±800 kV特高压直流线路暂态保护

在对±800 kV特高压直流系统的线路故障、区外故障、雷击等暂态过程的暂态特征进行理论研究的基础上，利用小波变换对各种暂态电压进行了多尺度分析，分析结果表明，暂态电压故障分量的谱能量分布特点揭示了对应暂态过程的内在特征，利用这些特征构成暂态保护判据可以可靠地识别直流线路故障;通过PSCAD/EMTDC的大量仿真计算，验证该原理可靠性高、动作速度快，满足特高压直流线路保护快速、灵敏、可靠的要求。     

交、直流输电系统相互影响引起的谐波不稳定问题

对于多馈入交直流输电系统而言,谐波的交互作用不仅会通过换流器产生,也会通过整个交流网络形成,因此这种情况就更显复杂。为了研究发生这种不利交互作用的风险,所有电气距离较近的直流线路都应考虑在内。文中以贵州—广东2条高压直流输电线路为例,应用具有详细换流器模型的电磁暂态仿真软件PSCAD/EMTDC建立了全电磁暂态仿真模型,对谐波的交互作用引起的送端谐波不稳定问题进行了分析研究。研究结果表明,在弱交流连接方式下发生直流线路双极闭锁故障时,2条直流系统与交流系统之间的相互影响会引发谐波不稳定,而在其他故障条件下     

多馈入直流交互影响强度的评估指标

多直流馈入电网已经提出了几种改进的短路比指标,但对其有效性一直缺少全面和定量的评估。文中以含有5回直流的南方交直流并联电网为蓝本构造了多组仿真测试模型,对评估多馈入直流受端电网强度的2种多馈入短路比指标和多馈入影响因子指标的性能进行了系统、全面的定量评估,指出了指标存在的不足和适用范围。提出了一个评估多直流间交互影响强度的新结构性指标———暂态电压支撑强度指标。通过新指标与CIGRE推荐指标的对比以及指标与受端电网暂态电压跌落和直流换相失败持续时间等特征量之间的定量关系分析,验证了新指标的适用性。     

特高压直流输电线路暂态能量保护

在分析±800 kV特高压直流输电线路区内外故障、雷击等暂态过程的基础上,提出了一种特高压直流输电线路暂态能量保护新原理。该原理根据各种暂态过程中线路两侧低频能量差值的故障特征,实现了区内故障及其故障极的快速准确识别。基于PSCAD/EMTDC的大量仿真验证,结果表明该保护原理简单、可靠、实用性强,具有绝对的选择性,不受雷击干扰、两极线路电磁耦合和换相失败的影响,高阻接地故障仍具有足够的灵敏性,能满足特高压直流线路对保护性能的要求,可在当前高压直流控制保护系统硬件条件下实现。     

大规模交直流电力系统仿真计算的相关问题

针对大规模交直流电力系统仿真计算中涉及到的几个相关问题进行了讨论。指出用于大规模交直流电力系统仿真计算的最有效的工具是带有用户自定义功能的交直流电力系统数字仿真程序，传统的动模试验和最新出现的实时数字仿真器并不适合于对大规模交直流电力系统进行系统研究。通过考察直流输电换流器准稳态模型导出的条件，阐明了直流输电换流器的准稳态模型在交流系统不对称故障期间是不适用的。论证了影响逆变器换相失败的因素有多个，重点研究了触发越前角、换流站交流母线电压跌落，直流电流增大以及换流变压器短路阻抗等因素对换相失败的影响。通过实例论证了交流系统故障时直流输电系统的动态响应特性，必须在仿真过程中通过对直流输电系统及其控制器的行为进行精确的仿真计算才能得出，凭经验事先估计直流输电系统在交流系统故障时的响应特性是不科学和不可靠的。     

基于自适应模型的变压器暂态全过程数值计算

为实现变压器的暂态全过程计算，建立了适合不同暂态阶段仿真的电磁暂态、跃变量和准稳态的abc坐标系统模型。在此基础上，根据不同暂态阶段的动态特性将上述模型相结合，应用面向对象技术建立了适合暂态全过程仿真的变压器自适应模型。仿真结果表明：该模型完整地描述了变压器的暂态过程，具有精度高、计算量小和转换判据可靠等特点，可用于电力系统过电压、故障分析和保护校验、交直流系统相互作用以及暂态稳定等问题的研究。     

基于PSASP的直流系统用户自定义建模

针对大规模交直流电力系统机电暂态仿真时采用程序缺省的直流输电模型不能有效描述实际直流输电特性的问题，以实际直流系统为参考，利用PSASP用户自定义建模环境，采用注入功率法建立高压直流用户自定义模型。此自定义直流模型由潮流模型和稳定模型2部分组成，稳定模型涵盖实际直流控制器的主要控制功能模型以及变压器分接头控制、无功控制等辅助功能模型。以EPRI-7节点系统为例，研究在不同工作状态下自定义直流模型系统的特性，仿真结果证明了模型的合理性。     

多馈入直流输电系统小信号调制器的协调优化整定

分析了多馈入交直流并联输电系统中各直流系统之间可能存在的不良相互作用。提出了对各直流小信号调制器参数进行协调整定的必要性，并将参数的协调整定问题归结为控制器结构已知但有若干未定参数可供优化的数学规划问题，所选的目标函数是与各交流联络线的有功功率和各发电机的功角相关的。基于NETOMAC软件平台，采用程序自带的非线性优化模块，可同时对这些参数进行优化，这种参数整定方法本身已考虑了交直流电力系统固有的非线性特性而不必显式导出整个系统的数学模型，因而不需要进行网络简化或线性化近似，这种方法对大规模交直流电力系统的控制器参数整定具有独到的优势。构造了一个含有两个区域间低频振荡模式的双馈入交直流输电系统，并对该系统的各直流小信号调制器参数进行了协调优化整定，仿真结果表明，经过协调优化后得到的直流小信号调制器能提高整个交直流系统的阻尼性能，并具有良好的鲁棒性。     

特高压直流输电控制系统结构配置分析

为了提高特高压直流输电系统可靠性，对特高压直流控制系统结构配置进行了分析。在常规直流输电控制系统的基础上提出3种特高压直流控制系统的结构配置方案，并在主机数、负载率、可靠性、信息交换量和系统复杂度方面进行了对比，得到双极/极控制与高低压12脉动阀组控制独立设置的直流控制系统优化配置方案。通过对控制系统进行分层设置及软件合理分布，降低了控制系统各部分之间的耦合，提高了系统可靠性。该优化配置方案在±800 kV特高压仿真系统控制样机上得到了验证，研究成果将运用于实际工程，以满足特高压直流系统高可靠性的要求。     

特高压交直流大电网的数模混合实时仿真系统建模

为对金沙江一期和锦屏电力外送的系统接入和受端交流扰动后的交直流响应性能及恢复情况进行专题研究，中国电力科学研究院仿真中心按照网络物理特性相符并适应仿真中心现有仿真设备规模的等值网，建立了迄今国内外规模最大的数模混合实时仿真系统。文中阐述了数模混合实时仿真系统建模的关键技术，包括:交直流系统模拟比的选择，发电机和动态负荷模型的建立和校核，采用不同策略和技术的7回高压和特高压直流系统的建立;无源元件模型的建立和连接;系统数据库的建立;系统的全面校核等。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.