用焦磷酸钠和氢氧化钠依次萃取的泥炭腐植酸化学组成和结构特征

用pH值为7的0．1mol／LNa4P2O7溶液,分别在常温下用0．1mol／LNaOH和80℃下用0．02mol／LNaOH溶液对不同成矿植物来源的泥炭进行顺次萃取,采用凝胶色谱、^13C-NMR和可见光电子光谱法对所得腐植酸（HA）制剂的化学组成和结构参数进行了对比研究。所得HA制剂在分子量分布、芳香族及脂肪族非取代结构单元、脂肪族多取代结构单元、含氧官能团以及多共轭体系尺寸等方面都有差别。     

不同萃取剂对泥炭中腐植酸产率和性质的影响

腐植酸是一种天然有机大分子混合物,在工业、农业、医学等领域有着极其广泛的应用。通过不同p H值的萃取剂对泥炭中腐植酸进行提取,结果表明,中性的Na4P2O4萃取剂从泥炭中提取的腐植酸产率最高,且总腐植酸、游离腐植酸以及黄腐酸产率均大于50%。除此之外,与其他碱性和酸性的萃取剂相比,中性Na4P2O4萃取剂从蒙古土左旗泥炭中提取的腐植酸的最大激发波长与最大发射波长向低波数方向移动。通过红外光谱(FTIR)和核磁氢谱(1H-NMR)对蒙古土左旗泥炭和东北彰武泥炭中的腐植酸的结构进行了研究,并通过腐植酸与不同萃取剂阴离子的结合机理解释了腐植酸产率和分子荧光性质不同的原因。     

Cu2＋、Zn2＋对玻璃弹簧负载型P／TiO2光催化还原Cr（Ⅵ）的影响研究

金属铬[Cr（Ⅵ）]是一种很常见的重金属污染物,在电镀、冶金、化工等一些加工行业废水中含量很大。Cr（Ⅵ）具有很强的致癌性和毒性,消除水体中Cr（Ⅵ）污染的研究具有重要的意义。本实验在低温条件下用双氧水制备了P／TiO2溶胶,并将其负载于玻璃弹簧上,形成负载型P／TiO2光催化剂。在紫外光照下,该催化剂光催化还原Cu2＋和Cr（Ⅵ）共存溶液或Zn2＋和Cr（Ⅵ）共存溶液中的Cr（V1）时,随着Cu2＋或Zn2＋浓度的增大Cr（Ⅵ）的还原率先增加后下降;在Cu2＋浓度为O．004mol／L时或Zn2＋浓度为O．0025mol／L时,Cr（VI）的还原率最高。     

Na2O含量对CBN砂轮陶瓷结合剂性能的影响

陶瓷结合剂是决定陶瓷结合剂CBN砂轮性能的关键因素之一，文章研究了陶瓷结合剂中Na2O的含量对其性能的影响。实验表明，结合剂的耐火度随Na2O含量的增加而降低；当结合剂中Na2O含量较低时，结合剂的抗折强度随Na2O含量的增高而提高，当Na2O／（B2O3＋Al2O3）的摩尔比为1时，强度达到最高值（72MPa）；同时，Na2O的加入可以改善结合剂与CBN磨料的润湿性。     

生活橡胶制品和胶乳制品

抗菌弹性体鞋垫 本弹性体含0．1～10份（以100份弹性体为基数）银（抗菌剂）和石蜡油，芳香油和脱臭剂包覆的微胶囊以及其它抗菌剂（如SiO2，B2O3，Na2O，沸石粉，Zn，Cu，Ba，Mg，Ni和Co等）。抗菌剂最好包裹在微胶囊中。     

硝化处理腐殖酸的工艺研究

通过实验测定了泥炭中腐殖酸的含量,研究了硝化处理腐殖酸的工艺。实验表明从泥炭中提取的腐殖酸的含量会随硫酸的浓度（2～4mol／L）增大而增大,而把泥炭硝化再经碱溶解酸沉淀,与使用相同浓度的酸相比．腐殖酸的含量增加近5％．此实验为分离提取腐殖酸肥料提供了一些必备的基本的参考依据。     

一个新型钨铋酸盐与碱土金属离子配位的多酸化合物的合成和表征

一个基于[Bi2W20Cu2O70（H2O）4]10-缩写为：{Bi2W20Cu2}）阴离子和碱土金属离子的新型多酸化合物Ca2Na2H4[Bi2W20Cu2O70（H2O）4].42H2O通过Na12[Bi2W22O74（OH）2].44H2O（缩写为：{Bi2W22}）,CuCl2和CaCl2在水溶液中的反应被合成。标题化合物最大的特点是它代表了第一个钨铋酸盐与碱土金属离子配位的多酸化合物。通过单晶X射线衍射、红外光谱和元素分析对标题化合物的结构进行了表征。     

粉煤灰形貌元素组成的SEM／EDS分析

文章用扫描电子显微镜／能量色散谱（SEM／EDS）的扫描电镜、元素组成分析功能和背散射找寻功能对粉煤灰进行了形貌、元素组成分桥。粉煤灰为富含SiO2、Al2O3的比较规则的球形玻璃微珠（SiO2和Al2O3的含量达57．64％和31．09％），元素组成为Si、Al、O、Fe、Cu、Zn、Mg、Ca、Ti、K、Na、Ba等，无其它对人体有重大影响的重金属离子，对环境友好。粉煤灰颗粒中也有极少柱状、条状、纤维状、扁平状的颗粒，其组成大部分与球形颗粒相差不大，但也存在几乎哭含有氧化硅或氧化铁豹颗粒。粉煤灰颗粒是各种氧化物的聚集体。     

复合锌镍铁氧体纳米粉体材料的制备实验

以硫酸盐为原料，添加NaOH溶液和NaHCO3粉末，先制备碱式碳酸盐前驱体，350℃空气中焙烧1 h后，制备出复合锌镍铁氧体纳米晶体. 经XRD和TEM分析，粒径约为30 nm，粒度较均匀. 通过改变原料中锌盐与镍盐的配比，制备出Zn0.9Ni0.1Fe2O4, Zn0.8Ni0.2Fe2O4, Zn0.7Ni0.3Fe2O4, Zn0.6Ni0.4Fe2O4和Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 五种纳米粉.     

泥炭对Ag+的吸附特性研究

研究了天然有机吸附剂泥炭对Ag^ 的吸附特性，绘制了吸附速度曲线，并求出了Langmuir和Freundlich方程中有关参数，考察了温度、pH值对吸附的影响以及酸、碱和不同配合剂对Ag^ 的解吸附作用。结果表明：吸附具有以化学吸附为主的Langmuir单分了层吸附特征，0.1mol/L Na2S2O3溶液可定量地解吸Ag^ 。     

不同溶剂提取宝清褐煤腐植酸的工艺优化及其特性研究

以褐煤的高效利用为出发点,以提高宝清褐煤腐植酸提取率为目标,探索了三种不同溶剂(KOH,NaOH,Na4 P2 O7)提取褐煤腐植酸的最优工艺条件.实验采用响应曲面法考察了反应温度、反应时间、溶剂浓度及其交互作用对腐植酸提取率的影响.结果表明:反应温度对目标值影响最大,且不同影响因素之间的交互作用对目标值有一定的影响,...     

复合碱型腐植酸型煤粘结剂的特性研究

研究了从云南褐煤提取型煤腐植酸粘结剂的过程,主要考察了煤碱质量比和不同碱性添加物包括NaOH,Na4P2O7,Na2CO3和K2CO3等对腐植酸提取率的影响,并进行了成本估算。结果表明,在利用NaOH的条件下,煤碱质量比在10∶1与12∶1之间获得较好提取效果;与利用单一NaOH添加剂相比,在总碱量略有减少的前提下,用Na4P2O7和Na2CO3替代部分NaOH使腐植酸的提取率增加18.4%,粘结剂的粘度提高30%,经济成本下降2.6%。腐植酸钾型型煤的气化效果好于钠型,跌落强度基本相同。     

腐植酸树脂处理含重金属离子废水可行性探讨

利用泥炭为原料制备腐植酸树脂。在动态条件下,研究了腐植酸树脂对重金属离子Zn2+、Ni2+的吸附效果及吸附条件并探讨了吸附与解吸再生机理:主要吸附形式为离子交换吸附和络合吸附。实验结果表明,在20℃,流速为4mL/min,pH值为5.0～7.0条件下,含Zn2+、Ni2+质量浓度均为70mg/L的废水,经腐植酸树脂处理后,Zn2+、Ni2+去除率可达98%以上,且处理后废水近中性。含Zn2+、Ni2+质量浓度分别为32.5mg/L和29.4mg/L,pH值为5.9的电镀废水,经腐植酸树脂处理后,废水中Zn2+、Ni2+含量显著低于国家排放标准允许值。     

仲辛基苯氧乙酸萃取Zn(II)的性能

研究了一种新型萃取剂仲辛基苯氧乙酸(CA–12)的皂化以及从盐酸介质中萃取Zn(II)的性能. 考察了萃取温度、平衡水相酸度、萃取剂浓度等因素对萃取的影响. 氨水皂化CA–12的最佳条件是使用含有1.0 mol/L NaCl的稀氨水制皂、皂化率为80%；分配比随平衡水相酸度的增加而减小，且lgD与pH呈线性关系，其斜率约为2；分配比随萃取剂初始浓度的增大而增大；初始酸度pH=6.0~6.5、萃取剂初始浓度CHA>0.10 mol/L时，水相中0.01 mol/L Zn(II)几乎被定量萃取. 计算得到了CA–12从盐酸介质中萃取Zn(II)的过程热效应DH=3.28 kJ/mol.     

Binding of cadmium,copper, and zinc to humic substances originating from municipal solid waste compost

The application of municipal solid waste (MSW) compost increases both the trace metal loading and the organic matter in the soil. To characterize the quality and metal-binding capacity of the compost OM, we extracted humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) from mature MSW compost and analyzed them for elemental composition, acid-titratable functional groups, total metal content, and structural components (by ¹³C NMR). HA constituted 67% of all extracted humic substances and differed significantly from HAs of cultivated lands: The compost HA exhibited smaller molecular size, a higher N content, and lower aromaticity due to large amounts of saturated aliphatic components. Metal complexation studies of the extracted HA and FA were performed by equilibrium dialysis titration. The complexing capacity (CC) was highest for Cu: CC_HA = 3357 and CC_FA = 5221 μmol Cu g⁻¹ of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) at pH 5. Zn and Cd were bound (at pH 7) in smaller concentrations: CC_HA(Zn) = 2167, CC_FA(Zn) = 2809, CC_HA(Cd) = 2386, and CC_FA(Cd) = 2468 μmol metal g⁻¹ of DOC. Stability constants for binding on the strongest sites (pK_int) were determined as pK_intHA = 6.6 and pK_intFA = 7.3 for Cu at pH 5; and pK_intHA = 8.0 and pK_intFA = 6.4 for Cd at pH 7. Since these measured parameters fall within the ranges of values obtained for soil humic substances, we conclude that in soils with little organic matter, compost addition will significantly increase the amount of highly reactive organic complexing agents for trace metals in the soil.     

Zeolite synthesis from coal fly ash for the removal of lead ions from aqueous solution

Fly ash samples from the Bayswater and Eraring power plants, located in New South Wales, Australia, were used in a preliminary study on zeolite synthesis by hydrothermal treatment with sodium hydroxide under various conditions. The treated fly ash was tested for the ability to remove lead ions from aqueous solution. Both fly ashes were partially converted to zeolite. The zeolites formed under the experimental conditions were zeolite Na‐P1 and sodalite octahydrate for the Bayswater ash and phillipsite, zeolite X, zeolite Na‐P1 and sodalite octahydrate for the Eraring ash. The type of zeolite formed was dependent on the treatment time and sodium hydroxide concentration. In the case of the Bayswater ash, zeolite Na‐P1 was formed by treatment with 4 mol dm^?3 NaOH for 48 h while treatment with 5 mol dm^?3 NaOH for 96 h produced sodalite octahydrate at the expense of zeolite Na‐P1. In the case of the Eraring ash, phillipsite was formed following treatment with 3 mol dm^?3 NaOH, zeolite X and zeolite Na‐P1 were formed following treatment with 4 mol dm^?3 NaOH and sodalite octahydrate was formed following treatment with 5 mol dm^?3 NaOH. A maximum cation exchange capacity of ～400 meq/100 g was achieved by both treated ash samples. Treatment of a solution with a lead ion concentration of 120 ppm using 0.5 g of both treated ash samples (S/L ratio = 0.25 g/100 cm³) achieved complete removal in 5 min, whereas treatment with 0.1 g of each material (S/L ratio = 0.05 g/100 cm³) achieved complete lead ion removal after 24 h. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Investigations on twenty Australian sewage sludges — their evaluation by means of chemical analysis

To evaluate twenty sludges from different places in Australia for disposal on arable land, these sludges were extracted with (a) HNO₃ to determine the ‘total’ contents of some heavy metals and other elements; (b) a solution containing DTPA to determine contents of ‘available’ heavy metals; and (c) with a CaCl₂-solution to determine contents of water-soluble heavy metals and some other elements. Measurements of the pH of the sludges, their electrolytic conductivity, NaHCO₃-extractable P, water-extractable Cl, and contents of ash and organic carbon were also made. The HNO₃-extractable Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the sludges were compared with those in sludges from three other countries. High correlations between HNO₃-extractable and DTPA-extractable metals were found in the Australian sludges; therefore, the HNO₃ is equally good as the DTPA as an extractant of heavy metals in sewage sludges. The correlations between HNO₃- and CaCl₂-extractable Cd, Cu, Mn, and Zn were not significant. ‘Young’ and ‘aged’ sludges from the same treatment plants consistently differed in their Na and Cl contents, which were lower in the ‘aged’ sludges. A wheat experiment treated with high application rates of a saline and metalliferous sludge showed that the balance of nutrients and the amount of soluble salts in a sewage sludge are of greater direct importance to the growth of plants than the heavy metal content of that sludge.     

电沉积制备镍-铁-钨合金析氢电极的工艺研究

以紫铜片为基体电沉积制备了Ni–Fe–W合金电极。研究了镀液中不同组分的浓度和工艺条件对Ni–Fe–W合金析氢性能的影响,得到最佳镀液配方和工艺条件为:NiSO4·6H2O80g/L,FeSO4·7H2O20g/L,Na2WO4·2H2O0.020mol/L,Na3C6H5O7·2H2O 0.5 mol/L,H3BO3 0.65 mol/L,Na2SO4 0.1 mol/L,十二烷基硫酸钠0.1 g/L,pH 5~6,温度30°C,电流密度4 A/dm2,磁力搅拌800 r/min,时间30 min。在该条件下所得Ni–Fe–W合金电极表面Ni、Fe和W的原子分数为63.79%、34.35%和1.86%,具有较大的比表面积,在30%KOH溶液中的析氢催化活性较好。     

EXTRACTION OF DIVALENT METALS WITH BIS(2,4,4 TRIMETHYLPENTY) PHOSPHINIC ACID

The extraction of Cd(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) from 0.1 mol dm^minus3 aqueous nitrate solutions with bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (HBTMPP) dissolved in Isopar-H has been studied with relation to the total extractant concentration, the equilibrium pH and the total metal concentration in the aqueous phase.

The stoichiometry of the extracted species and their equilibrium constants have been determined by graphical and numerical methods and appear to be CdA₂ (HA)₂ and CdA₂ (HA)₃ for Cd(II), CuA₂(HA)₂ for Cu(II) and ZnAzHA and ZnAz(HA)₂ for Zn(II). The extraction efficiency follows the order Zn(II)<Cu(II)<Cd(II)