含砂海水中环氧树脂/Q235钢体系的冲刷腐蚀行为研究

目的 研究环氧树脂/Q235钢体系在含砂流动海水中的耐冲刷腐蚀性能.方法 采用旋转冲刷腐蚀试验装置进行不同流速、不同含砂量下环氧树脂/Q235钢体系的冲刷腐蚀试验,利用表面观测、电化学测试以及扫描开尔文探针(SKP)技术研究冲刷腐蚀后体系的腐蚀规律.采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法模拟计算冲刷流场和砂粒分布.结果 高流速下的砂粒不断冲击涂层表面,导致涂层破损,使基体与海水直接接触,造成基体腐蚀,基体腐蚀又导致涂层的进一步破损.当冲刷流速在5～6 m/s之间时,涂层发生破坏,涂层底部腐蚀连接成片,生成片状腐蚀产物,腐蚀产物表面有较长裂缝.当含砂量达到1.5％(质量分数)时,涂层也发生破坏,但是其以孤立的腐蚀坑为主.Q235钢基体发生点蚀后,点蚀周围的腐蚀敏感性增加.随着腐蚀时间的增加,阳极区逐渐变宽,阴极区逐渐向外移动.腐蚀区域逐渐扩大,形成腐蚀通道.最终,腐蚀通道相互连接,从而在涂层下引起更大范围的腐蚀.结论 与含砂量相比,环氧树脂涂层的冲刷腐蚀对流速敏感性更高.     

BW450马氏体耐磨钢在含高浓度石英砂的3.5wt%NaCl浆体中的腐蚀磨损

通过与Q235钢做对比,研究了宝钢生产的高性能马氏体耐磨钢BW450在含高浓度石英砂的3.5wt%Na Cl浆体中的腐蚀磨损行为;并研究了流速和腐蚀环境对磨蚀行为的影响。结果表明:BW450钢在不同磨蚀环境下均表现出较好的耐磨蚀性,这与其较高的硬度(HB480)和单一的板条马氏体组织及Cr的加入有关。随流速的增加,两种钢的磨蚀量增大,当速率超过某一值,两种钢由于发生严重腐蚀磨损,磨蚀速度加快;随腐蚀环境的的加剧,Q235钢的表面形貌依次为挤出棱、磨蚀坑和均匀磨蚀;BW450钢的表面形貌依次为犁削坑、磨蚀坑和更多磨蚀坑。     

Q235和Q450钢在吐鲁番干热大气环境中长周期暴晒时的腐蚀行为研究

在吐鲁番干热大气环境中对Q235和Q450钢进行4 a大气暴晒实验。结果表明,两种钢表面均有较为明显的锈层,Q450耐候钢4 a的平均腐蚀速率为12 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1),Q235钢平均腐蚀速率为14 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1),Q450钢腐蚀速率相对较低,腐蚀坑深度较浅。腐蚀产物主要由α-FeOOH,γ-FeOOH和Fe_2O_3·H_2O组成,其中Q450钢腐蚀产物中α-FeOOH比例相对较高,腐蚀产物致密。电化学阻抗测试结果表明:Q450钢腐蚀产物电阻远大于Q235钢的,表面电荷转移电阻也大于Q235钢的,即Q450钢耐蚀性较好,腐蚀产物对基体保护作用相对较好。     

湿度对Q235钢在污染土壤中腐蚀行为的影响

利用极化曲线技术、电化学阻抗测试技术、扫描电镜和表面能谱等方法,研究了Q235钢在不同湿度的污染土壤中的腐蚀行为。试验结果表明,湿度对Q235钢腐蚀的影响显著。随土壤湿度的增加,Q235钢在污染土壤中的腐蚀速率也增加,当含水量增大到20%时,腐蚀速率达到最大,然后腐蚀速率随着湿度增加而减小。Q235钢在湿度为20%的污染土壤中腐蚀后表面出现明显的裂痕和腐蚀坑。     

流速对L360管线钢在H2S/CO2环境中腐蚀行为的影响

目的为选取合适的流速来输送油气,降低流速对管线钢腐蚀造成的危害。方法以L360管线钢为实验用钢,流速(0、3、5 m/s)为变量,利用高压釜研究L360钢在含Cl-的H_2S/CO_2酸性环境中的腐蚀行为,采用极化曲线及交流阻抗研究L360钢的腐蚀电化学行为,利用SEM、EDS分析腐蚀后试样的微观形貌、结构特征以及腐蚀产物成分。结果失重法测定L360钢的腐蚀速率时,在实验条件完全相同的情况下,流速为5 m/s时的腐蚀速率(0.4824 mm/a)大于0 m/s时的腐蚀速率(0.3696 mm/a)。电化学测试中,3种状态对应的实验条件完全相同,可以发现流速为3 m/s时钢被腐蚀的难易程度位于0 m/s和5 m/s之间。随着流速的增加,试样表面腐蚀产物膜的破裂程度加剧。腐蚀产物以Fe的硫化物为主,流速为0 m/s时,有少量Fe CO3和Fe C3生成,流速为3 m/s时形成了四方硫铁和硫复铁矿晶体。随着流速从0 m/s增加到5 m/s,试样的腐蚀电位负移,腐蚀电流密度增大,在5 m/s时的腐蚀电位最负,此时自腐蚀电流密度最大,容抗弧半径最小,最易被腐蚀。结论结合腐蚀失重实验和电化学实验,发现流速在0~5 m/s范围内,流速越小,对L360管线钢造成的腐蚀作用越小,在不影响油气正常输送的情况下,尽可能选取小的流速,以保证管线钢的安全使用,提高管线钢的使用寿命。     

碳钢在吐鲁番干热大气环境中的腐蚀行为

通过现场暴晒实验研究碳钢在吐鲁番干热大气环境中的腐蚀行为和机理。Q235和Q450钢在吐鲁番干热大气环境中经过1 a暴露后,Q235钢的腐蚀速率大于Q450钢。结合扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)等分析测试手段,研究了两种碳钢表面的腐蚀产物,两者的腐蚀产物主要为α-FeOOH,γ-FeOOH和Fe3O4。Q235钢中γ-FeOOH与α-FeOOH含量的比值较高,其腐蚀产物疏松,耐蚀性较差。而Q450钢中γ-FeOOH与α-FeOOH含量的比值较低,其腐蚀产物相对致密,耐蚀性较好。去除腐蚀产物后,通过体视学显微镜观察发现,Q235钢的表面产生大量密集腐蚀坑,且腐蚀坑深度和体积都大于Q450钢表面腐蚀坑。     

低碳钢液相等离子体电解B+C+N共渗层的摩擦电化学行为

目的 研究液相等离子电解硼碳氮三元共渗处理(PEB/C/N)对Q235低碳钢摩擦电化学行为的影响。方法 采用PEB/C/N方法在Q235低碳钢表面制备共渗层,通过电化学的开路电位测试和摩擦磨损实验评估Q235钢基体和PEB/C/N试样在NaCl(质量分数3.5%)腐蚀介质中与Si3N4球对磨的摩擦电化学行为。结果 在电压为280 V的PEB/C/N共渗中,试样周围等离子体区的电子温度稳定在3 500 K左右。经过PEB/C/N处理30 min后,生成的共渗层包括15 μm主要由Fe2B相组成的表面渗层和40 μm的过渡层。在摩擦过程中,PEB/C/N试样的开路电位保持在−200~−300 mV之间,且波动较小,明显高于Q235钢基体。同时,PEB/C/N试样的磨损率为3.88×10⁴ μm³/(N×m),只是钢基体磨损率的1/3。在NaCl腐蚀介质中,由于腐蚀和磨损的交互作用,使Q235钢基体产生了塑性应变位错和局部的微裂纹,因此磨损进一步增加,磨损机制主要为疲劳磨损和磨粒磨损。PEB/C/N试样的共渗层有效阻挡了Cl⁻对基体的腐蚀,磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损。结论 PEB/C/N试样在NaCl腐蚀介质中的耐腐蚀和耐磨性能得到明显提升。     

埋地热力管道Q235钢盐碱土腐蚀的现场试验研究

采用现场埋片试验方法,研究了典型热力管道材料Q235钢在80℃含有高浓度Cl-的盐碱土中的腐蚀行为。结果表明,在6个月的埋片周期内,随着时间的延长,Q235钢试样表层腐蚀产物不断增厚,而平均腐蚀速率呈先升高后降低的趋势,且最大平均腐蚀速率为0.47mm/a;现场埋片6个月的Q235钢试样表面附着大约1500μm厚的腐蚀产物,外层腐蚀产物主要含有Fe3O4、Fe2O3以及SiO2;内层腐蚀产物主要含有Fe3O4。作者分析认为,埋地热力管线钢在盐碱土中受高温、高Cl-浓度以及季节性冻融带来水分的影响呈现出加速腐蚀状态。     

Q345R钢在含单质硫地层水中的腐蚀行为

采用失重法测试了Q345R钢在60℃下含不同量单质硫(0,5,10,20 g/L)模拟地层水中的均匀腐蚀速率，采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对浸泡后的试样进行了微观形貌表征，并通过电化学方法研究了Q345R钢在含单质硫模拟地层水中的腐蚀电化学行为。结果表明：单质硫的存在加速了Q345R钢的腐蚀，随着模拟地层水中单质硫含量的增大，Q345R钢的平均腐蚀速率从0.277 8 mm/a逐渐增大到1.026 1 mm/a;可认为硫含量增加，降低了材料的电荷转移电阻，加速了阴极反应；同时，单质硫能引发Q345R钢的点蚀，增加局部腐蚀风险。     

粒径和温度对20号钢冲刷腐蚀协同作用的影响

利用旋转圆柱电极实验装置,在模拟油田采出液中,通过腐蚀失重、形貌观测和电化学分析等方法量化20号钢在不同砂粒粒径和温度下的冲刷腐蚀协同作用。结果表明,砂粒粒径增大对20号钢的冲刷磨损有明显的促进作用,这与形貌观测较符合。随砂粒粒径增大,腐蚀促进冲刷的作用和冲刷促进腐蚀的作用均先增加后减小。在砂粒粒径为40～70μm到120～200μm时,材料冲刷腐蚀以冲刷-电化学混合控制为主;砂粒粒径为200～300μm时,以冲刷磨损为主导。在不同的温度下,20号钢的冲刷腐蚀均以冲刷-电化学为主要控制;温度越高,腐蚀对冲刷的促进作用越显著。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.