Synergetics and measurement problems

Developments in synergetics and nonlinear mechanics in recent decades have opened up new scope for metrology and measurement engineering. The paper considers some of them. Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 11, pp. 9–13, November, 2008. We continue the selection of articles from the 10th All-Russia Conference: Measurement State and Problems, which was held at the Bauman Moscow Technical University in April 2008. See this journal No. 10 for 2008 for the start.     

Mahematically fuzzy summation and optimization of measurement errors in a technological operation

The paper discusses mathematically fuzzy summation of measurement errors in a technological operation on rules that differ from those usually employed for additive or quadratic summation. To optimize the errors, a linear programming method is proposed with control variables in the form of carriers of these errors. As in the mathematically nonfuzzy case, two self-conjugate optimization methods are employed: functional and economic. Paper written on the basis of the report presented at the 10th All-Russia Conference on Measurement State and Problems, which was held at the Bauman Moscow State Technical University in April 2008 (see selection of articles in Measurement Techniques, Nos. 10 and 11 (2008)). Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 2, pp. 12–17, February, 2009.     

Avogadro program: Environmental problems of heat engineering

Results of some studies of formation and transformation of harmful substances during combustion of organic fuels are presented. The studies were conducted within the framework of the program “Environmental Problems of Heat Engineering” of the AVOGADRO system. Institute of Mechanics, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 69, No. 6, pp. 921–926, November–December, 1996.     

Residual strength of pipelines with dents

We show the urgency of developing methods for prediction of the ultimate load of ductile fracture for defects of the dent type in pipelines. We propose an idealized model of the limiting plastic state of a pipe with infinite dent along it. We obtain formulas for engineering calculations and analyze them. Institute of Strength Problems, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Kiev; Ukrgazprom, Kiev; Ivano-Frankivs'k State Technical University of Oil and Gas, Ivano-Frankivs'k. Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 35, No. 5, pp. 79–82, September–October, 1999.     

Development of combined methods of high-intensity surface treatment. II. Electric and electronic treatment

We investigated electrical and electronic methods of combined treatment of surfaces. Basic principles are formulated making it possible to control thermomechanical and electromagnetic effects, as well as concentrated energy fluxes when forming the properties of the surface layer of a workpiece. Polotsk State University, Novopolotsk; Belarusian Agrarian Technical University, Minsk; Institute of Reliability and Longevity of Machines, Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk; St. Petersburg State Technical University, Russia. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 69, No. 1, pp. 43–54, January–February, 1996.     

A model of fracture of pipeline steel in the process of hydrogenation

We develop a model of fracture of pipeline steel in the process of hydrogenation and present a classification of the origins of hydrogen-induced fracture. Possible modes of the formation of systems of stepped cracks with different origins are determined and investigated and the process of multiple fracture is analyzed. Institute of Problems in Mechanics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv. Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 25–33, May–June, 1996.     

Cylindrical shell loaded by radial forces around circular regions

An approximate solution of the problem of a stressed-deformed state of an infinitely long cylindrical shell loaded by radial forces around circular regions is constructed by the method of asymptotic synthesis. To calculate normal displacement, tangential forces, and bending moments, expressions in the form of simple trigonometric series are suggested, by which the effect of the sizes and the quantity of loaded regions on the stressed-deformed state is studied. Institute of Applied Mechanics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow; Khar'kov State Polytechnical University. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 70, No. 5, pp. 814–819, September-October, 1997.     

Thermostressed state at a local thermal contact in turning friction

Processes of friction heating at a local thermal contact in turning friction are studied. I. Franko State University, Lvov; Ya. S. Podstrigach Institute of Applied Problems of Mechanics and Mathematics, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lvov, Ukraine. Translated from Inzgenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal. Vol. 69, No. 1, pp. 72–78, January–February, 1996     

Free convection in the internal problem: Results and prospects

The fundamental features of free convection, its current classification, mathematical modeling, and software based on a computer laboratory are discussed, and findings of an investigation of the structure of free convection in closed regions, new formulations of problems of free convection in compressible media, and results on the relation of microacceleration measurements and calculations and programs that model free convection are given. Institute of Problems in Mechanics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 69, No. 6, pp. 909–920, November–December, 1996.     

Heat and mass transfer under conditions of hydrogen evolution in reactions of amorphous-crystalline alloys with water

We investigate the displacement of hydrogen from water by means of silicon-and-aluminum-based alloys obtained from the inorganic portion of coal. We present a variant of improvement of the process by a change in the structure of the alloys. Attention is mostly paid to external heat transfer between the alloys and aqueous solutions of alkali. State Polytechnic University; Institute for Problems of Mechanical Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Khar'kov, Ukraine. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 69, No. 6, pp. 1006–1008, November–December, 1996.     

Transport of a high-current relativistic electron beam by magnetic multipoles

With the aid of moments of the distribution function a system of differential equations is obtained to describe the dynamics of a Gaussian high-current electron beam in magnetic fields with quadrupole and octupole symmetries. Results of its numerical solution are reported. Research Institute for Nuclear Problems at the Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus; Institute of Mathematics of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 70, No. 5, pp. 776–782, September-October, 1997.     

Digital measuring heads

The range of measuring instruments developed at the N. é. Bauman Moscow State Technical University is considered. All of the measuring heads of these instruments are built according the same fundamental scheme with the use of periodic measures in the form of raster, diffraction grating, and interference structures. These heads may be used in multicoordinate and multiposition instruments for measuring linear and angular quantities, and they are also built into contemporary optical-mechanical devices for their modernization. __________ Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 1, pp. 20–23, January, 2007.     

A method for the prediction of the service life of high-strength drill pipes based on the criteria of corrosion fatigue

We present the results of the investigation of the growth of corrosion fatigue cracks in TBVK 140×11L drill pipes, determine quantitative characteristics of fatigue cracks in the pipes under stresses of different types as functions of the elapsed part of the entire service life, perform their statistical analysis, and propose a method for the prediction of the residual service life of these pipes. Ivano-Frankivs'k State Technical University of Petroleum and Gas, Ivano-Frankivs'k; Karpenko Physicomechanical Institute, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, L'viv. Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 103–106, January–February, 1997     

Solution of a problem concerning the distribution of gas molecules in a layer with mirror boundary conditions

In the present work we investigate the distribution of gas molecules in a layer filled with a rarefied gas. To solve the problem, a Boltzmann model nonstationary equation is used. The distribution function is found in the form of an expansion in generalized eigenfunctions of the corresponding characteristic equation. Moscow Pedagogical University, Russia; Vologda Science Coordination Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 72, No. 5, pp. 862–869, September–October, 1999.     

Mathematical modeling of natural-gas production systems

It is proposed that a gas-bearing bed and a well be considered a single system. It is demonstrated that the equation of state of an imperfect gas can be linearly approximated. Institute of Physicochemical Problems of the North, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Yakutsk, Russia. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 69, No. 4, pp. 540–544, July–August, 1996     

Thermoconvective motion in a volume containing two layers of a viscous liquid

Convective motion is considered in a system of two liquids filling a rectangular cavity with a free surface.Institute for Problems in Mechanics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 63, No. 4, pp. 393–399, October, 1992.     

Simulation of the proportional deformation of elastoplastic continua simple in Noll’s sense. Part 1. Defining relations

We formulate a representation of the general defining relations for strain-hardening elastoplastic materials simple in Noll’s sense. The problem of simulation of a special case of the so-called active proportional deformation is analyzed in detail. Institute for Problems of Strength, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine. Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 5, pp. 59–70, September–October, 1998.     

Microscratching in an electrochemical cell. Effect of gallium on the surface deformation in aluminum

The method of microscratching is combined with the electrochemical reduction of an active component on the tested surface to study the initial surface damage to metals and effects caused by active media. This allows us to model the influence of the active liquid metal in the absence of the liquid-metal phase at room temperature. We observed the phenomenon of surface plasticizing of aluminum caused by the reduction of gallium ions and discussed it in terms of the microscopic (dislocation) and macroscopic (finite-elements) approaches. Epy Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Institute for Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. Published in Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 49–54, May–June, 1998.     

Statement of the problem of optimization and control of tissue temeprature distribution in local hyperthermia of malignant tumors

We consider a model of thermal processes in treatment by local hyperthermia. The model is based on the classical nonlinear biothermal equation. We formulated a problem of optimization consisting of maximization of the mortality function of tumor cells and finding a control for which the temperature distribution in the tumor maximizes the therapeutic effect, while the injury function of healthy tissue is small. Institute of Mechanics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev; Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology, and Radiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Kiev; Academic Scientific Complex “A. V. Luikov Heat and Mass Transfer Institute of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus,” Minsk; National Technical University, Kiev. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 69, No. 4, pp. 641–646, July–August, 1996.