact mechanics of rough surfaces and the interfacial shear stress of thin organic films. The model explains the effects of the probe surface roughness and skin compliance. Quantitative application of the model indicates that the biomechanical indentation and shearing behaviour of the stratum corneum is influenced by the same physical process, i.e. the intercellular bonding strength of the corneocytes.     

Effects of Contact Pressure and Sliding Speed on the Unlubricated Friction and Wear Properties of Zn-15Al-3Cu-1Si Alloy

The unlubricated friction and wear properties of Zn-15Al-3Cu-1Si alloy were studied over a range of contact pressure (1–5 MPa) and sliding speed (0.5–2.5 ms^?1) for a sliding distance of 2,500 m using a block-on-disc type test machine. It was observed that as the contact pressure increased, the friction coefficient of the alloy decreased but its working temperature, surface roughness, and wear volume increased. Sliding speed had no significant effect on the friction coefficient of the alloy but increased its working temperature, surface roughness, and wear volume. It was also observed that the formation of a hard and brittle surface layer had a great influence on the wear behavior of the experimental alloy. The hardness and thickness of this layer increased with increasing contact pressure and sliding speed. However, contact pressure was found to be much more effective on the hardness of the surface layer of this alloy. Both adhesion and abrasion were observed to be the dominant wear mechanisms for the alloy under the given sliding conditions. The results obtained from the friction and wear tests are discussed in terms of the test conditions and microstructural changes that take place during sliding.     

假肢接受腔硅胶材料的力学性能研究

采用HY0580的压缩试验机,在反复压缩模式下模拟假肢接收腔/硅胶材料界面,研究了4种不同表面结构的硅胶内衬套材料的力学压缩性能。结果表明:4种不同表面结构的硅胶内衬套材料在载荷分别为0.5 N、3 N、7 N、10 N的试验工况下进行压缩试验时,都是在相同载荷(4.5 N)时出现平台期;在同等载荷的情况下,因1和4号硅胶材料正反两面均为光面,表面微凸体不高,粗糙度较小,2和3号材料与皮肤接触的反面上微凸体较高,粗糙度较大,故1号和4号材料的变形比2号和3号小,说明材料表面的各种纹路对缓解皮肤的压力有一定作用,硅胶材料反面上的粗大微凸体,增加了与皮肤的粘结性,有利于降低皮肤摩擦损伤的风险,提高残肢患者穿戴舒适性。     

水平井裸眼封隔器密封结构优化研究

针对水平井压缩式裸眼封隔器存在的密封性差、坐封力低、胶筒与井壁间存在间隙等问题,对其密封结构进行改进与优化,设计出一种凸球形隔环和凹球形胶筒组相结合的新型密封结构。运用 ABAQUS 软件模拟密封结构封隔器胶筒的坐封情况,获得胶筒组轴向接触压力的分布规律,并分析胶筒硬度和摩擦因数对接触压力的影响。结果表明：新型密封结构凸球形隔环在轴向压缩胶筒的同时也起径向压缩作用,提高了胶筒与井壁和中心管间的接触压力,增强了封隔器的密封性能;胶筒与井壁间的接触压力随着胶筒硬度和摩擦因数的增大而增大,但过大的摩擦因数会导致下胶筒接触压力明显减小,应选择硬度和摩擦因数合适的胶筒,从而保证封隔器的密封可靠性。     

表面粗糙度对配流副润滑特性的影响

为研究表面粗糙度对轴向液压柱塞泵马达配流副润滑特性的影响,引入Weierstrass-Mandelbort分形函数,对不同幅值的表面粗糙度的表面形貌进行二维和三维模拟,建立考虑表面粗糙度的流固热耦合下的配流副油膜润滑模型,采用中差分形式的有限差分法和松弛迭代法对其进行数值求解,并分析油膜厚度、油膜压力、油膜承载力、摩擦因数等性能参数随着表面粗糙度幅值变化的规律。通过盘-盘形式的配流盘-缸体摩擦磨损试验,得到不同幅值的表面粗糙度下配流副摩擦因数,对所建立的数学模型进行验证。数值计算结果表明,表面粗糙度幅值的增大会引起油膜承载力增大,但也会引起最大油膜压力和摩擦因数的增大,导致摩擦性能下降。摩擦磨损试验发现,表面粗糙度增大,配流盘表面摩擦磨损情况加剧,配流副润滑性能和耐磨性能整体降低。因此在配流盘表面加工处理中,应适当降低其表面粗糙度。     

Friction stir welding of AZ61A magnesium alloy

This paper deals with the development of an empirical relationship to predict tensile strength of friction stir welded AZ61A magnesium alloy. The process parameters such as tool rotational speed, welding speed, axial force and tool pin profile play a major role in deciding the tensile strength. The response surface method (RSM) was used to develop the empirical relationship. The four-factor, five-level central composite design was used to minimize the number of experimental conditions. The developed empirical relationship can be effectively used to predict tensile strength of friction stir welded AZ61A magnesium alloy joints at 95 % confidence level.     

表面粗糙度对滑动电接触磨损率的影响

在电气化铁路弓网系统中,磨损率是衡量列车运行状态与接触导线使用状态的重要指标。为了充分模拟弓网系统中磨损率情况,利用自行搭建的滑动电接触摩擦磨损试验机对滑板和接触导线进行摩擦磨损试验,分析滑板表面粗糙度、法向压力、接触电流与运行速度对磨损率的影响。得出结论:滑板磨损率随滑板初始表面粗糙度、接触电流、法向压力、运行速度的增加而增加,而高载荷下粗糙度对于磨损率的影响降低;滑板摩擦从磨合期进入稳定摩擦期存在一个临界表面粗糙度,当滑板初始表面粗糙度值等于临界粗糙度值时,其磨损率最低;不同初始表面粗糙度的滑板在跑合期内磨损过程不同,在稳定摩擦期内磨损过程趋于一致,且摩擦试验后滑板表面粗糙度也接近。     

粗糙度各向异性对润滑接触面摩擦的影响

齿轮、轴承、凸轮等重载接触副的性能受表面粗糙度的显著影响。高负载情况下的摩擦因数与润滑接触面粗糙度的各向异性相关。测量的表面粗糙度可以分解为一系列具有不同波长、幅值的正弦表面粗糙度,因此,考虑各向异性正弦表面粗糙度,构建粗糙表面点接触瞬态弹性流体动力润滑(TEHL)模型,提出基于多重网格算法的粗网格构造新方法,提高粗糙表面润滑问题求解的稳健性。研究表面粗糙度各向异性对高负载情况下摩擦因数的影响规律。结果表明,粗糙度的各向异性影响接触面压力、油膜厚度分布、粗糙度形变量,从而影响摩擦因数。提出一个组合函数来量化粗糙度各向异性对摩擦因数的影响,表明全膜润滑到混合润滑的过渡不仅与载荷、速度等工况参数相关,还与粗糙度各向异性相关。     

Effects of Normal Load,Sliding Speed,and Surface Roughness on Tribological Properties of Niobium under Dry and Wet Conditions

The effects of normal load, sliding speed, and surface roughness on the friction and wear of high-purity niobium (Nb) during sliding without and with an introduction of water were systematically investigated. Increasing the normal load or sliding speed decreased the friction of the Nb under the both dry and wet conditions because the increased wear of the Nb decreased the interfacial shear strength between the steel ball and Nb by promoting the surface roughening and the production of wear debris. However, the Nb tested at the lowest sliding speed under the lowest normal load with water exhibited the lowest friction and wear due to the formation of oxide layer on the wear track. The friction and wear of the Nb tested under the dry condition decreased with increased surface roughness because the higher interfacial shear strength between the steel ball and smoother Nb resulted in the earlier breakdown of the native oxide layer and direct contact between the steel ball and Nb. However, increasing the surface roughness of the Nb increased its friction and wear under wet conditions, probably due to the easier breakdown of the oxide layer that formed on the rougher surface during sliding. The tribological results clearly showed that the introduction of water during sliding had a significant influence on the tribological properties of the Nb.     

Influence of surface preparation on roughness parameters,friction and wear

The aim of the present research was to investigate influence of surface preparation on roughness parameters and correlation between roughness parameters and friction and wear. First the correlation between different surface preparation techniques and roughness parameters was investigated. For this purpose 100Cr6 steel plate samples were prepared in terms of different average surface roughness, using different grades of grinding, polishing, turning and milling. Different surface preparation techniques resulted in different R_a values from 0.02 to 7 μm. After this, correlation between surface roughness parameters and friction and wear was investigated. For this reason dry and lubricated pin-on-disc tests, using different contact conditions, were carried out, where Al₂O₃ ball was used as counter-body. It was observed that parameters R_ku, R_sk, R_pk and R_vk tend to have influence on coefficient of friction.     

Surface morphology in engineering applications: Influence of roughness on sliding and wear in dry fretting

Influence of initial surface roughness on friction and wear processes under fretting conditions was investigated experimentally. Rough surfaces (Ra=0.15-2.52 μm) were prepared on two materials: carbon alloy (AISI 1034) and titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V). Strong influence of initial surface roughness on friction and wear processes is reported for both tested materials. Lower coefficient of friction and increase in wear rate was observed for rough surfaces. Wear activation energy is increasing for smoother surfaces. Lower initial roughness of surface subjected to gross slip fretting can delay activation of wear process and reduce wear rate; however, it can slightly increase the coefficient of friction.     

Combined effects of surface roughness and viscosity variation due to additives on long journal bearing

Abstract

The combined effects of surface roughness and viscosity variation due to additives on long journal bearing are analytically studied. The variation in viscosity along the film thickness is considered. The presence of solid particles in the lubricant is an increased effective viscosity, which increases the load carrying capacity and decreases the frictional coefficient, whereas the viscosity variation tends to decrease both the load carrying capacity and coefficient of friction for non-micropolar fluid case. The modified Reynolds type equation for surface roughness has been derived on the basis of Eringen’s micropolar fluid theory. The generalised stochastic random variable with non-zero mean, variance and skewness is assumed to mathematically model the surface roughness on the bearing surface. Numerical results were obtained for the fluid film pressure, load carrying capacity and the coefficient of friction. It is observed that the combined effect is to increase the load carrying capacity and to decrease the coefficient of friction, which improves the performance of the bearing.