用于阿尔茨海默病诊断的权值分布特征学习

针对当前基于机器学习的早期阿尔茨海默病（AD）诊断中有标记训练样本不足的问题,提出一种基于多模态特征数据的权值分布稀疏特征学习方法,并将其应用于早期阿尔茨海默病的诊断.具体来说,该诊断方法主要包括两大模块：基于权值分布的Lasso特征选择模型（WDL）和大间隔分布分类机模型（LDM）.首先,为了获取多模态特征之间的数据分布信息,对传统Lasso模型进行改进,引入权值分布正则化项,从而构建出基于权值分布的Lasso特征选择模型;然后,为了有效地利用多模态特征之间的数据分布信息,以保持多模态特征之间的互补性,直接采用大间隔分布学习算法训练分类器.选取国际阿尔茨海默症数据库（ADNI）中202个多模态特征的被试者样本进行实验,分类AD最高平均精度为97.5%,分类轻度认知功能障碍（MCI）最高平均精度为83.1%,分类轻度认知功能障碍转化为AD（pMCI）最高平均精度为84.8%.实验结果表明,所提WDL特征学习方法可从串联的多模态特征学到性能更优的特征子集,并能根据权值分布获取多模态特征之间的数据分布信息,从而提高早期阿尔茨海默病诊断的性能.     

Ontology driven decision support for the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment

In recent years, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has attracted significant attention as an indicator of high risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the diagnosis of MCI can alert patient to carry out appropriate strategies to prevent AD. To avoid subjectivity in diagnosis, we propose an ontology driven decision support method which is an automated procedure for diagnosing MCI through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this approach, we encode specialized MRI knowledge into an ontology and construct a rule set using machine learning algorithms. Then we apply these two parts in conjunction with reasoning engine to automatically distinguish MCI patients from normal controls (NC). The rule set is trained by MRI data of 187 MCI patients and 177 normal controls selected from Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) using C4.5 algorithm. By using a 10-fold cross validation, we prove that the performance of C4.5 with 80.2% sensitivity is better than other algorithms, such as support vector machine (SVM), Bayesian network (BN) and back propagation (BP) neural networks, and C4.5 is suitable for the construction of reasoning rules. Meanwhile, the evaluation results suggest that our approach would be useful to assist physicians efficiently in real clinical diagnosis for the disease of MCI.     

结合DCGAN与LSTM的阿兹海默症分类算法

针对传统的阿兹海默症（AD）分类3D模型参数过多以及2D模型缺乏连续性特征的问题,提出了一种结合2D卷积神经网络与长短时记忆网络的脑部核磁共振成像（MRI）图像分类算法。利用深度卷积生成对抗网络（DCGAN）,卷积层能够在无标签的情况下自动提取到图像特征。首先以无监督的方式训练卷积神经网络;然后将MRI图像序列转换为特征序列,再输入到长短时记忆网络进行训练;最后结合特征序列与LSTM的隐藏状态进行分类。实验结果显示,相比3D模型,该算法有着更少的参数,对于NC与AD的分类达到了93.93%的准确率,对于NC与MCI的分类达到了86.27%的准确率。     

Spectral and complexity analysis of scalp EEG characteristics for mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's disease

Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) often is an early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). MCI is characterized by cognitive decline departing from normal cognitive aging but that does not significantly interfere with daily activities. This study explores the potential of scalp EEG for early detection of alterations from cognitively normal status of older adults signifying MCI and AD. Resting 32-channel EEG records from 48 age-matched participants (mean age 75.7 years)—15 normal controls (NC), 16 early MCI, and 17 early stage AD—are examined. Regional spectral and complexity features are computed and used in a support vector machine model to discriminate between groups. Analyses based on three-way classifications demonstrate overall discrimination accuracies of 83.3%, 85.4%, and 79.2% for resting eyes open, counting eyes closed, and resting eyes closed protocols, respectively. These results demonstrate the great promise for scalp EEG spectral and complexity features as noninvasive biomarkers for detection of MCI and early AD.     

融入平滑组稀疏化的脑部MRI图像分类

目的 阿尔茨海默症（Alzheimer’s disease,AD）是主要的老年病之一,并正向年轻化发展。早期通过核磁共振（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）图像识别AD的发病阶段,有助于在AD初期及时采取相关干预措施和治疗手段,控制和延缓AD疾病恶化。为此,提出了基于平滑函数的组L1/2稀疏正则化（smooth group L1/2,SGL1/2）方法。方法 通过引入平滑组L1/2正则化实现组内稀疏,并将原先组L1/2方法中含有的非平滑的绝对值函数向平滑函数逼近,解决了组L1/2方法中数值计算振荡和收敛难的缺点。SGL1/2方法能够在保持分类精度的前提下,加速对模型的求解。同时在分类方法中,引入一个校准hinge函数（calibrated hinge,Chinge）代替标准支持向量机（support vector machine,SVM）中的hinge函数,形成校准SVM （calibrated SVM,C-SVM）用于疾病的分类,使处于分类平面附近的样本更倾向于分类的正确一侧,对一些难以区分的样本能够进行更好的分类。结果 与其他组级别上的正则化方法相比,SGL1/2与校准支持向量机结合的分类模型对AD的识别具有更高的分类性能,分类准确率高达94.70%。结论 本文提出的组稀疏分类模型,实现了组间稀疏和组内稀疏的优点,为未来AD的自动诊断提供了客观参照。     

使用深度学习和不同频率维度的脑功能性连接对轻微认知障碍的诊断

准确诊断轻微认知障碍（MCI）对于阿尔兹海默症（AD）的预防和治疗十分关键,目前常使用深度学习和静息态功能核磁共振成像（rs-fMRI）对MCI进行辅助诊断。皮尔逊（Pearson）相关法和加窗的皮尔逊（WP）相关法能在时间维度上表示脑功能性连接（FC）,但不能将不同频率维度上的信息进行分解表示。针对这一问题,提出将不同频率维度的FC系数作为现有深度学习的特征输入的方法,以提高MCI分类准确率。首先将被试的数据进行拼接后进行多通道经验模态分解（MEMD）,然后通过切割求得不同频率维度上的FC系数,最后使用VGG16和长短期记忆（LSTM）网络进行测试。实验结果表明,使用所提出的FC系数时,MCI的分类准确率最高可达84.33%,相较使用传统FC系数时的准确率提高了18.33~21.00个百分点;而且不同频率维度的FC系数对MCI有着不同的分辨率。     

基于直推式支持向量机的图像检索

为缩小图像的低层特征与高层语义之间的语义鸿沟,基于支持向量机的相关反馈机制受到越来越广泛的关注,但这种方法并没有利用未标记样本的隐含信息.为更好地利用这些信息,提出将直推式支持向量机作为反馈过程中的学习算法.通过分析其所用特征向量的特点,设计一种颜色稀疏特征,并将其与纹理特征结合作为图像描述的特征.实验结果表明该方法较令人满意,同时也说明直推式支持向量机可在文本分类以外的领域取得较好结果.     

基于半监督分类的BGP异常检测

异常边界网关协议(BGP)事件会影响网络的稳定性和可靠性,而网络环境下未标记样本较有标记样本容易获得,对此提出了基于半监督分类的异常检测框架.主要研究了高斯混合模型和直推式支持向量机,使用Slammer蠕虫相关BGP数据进行了实验,并对算法性能作了比较.实验证明半监督分类算法在BGP异常检测中切实可行.     

F-FDG PET imaging analysis for computer aided Alzheimer’s diagnosis

Finding sensitive and appropriate technologies for non-invasive observation and early detection of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is of fundamental importance to develop early treatments. In this work we develop a fully automatic computer aided diagnosis (CAD) system for high-dimensional pattern classification of baseline ¹⁸F-FDG PET scans from Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative (ADNI) participants. Image projection as feature space dimension reduction technique is combined with an eigenimage based decomposition for feature extraction, and support vector machine (SVM) is used to manage the classification task. A two folded objective is achieved by reaching relevant classification performance complemented with an image analysis support for final decision making. A 88.24% accuracy in identifying mild AD, with 88.64% specificity, and 87.70% sensitivity is obtained. This method also allows the identification of characteristic AD patterns in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects.     

Least squares twin support vector machines for pattern classification

In this paper we formulate a least squares version of the recently proposed twin support vector machine (TSVM) for binary classification. This formulation leads to extremely simple and fast algorithm for generating binary classifiers based on two non-parallel hyperplanes. Here we attempt to solve two modified primal problems of TSVM, instead of two dual problems usually solved. We show that the solution of the two modified primal problems reduces to solving just two systems of linear equations as opposed to solving two quadratic programming problems along with two systems of linear equations in TSVM. Classification using nonlinear kernel also leads to systems of linear equations. Our experiments on publicly available datasets indicate that the proposed least squares TSVM has comparable classification accuracy to that of TSVM but with considerably lesser computational time. Since linear least squares TSVM can easily handle large datasets, we further went on to investigate its efficiency for text categorization applications. Computational results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method over linear proximal SVM on all the text corpuses considered.     

一种基于MI-Simba算法的香烟烟雾识别方法*

香烟烟雾对环境条件敏感以及多特征间存在冗余,都导致无法在视频监控中准确进行烟雾识别,因此提出一种高维互信息与Simba特征加权相结合的算法(MI-Simba).首先采用视频特征提取方法获取烟雾统计度量特征、颜色布局特征和动态特征,构建初始特征向量;然后利用MI-Simba算法进行自动更新,构建该环境下最优特征组合;最后采用直推式支持向量机进行分类识别.针对室内和楼宇内场景,自建封闭空间吸烟视频数据集,采用5倍交叉策略进行比较验证,实验结果验证该算法在识别率和灵敏度两方面的有效性和优越性.     

平滑削边绝对偏离惩罚截断Hinge损失支持向量机的财务危机预报

针对传统支持向量机(SVM)分类存在对离群点敏感、支持向量(SV)个数多和分类面参数非稀疏的问题,提出了平滑削边绝对偏离(SCAD)惩罚截断Hinge损失SVM(SCAD-TSVM)算法,并将其用于构建财务预警模型,同时就该模型的求解设计了一个迭代更新算法。结合沪深股市A股制造业上市公司的财务数据进行实证分析,同时对比L1范数惩罚SVM、SCAD惩罚SVM和截断Hinge损失SVM(TSVM)构建的T-2和T-3模型,结果发现SCAD-TSVM构建的T-2和T-3模型都具有最好的稀疏性和最高的预报精度,而且其在不同训练样本数上的平均预测准确率都要比L1范数SVM(L1-SVM)、SCAD-SVM和TSVM算法的高。     

An intelligent hierarchical residual attention learning-based conjoined twin neural network for Alzheimer's stage detection and prediction

Alzheimer's disorder (AD) causes permanent impairment in the brain's memory of the cellular system, leading to the initiation of dementia. Earlier detection of Alzheimer's disease in the initial stages is challenging for researchers. Deep learning and machine learning-based techniques can help resolve many issues associated with brain imaging exploration. Brain MR Images (Brain-MRI) are used to detect Alzheimer's in computable research work. To correctly categorize the stages of Alzheimer's disease, discriminative features need to be extracted from the MR images. Recently, many studies have used deep learning methods for the early detection of this disorder. However, overfitting degrades the deep learning method's performance because the dataset's selection images are smaller and imbalanced. Some studies could not reach more discriminative and effectual attention-aware features for Alzheimer's stage classification to increase the model performance. In this paper, we develop a novel hierarchical residual attention learning-inspired multistage conjoined twin network (HRAL-CTNN) to classify the stages of Alzheimer's. We used augmentation approaches to scale insufficient and imbalanced data. The HRAL-CTNN is efficiently overcoming the issues of not obtaining efficient attention-aware and generative features for Alzheimer's stage classification. The proposed model solved the problem of redundant features by extracting attentive discriminant features, and scaling imbalance data by data augmentation, after that training and validation using HRAL-CTNN. The execution of this proposed work has been performed on the ADNI MRI dataset. This work achieved outstanding accuracy of 99.97 $\pm$ 0.01% and F1 score of 99.30 $\pm$ 0.02% for Alzheimer's stage classification. This model proposed by our group outperformed the existing related studies in terms of the model's performance score.     

多模态网络融合在轻度认知障碍分类中的应用

针对早期轻度认知障碍（MCI）根据医学诊断认知量表评估极有可能无法判断的问题,提出了一种多模态网络融合的MCI辅助诊断分类方法。基于图论的复杂网络分析方法在神经影像领域的应用已得到广泛认可,但采用不同模态的成像技术研究脑部疾病对大脑网络拓扑结构属性的影响会产生不同结果。首先,使用弥散张量成像（DTI）与静息态功能磁共振成像（rs-fMRI）数据构建大脑结构和功能连接的融合网络。然后,融合网络的拓扑属性被施以单因素方差分析（ANOVA）,选择具有显著差异的属性作为分类特征。最后,利用支持向量机（SVM）留一法交叉验证对健康组和MCI组分类,估算准确率。实验结果表明,所提方法的分类结果准确率达到94.44%,相较单一模态数据法的分类结果有明显提高。所提方法诊断出的MCI患者在扣带回、颞上回以及额叶和顶叶部分区域等许多脑区表现出显著异常,与已有研究结果基本一致。     

Robust energy-based least squares twin support vector machines

Twin support vector machine (TSVM), least squares TSVM (LSTSVM) and energy-based LSTSVM (ELS-TSVM) satisfy only empirical risk minimization principle. Moreover, the matrices in their formulations are always positive semi-definite. To overcome these problems, we propose in this paper a robust energy-based least squares twin support vector machine algorithm, called RELS-TSVM for short. Unlike TSVM, LSTSVM and ELS-TSVM, our RELS-TSVM maximizes the margin with a positive definite matrix formulation and implements the structural risk minimization principle which embodies the marrow of statistical learning theory. Furthermore, RELS-TSVM utilizes energy parameters to reduce the effect of noise and outliers. Experimental results on several synthetic and real-world benchmark datasets show that RELS-TSVM not only yields better classification performance but also has a lower training time compared to ELS-TSVM, LSPTSVM, LSTSVM, TBSVM and TSVM.     

基因和排列熵在阿尔茨海默病早诊中的研究应用

由于阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer’s Disease,AD）发病率高且不可逆,所以AD早诊尤为重要。已有研究发现AD患者与载脂蛋白E（Apolipoprotein E,APOE）有关,复杂度也有变化。可将复杂度用于AD诊断中,但其分类性能有待进一步提高。以排列熵（Permutation Entropy,PE）为指标,探讨了不同基因型的AD患者复杂度变化模式,研究了APOE载体的正常对照组（Normal Control,NC）、早期轻度认知损害（Early Mild Cognitive Impairment,EMCI）、晚期轻度轻度认知损害（Later Mild Cognitive Impairment,LMCI）和AD与未携带者脑信号复杂度的差异,提取显著差异脑区的PE值作为特征向量,根据基因型分别训练不同的分类器。结果表明,加上基因信息后可以96.67%的准确率区分EMCI与NC,且EMCI与LMCI的分类正确率由40.35%提高到88.24%,显著提高了AD早诊的正确率。     

KNN-based least squares twin support vector machine for pattern classification

The least squares twin support vector machine (LSTSVM) generates two non-parallel hyperplanes by directly solving a pair of linear equations as opposed to solving two quadratic programming problems (QPPs) in the conventional twin support vector machine (TSVM), which makes learning speed of LSTSVM faster than that of the TSVM. However, LSTSVM fails to discover underlying similarity information within samples which may be important for classification performance. To address the above problem, we apply the similarity information of samples into LSTSVM to build a novel non-parallel plane classifier, called K-nearest neighbor based least squares twin support vector machine (KNN-LSTSVM). The proposed method not only retains the superior advantage of LSTSVM which is simple and fast algorithm but also incorporates the inter-class and intra-class graphs into the model to improve classification accuracy and generalization ability. The experimental results on several synthetic as well as benchmark datasets demonstrate the efficiency of our proposed method. Finally, we further went on to investigate the effectiveness of our classifier for human action recognition application.     

Prediction of Alzheimer’s Using Random Forest with Radiomic Features

Alzheimer’s disease is a non-reversible, non-curable, and progressive neurological disorder that induces the shrinkage and death of a specific neuronal population associated with memory formation and retention. It is a frequently occurring mental illness that occurs in about 60%–80% of cases of dementia. It is usually observed between people in the age group of 60 years and above. Depending upon the severity of symptoms the patients can be categorized in Cognitive Normal (CN), Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Alzheimer’s disease is the last phase of the disease where the brain is severely damaged, and the patients are not able to live on their own. Radiomics is an approach to extracting a huge number of features from medical images with the help of data characterization algorithms. Here, 105 number of radiomic features are extracted and used to predict the alzhimer’s. This paper uses Support Vector Machine, K-Nearest Neighbour, Gaussian Naïve Bayes, eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and Random Forest to predict Alzheimer’s disease. The proposed random forest-based approach with the Radiomic features achieved an accuracy of 85%. This proposed approach also achieved 88% accuracy, 88% recall, 88% precision and 87% F1-score for AD vs. CN, it achieved 72% accuracy, 73% recall, 72% precisionand 71% F1-score for AD vs. MCI and it achieved 69% accuracy, 69% recall, 68% precision and 69% F1-score for MCI vs. CN. The comparative analysis shows that the proposed approach performs better than others approaches.     

Laplace Beltrami eigen value based classification of normal and Alzheimer MR images using parametric and non-parametric classifiers

Automated study of brain sub-anatomic region like Corpus Callosum (CC) is challenging due to its complex topology and varying shape. The development of reliable Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) systems would help in the early detection of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and to perform drug trails to palliate the effect of AD. In this work, an attempt has been made to analyse the shape changes of CC using shape based Laplace Beltrami (LB) eigen value features and machine learning techniques. CC from the normal and AD T1-weighted magnetic resonance images are segmented using Reaction Diffusion (RD) level set method and the obtained results are validated against the Ground Truth (GT) images. Ten LB eigen values are extracted from the segmented CC images. LB eigen values are positive sequence of infinite series that describe the intrinsic geometry of objects. These values capture the shape information of CC by solving the eigen value problem of LB operator on the triangular meshes. The significant features are selected based on Information Gain (IG) ranking and subjected to classification using K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Naïve Bayes (NB). The performance of LB eigen values in the AD diagnosis is evaluated using classifiers’ accuracy, specificity and sensitivity measures.Results show that, RD level set is able to segment CC in normal and AD images with high percentage of similarity with GT. The extracted LB eigen values are found to show high difference in the mean values between normal and AD subjects with high statistical significance. The LB eigen modes λ2, λ7 and λ8 are identified as prominent features by IG based ranking. KNN is able to give maximum classification accuracy of 93.37% compared to linear SVM and NB classifiers. This value is observed to be high than the results obtained using geometric features. The proposed CAD system focuses solely on the geometric variations of CC extracted using LB eigen value spectrum. The extraction of eigen modes in the LB spectrum is easy to compute, does not involve too many parameters and less time consuming. Thus this CAD study seems to be clinically significant in the shape investigation of brain structures for AD diagnosis.     

Analysis of sub-anatomic diffusion tensor imaging indices in white matter regions of Alzheimer with MMSE score

In this study, an attempt has been made to find the correlation between diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) indices of white matter (WM) regions and mini mental state examination (MMSE) score of Alzheimer patients. Diffusion weighted images are obtained from the ADNI database. These are preprocessed for eddy current correction and removal of non-brain tissue. Fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD) and axial diffusivity (DA) indices are computed over significant regions (Fornix left, Splenium of corpus callosum left, Splenium of corpus callosum right, bilateral genu of the corpus callosum) affected by Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology. The correlation is computed between diffusion indices of the significant regions and MMSE score using linear fit technique so as to find the relation between clinical parameters and the image features. Binary classification has been employed using support vector machine, decision stumps and simple logistic classifiers on the extracted DTI indices along with MMSE score to classify Alzheimer patients from healthy controls. It is observed that distinct values of DTI indices exist for the range of MMSE score. However, there is no strong correlation (Pearson's correlation coefficient ‘r’ varies from 0.0383 to −0.1924) between the MMSE score and the diffusion indices over the significant regions. Further, the performance evaluation of classifiers shows 94% accuracy using SVM in differentiating AD and control. In isolation clinical and image features can be used for prescreening and diagnosis of AD but no sub anatomic region correlation exist between these features set. The discussion on the correlation of diffusion indices of WM with MMSE score is presented in this study.