连续方波脉冲下局部放电信号测量与绝缘老化分析

研制了连续脉冲电压下局部放电信号的测量系统，并对连续脉冲电压下绝缘老化特征参量进行研究。通过不同铁心材料传感器的频率响应特性和实际测量PD信号对比，认为NiZn铁心更适合用于脉冲电压下的PD传感器。在此基础上，定义了方波脉冲电压下局部放电信号的相对时间，得到放电谱图。最后，对样本老化时间和统计参量的关系进行了分析，认为偏斜度的变化和老化时间存在一定联系，而匝间绝缘和对地绝缘的不对称度随老化时间的增加表现出不同的特征。     

基于移动时间窗的直流局部放电特征提取方法

电气设备局部放电信号的特征提取是电气设备绝缘在线监测及故障诊断技术领域的前沿课题。当前的研究大多集中在交流局部放电的特征提取方法上，很少有人研究直流局部放电的特征提取方法。文中采用移动时间窗技术，提出一种新的直流局部放电特征提取方法。该方法通过研究时间窗内的局部放电次数、最大视在放电量、平均视在放电量等物理量与电气设备绝缘状态之间的关系，提取它们作为表征电气设备绝缘性能的特征量，用来进行状态评估与故障诊断。实验结果表明，该方法所提取的特征量能够很好地表征电气设备的绝缘性能，为电气设备绝缘的在线监测提供了理论依据。把它应用于地铁牵引变电站馈线电缆绝缘的在线监测中，效果良好。     

水电站主变压器局部放电在线监测的应用

水电站主变压器在电力系统中的安全运行,其绝缘状态至关重要。对运行中的水电站主变压器的绝缘状态实施监测的最有效方法是实时提取导致绝缘损坏的局部放电信号。文中在分析国内外局部放电检测技术发展现状的基础上,利用LABVIEW软件平台设计和开发了局部放电检测系统软件。     

局部放电诊断大电机绝缘技术的发展动态

用局部放电来诊断高压大电机主绝缘的老化状态，当今国内外的最新方法有最大放电量法、放电量增加法、放电指数法、非电测法及综合诊断法等。它们有的相辅相成，有的却相互排斥，没有统一的标准可依，所以成了当今电机绝缘行业研究的热点。     

水轮发电机在线局部放电监测系统

发电机运行时局部放电和电晕会加速绝缘老化。在线局部放电监测系统可以检查出初期阶段的绝缘缺陷，避免绝缘事故的发生。     

40.5kV开关柜穿墙套管电场分析与优化设计

针对开关柜母线穿墙套管出现局部绝缘老化及局部放电的现象,利用有限元分析软件Ansys对该处电场分布进行仿真分析,提出了适量增加绝缘套管内径、矩形母线进行圆角处理2种结构优化方案。仿真结果表明,优化方案有利于改善母线与穿墙套管间空气间隙的电场分布,能够有效减少穿墙套管局部绝缘老化现象的产生。     

基于光学电流传感器的局部放电检测

局部放电检测可及早发现电气设备的绝缘缺陷，为状态检修提供依据。目前，各种检测方法仍难以解决抗电磁干扰能力差的问题。提出将基于Faraday磁光效应原理研制的双螺线管结构光学电流传感器应用于局部放电检测，丰富了局部放电检测的内容，突破了现有检测方法的局限性。建立了4种局部放电模型，利用马吕斯定律和安培定律研究了传感器光路损耗特性和抗电磁干扰性能，采用连续小波变换对光学电流传感器采集的局部放电信号进行了时频分析。与其他检测方法的比较结果表明，该传感器系统具有良好的使用特性，为今后光学方法在局部放电检测中的应用奠定了基础。     

GIS局部放电潜伏性故障多因子数据流融合诊断

为确保电网安全运行,需及时识别GIS局部放电潜伏性故障,因此,提出GIS局部放电潜伏性故障多因子数据流融合诊断方法。该方法的多因子数据获取模块依据传感器等采集设备,采集GIS运行信号,并通过时频分析方法和Prony方法,提取信号中能够描述GIS局部放电的时频特征、幅度、阻尼分量以及信号震荡4种多因子特征;将提取的多因子特征结果输入故障诊断模块中,该模块的故障初期诊断子模块依据多因子特征构建卷积神经网络初步诊断模型,完成GIS局部放电潜伏性故障初步诊断;将该诊断结果输入诊断决策子模块中,作为D-S证据理论的证据体,依据判断规则完成GIS局部放电潜伏性故障最终的决策诊断。测试结果显示：该方法有效获取描述GIS局部放电潜伏性故障的多因子特征,可靠完成不同类别局部放电故障的诊断,类间离散度结果均在0.94以上。     

基于超高频检测技术研究GIS中的局部放电

根据气体绝缘的金属封闭式组合电器（GIS）的波导结构及局部放电脉冲所激发的电磁波的宽频带特征，建立了外部天线超高频局部放电检测系统。利用该系统对252 kV GIS母线段中相同气压、不同电压超高频下固定微粒局部放电模型进行检测，并借助联合时频分析方法对信号进行处理。结果表明，外部天线超高频局部放电检测系统可以实现GIS局部放电检测，固定微粒局部放电频谱特征明显。     

大型水电站电气设备局部放电的检测初探

随着水电机组单机容量越来越大，水电站电气设备的安全稳定运行显的越来越重要。本文就对电气设备影响较大的局部放电进行了探讨，总结国内外研究局部放电最新进展，结合具体工程实际状况，认为局部放电的检测和评价是大型水电站电气设备绝缘状态分析判断的有效手段     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.