我国软件与系统工程标准化研究综述

软件工程将工程化的思想贯穿到软件的分析、设计、实现和维护的生存周期全过程,涵盖完成一个软件产品所必备的思想、理论、方法、技术、工具和环境.软件工程标准化通过制定、贯彻并监督实施标准,规范软件工程过程和方法,提高软件产品质量和工作效率,对软件行业的发展起着举足轻重的作用.本文对软件工程及标准化情况进行综述,并对软件工程重点领域的发展和标准化趋势进行分析总结.首先,本文总结软件工程的发展历程,对软件工程发展各阶段的技术和标准化重点进行分析,然后通过对国际标准和我国标准进行对比,剖析出我国软件工程及软件工程标准化情况,最后归纳总结我国软件工程标准化现存的问题和下一步研究工作的重点.     

面向Agent生命周期法的系统软硬件工程一般方法论

针对大型工控系统产品的研制开发这类包括软件和硬件在内的复杂系统工程,本文将软件Agent概念推广到硬件领域,构造出软硬件Agent一般性模型,以此模型为基础,提出了一套面向Agent生命周期法的系统软硬件工程一般方法论。文中给出了该套方法论的基本原则和实施步骤,并通过一现场总线控制系统产品的开发实例说明了整套方法论的实施细则。     

What's new in reliability engineering?

Reliability engineering is responding to the trend to computer-aided design (CAD), and the current emphasis on improving competitiveness through quality. Islands of automation addressing reliability for both hardware design and software engineering exist which are not yet connected, though government–industry teams are developing integrated software packages of reliability (and maintainability) tools. TQM (total quality management) principles are being adopted in many industries, and the U.S. Qualified Manufacturers List (QML) programme, which requires qualification of a process rather than a product, is now used for procuring microcircuits. However, government regulations remain a barrier to creating a ‘quality culture’. ISO 9000 is seen by industry as a requirement for international competitiveness, but criticized by some as counterproductive. Research and development of reliability engineering tools reflect the need for implementation in CAD frameworks, and fuzzy logic analysis has attracted the attention of the theorists.     

An ontology framework for developing platform-independent knowledge-based engineering systems in the aerospace industry

This paper presents the development of a novel knowledge-based engineering (KBE) framework for implementing platform-independent knowledge-enabled product design systems within the aerospace industry. The aim of the KBE framework is to strengthen the structure, reuse and portability of knowledge consumed within KBE systems in view of supporting the cost-effective and long-term preservation of knowledge within such systems. The proposed KBE framework uses an ontology-based approach for semantic knowledge management and adopts a model-driven architecture style from the software engineering discipline. Its phases are mainly (1) Capture knowledge required for KBE system; (2) Ontology model construct of KBE system; (3) Platform-independent model (PIM) technology selection and implementation and (4) Integration of PIM KBE knowledge with computer-aided design system. A rigorous methodology is employed which is comprised of five qualitative phases namely, requirement analysis for the KBE framework, identifying software and ontological engineering elements, integration of both elements, proof of concept prototype demonstrator and finally experts validation. A case study investigating four primitive three-dimensional geometry shapes is used to quantify the applicability of the KBE framework in the aerospace industry. Additionally, experts within the aerospace and software engineering sector validated the strengths/benefits and limitations of the KBE framework. The major benefits of the developed approach are in the reduction of man-hours required for developing KBE systems within the aerospace industry and the maintainability and abstraction of the knowledge required for developing KBE systems. This approach strengthens knowledge reuse and eliminates platform-specific approaches to developing KBE systems ensuring the preservation of KBE knowledge for the long term.     

逆向工程中的鞋楦模型重建与楦面展开

在分析我国制鞋工业现状和发展的基础上,运用逆向工程方法,通过获取鞋楦表面的点云数据和进行点云数据的预处理,建立了鞋楦表面的数字化模型。然后进行楦面展开,从网格划分方式和展开基点位置两方面进行了精度分析,获得了满意的展开样板。运用Imageware逆向工程软件实现了鞋楦模型重建,通过对UG软件的二次开发完成了楦面展开。     

Quality and reliability assessment of hardware and software during the total product life cycle

A major challenge for the computer industry is the need for the development and implementation of an engineering languge which provides continuous linkages and measurement between the customer and all engineering functions internal to the company. Such a language would allow information solution developers and information service providers to be able to continuously monitor the quality and reliability performance of integrated hardware and software products during the complete product life cycle. A quantitative engineering language needs to be developed to provide seamless and continuous linkages between the customer—the user of integrated computer systems—and all of the engineering development and manufacturing functions tasked with designing and building solutions which meet customer needs. A methodology is proposed which addresses this challenge by the implementation of two metrics: total defects per unit (TDU) and the annual rate of events (ARE). These two metrics can measure all hardware, software and computer integration events during the total product life cycle. A methodology is presented which provides a rigorous translation of the ARE metric, monitored at the customer site, into the traditional reliability metrics used by engineering and manufacturing. Algorithms are presented which directly translate AREs into mean time between failures (MTBF), mean time between parts replacement (MTBPR) and mean time between system interruptions (MTBSI). The ARE metric meets the customer requirement of being able to clearly focus on the reliability and availability performance of total systems as a result of hardware and software components, the user interface, and environmental factors. The paper discusses the development and application of integrated TDU and ARE metrics and shows how the total product life cycle quality and reliability of a complex integrated computer and communications solution can be efficiently monitored and managed for improvement during design, manufacturing, and installation performance in an integrated customer environment.     

工程机械工业设计知识库构建方案研究

目的 对工程机械工业设计知识进行研究,探索工程机械工业设计知识库的建构方法与流程,有效利用工程机械工业设计知识,提高工程机械产品造型设计能力。方法 通过工程机械工业设计相关知识研究的梳理、设计知识的分类和现代信息论关于产品所传达信息的分类对工程机械工业设计知识进行梳理、分类,建立工程机械工业设计知识模型框架,构建工程机械工业设计知识库框架。结论 通过对工程机械工业设计知识进行设计学的分类重构,构建了工程机械工业设计知识库框架与流程,并将研究结果在实践中予以运用。工程机械工业设计知识库的建立,为设计师提供了数字化辅助设计资源,有利于设计师快速获取与重用工程机械造型设计知识,大大提高设计效率及产品创新能力,同时也给其他设计知识库开发提供参考。     

海洋工程装备建造设备发展浅探

海洋工程装备向大型化、深水化发展,性能要求不断提高。海洋装备的建造面临着制造难度提升、环境更为复杂、关键设备精度要求高等难题,对创新加工装备、加工模式等提出了更高要求。制造设备需要在精细化、柔性化、加工与测量相结合等方面提升加工能力,同时在加工设备成套组织、加工控制软件等领域取得突破,从而为海洋工程装备产业的发展提供建造能力的支持,实现制造过程的精细化、智能化和绿色化发展。     

AutoCAD渲染功能在工业设计中的应用

AutoCAD具有强大二维、三维设计和造型功能,而且已广泛地用在工程设计领域,但AutoCAD的渲染功能却往往被人忽略,其实它的渲染功能也非常强大,广泛地适用于建筑、工业设计、广告设计等行业.本文就AutoCAD2004版本的渲染功能进行了比较详尽的探讨.     

国防军工计量人员管理系统分析与设计

国防军工计量人员管理系统是国防军工计量信息管理系统的一个子系统，它的目标和主要功能是通过不同的组合查询，打印与统计，提供国防军工计量技术机构各级计量管理人员，科研人员，检定人员及监督人员的年龄，素质等自然状况，为人员培训及持证上岗，人才流动的管理等提供咨询服务，本文从软件工程的角度较全面地描述了国防军工计量人员管理系统的分析与设计。     

Choosing the Ph.D. Path: A Multi-Criteria Model for Career Decisions

A interactive, multi-criteria decision model was developed using Criterium software to help students assess alternative career paths: undertaking graduate study leading to an engineering doctoral degree and an academic career versus pursuing a career as an engineer in industry. The use of the model enables consideration of multiple factors, which may represent conflicting objectives and which have different measures of value (quantitative and qualitative) and different levels of importance to the decision. The model should assist its users in more carefully and thoroughly evaluating the criteria that affect career choices. We hope that its use may also help reduce the impending shortage of engineering faculty by encouraging more students to consider careers as engineering professors.     

Zur Plausibilität der Methode der Zugdreiecke

On the Plausibility of the Method of Tensile Triangles (MTT) The shape optimization of components, developed in Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe after the design rules of nature [1] has during the last 15 years very well spread and proven itself in industry, especially in automotive engineering. The limits for using the CAO‐method (Computer Aided Optimization) are more or less of economical nature. In this paper the plausibility for a new pure graphical method is shown, which works without any FEM or optimization software.     

Large-scale software engineering questions ? expert opinion or empirical evidence?

A recent report on the state of the UK information technology (IT) industry based most of its findings and recommendations on expert opinion. It is surprising that the report was unable to incorporate more empirical evidence. This paper aims to assess whether it is necessary to base IT industry and academic policy on expert opinion rather than on empirical evidence. Current evidence related to the rate of project failure is identified and the methods used to accumulate that evidence discussed. This shows that the report failed to identify relevant evidence and most evidence related to project failure is based on convenience samples. The status of empirical research in the computing disciplines is reviewed showing that empirical evidence covers a restricted range of subjects and seldom addresses the 'Society' level of analysis. Other more robust designs that would address large-scale IT questions are discussed. We recommend adopting a more systematic approach to accumulating and reporting evidence. In addition, we propose using quasi-experimental designs developed and used in the social sciences to improve the methodology used for undertaking large-scale empirical studies in software engineering.     

Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: manufacturing challenges

Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are interdisciplinary fields that apply principles of engineering and life sciences to develop biological substitutes, typically composed of biological and synthetic components, that restore, maintain or improve tissue function. Many tissue engineering technologies are still at a laboratory or pre-commercial scale. The short review paper describes the most significant manufacturing and bio-process challenges inherent in the commercialisation and exploitation of the exciting results emerging from the biological and clinical laboratories exploring tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. A three-generation road map of the industry has been used to structure a view of these challenges and to define where the manufacturing community can contribute to the commercial success of the products from these emerging fields. The first-generation industry is characterised by its demonstrated clinical applications and products in the marketplace, the second is characterised by emerging clinical applications, and the third generation is characterised by aspirational clinical applications. The paper focuses on the cost reduction requirement of the first generation of the industry to allow more market penetration and consequent patient impact. It indicates the technological requirements, for instance the creation of three-dimensional tissue structures, and value chain issues in the second generation of the industry. The third-generation industry challenges lie in fundamental biological and clinical science. The paper sets out a road map of these generations to identify areas for research.     

Establishing an Early Foundation in Software Engineering: Framework,Experiences and Results*

In the fall of 1994 we reorganized the content of our three-course introductory computer science sequence in order to introduce software engineering concepts early and provide a consistent software engineering focus from one course to the next. To implement these changes, we established detailed documentation and design standards. These standards would serve as a framework for teaching the software engineering principles and techniques that we considered appropriate and essential to novice software developers. In an attempt to assess the impact of this new teaching approach, we examined student performance in upper-level, project-oriented courses with respect to early exposure to software engineering concepts. This paper describes the documentation and design standards, as well as how these standards have been used as a framework for teaching software engineering concepts early in the curriculum. It also reports on what we have learned through assessment of this approach. Results indicate that students exposed early to software engineering concepts are indeed better prepared for upper-level project-oriented courses.     

Assessing the Process Maturity Utilized in Software Engineering Team Project Courses*

Many computer science departments offer an introductory software engineering course, which normally provides an introduction to software engineering topics in conjunction with a semester long team project. To ensure students acquire the correct lessons from this project experience, it is essential that the teams utilize well‐defined software development processes similar to those practiced by leading software development organizations. Since its inception, the Software Engineering Institute Capability Maturity Model (CMM) has served as a guide for organizations seeking to improve their development practices, through a self‐assessment questionnaire. In an effort to assess the maturity of development practices utilized in software engineering courses, an “academic” version of the CMM questionnaire was developed. This questionnaire was distributed to a sample of software engineering instructors in an effort to assess the maturity of academic software engineering course projects. The questionnaire and the survey results are presented and discussed.     

AutoCAD与Word和Excel图文转换的效果处理

AutoCAD计算机辅助设计软件、Word字处理软件和Excel电子表格处理软件得到了极为广泛的应用，但Word本身能绘制图形的能力很有限，用于绘制标准的工程图则更难。而使用AutoCAD绘图时，要写入大量的文本和表格也十分不便，利用Word或Excel处理软件的特点写入文字或表格，然后插入到AutoCAD绘图文件中，会取得意想不到的效果。针对在AutoCAD与Word和Excel图文转换过程中存在的问题进行了深入探讨，从而完善了工程文件中不同软件的协同设计。     

Globalization and the Undergraduate Manufacturing Engineering Curriculum

At an ASME panel on manufacturing engineering education, industry representatives emphasized preparation for globalization. The concept has not yet had widespread impact on undergraduate engineering curricula. In this paper the industry updates are summarized, especially as they pertain to undergraduate engineering education for a globalized economy, and synthesized with the literature on the subject. Objectives for manufacturing engineering education are derived and possible ways of introducing the subject into an undergraduate curriculum without lengthening the program are suggested. The findings should be applicable to manufacturing, mechanical, and industrial engineering.     

电子信息工程的现代化技术探讨

电子信息工程作为集电子、通讯、信息技术为一体的专业在现代化信息产业中占有重要地位,电子信息工程现代化技术的发展,为人们的生产生活带来了方便,其不仅紧随时代发展潮流,同时也能和其他产业紧密的结合起来。本文主要从电子信息工程含义、电子信息工程现代化技术重要性、促进电子信息工程快速发展的措施等方面,对电子信息工程的现代化技术进行探讨。     

大型空分设备工程设计探讨

空分设备上规模、上等级对工程设计提出了更高要求,同时工程设计的优化也促进了空分技术的发展。文章从大型空分设备工厂的选址、总体布置、工程管道设计、消防和安全、有效利用好先进工程设计辅助软件等方面,探讨了大型空分设备工程设计时应注意的方面及其设计优化。