再生水灌溉对植物影响风险研究

水资源的严重短缺推动了污水再生利用,农业灌溉是再生水利用的主要形式。就北京市水科学技术研究院近年来围绕再生水灌溉对植物影响的风险所开展的系统性研究及所取得的关键技术成果进行阐述。研究提出了再生水灌溉、清水灌溉等不同水质灌溉处理对粮经作物、蔬菜类及绿化植物等植物根冠发育、品质、产量及污染物富集情况等的影响规律,对再生水灌溉的适应性进行了综合评价,提出了再生水直接灌溉的作物分类,为再生水安全、科学灌溉利用提供有力的技术支撑。     

再生水灌溉利用对作物—土壤系统影响

再生水灌溉是解决农业缺水问题的有效方法,已经在诸多国家和地区得到广泛发展。我国缺水问题严重,而农业灌溉用水是主要的耗水方式之一,发展再生水为农业灌溉用水将是可持续发展的一个重要途径。现针对当前再生水回用的现状进行了分析,阐述了再生水灌溉对农作物以及土壤系统产生的影响,探索合理的再生水灌溉方式来缓解再生水对农作物及土壤环境带来的影响,并探讨再生水作为灌溉用水所需要达到的水质标准。基于对再生水的一系列研究,讨论了再生水灌溉对农作物-土壤系统的影响研究中的不足,为未来再生水灌溉研究提供理论基础。     

北京市农业再生水利用现状与监测

为缓解水资源短缺问题,北京市从2002年开始大力发展再生水农业灌溉利用,截止到2010年,全市共发展再生水灌区3.87万hm2,年利用再生水量达到3.0亿m3.为了保障再生水的农业灌溉安全利用,从2003年开始,在再生水灌区内建设25个野外监测点,定期对灌区土壤、地下水、农产品质量进行跟踪监测.分析再生水灌溉对土壤、作物、地下水环境产生的影响,并对安全性进行评价,为北京市再生水农业安全利用提供技术支撑.     

再生水灌溉环境生态效应研究进展

再生水灌溉是解决水资源短缺的有效途径之一。本文从再生水灌溉对地下水及地表水的水质、土壤质量和作物生长几个方面综述了近年来国内外对再生水灌溉对环境生态的影响所取得的研究成果,并针对我国再生水灌溉存在的问题,对再生水灌溉今后的发展进行了展望,指出未来研究的重要方向是:研究再生水处理新工艺及再生水灌溉新技术和新制度;制定再生水灌溉标准;再生水灌溉条件下磷、氮、有机物、重金属在土壤植被系统中的迁移转化规律;再生水安全高效灌溉技术、再生水灌溉和施肥耦合增产效应及灌溉后农田适宜的灌溉施肥量;建立再生水灌溉对环境影响和健康风险评价指标与评价方法。     

基于再生水对黄瓜发芽的影响

为评价再生水灌溉对黄瓜作物生长的影响,推动再生水安全灌溉的发展。采用室内研究方法,利用微电脑控制光照培养箱,在25℃黑暗条件下,研究了再生水对黄瓜发芽的影响。结果表明,再生水对黄瓜的发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数的影响与土质和黄瓜品种有关,土培对黄瓜造成的影响较大。建议慎重选择再生水灌溉黄瓜。     

再生水灌溉研究进展

从再生水灌溉对土壤、作物、地下水和土壤斥水性4个方面简述国内外再生水灌溉的发展概况和研究进展。已有研究表明：再生水灌溉对土壤肥力和土壤酶活性的影响尚未有定论;再生水对农作物生长的影响尚有分歧;再生水灌溉对地下水水质具有一定的影响,并显著影响地下水水环境;长期的再生水灌溉会引发土壤斥水性的产生,且土壤斥水持续时间与土壤有机质质量分数呈正相关。目前存在的问题有：再生水灌溉对土壤和农作物的影响研究不一致,如何消除再生水灌水对地下水和土壤斥水性的影响。认为由于再生水中含有作物正常生长的必要营养元素,若能克服再生水灌溉存在的问题,可缓解淡水资源的压力和减少化肥的使用,避免环境的污染。     

再生水农业灌溉的研究

介绍了北京市农业灌溉用水现状及污水处理的发展.结合国内外的利用情况及研究成果,证明二级处理水完全可以用于农业灌溉.经过样本分析,得出二级处理水用于农业灌溉基本可以忽略重金属的影响,研究重点应集中在养分和盐分含量的增多所引起的生态效应,并根据水质分析结果,建立再生水农业灌溉生态效应指标.     

河南省农业灌溉系统中的水土环境问题及其解决途径

水资源短缺﹑土体和水体环境污染等生态问题已成为制约河南农业可持续发展的重要因素。本文从河南省农业灌溉的用水现状出发,指出了河南省农业灌溉系统中的水土环境问题。对解决该问题的途径进行了探讨性研究,提出了如下策略:推广高效用水的灌溉技术,提高水分的利用效率;使污水资源化,合理利用再生水,减少污染物立体运移的途径;改革农田灌溉用水管理体制,形成高效用水的激励机制。     

南红门灌区再生水利用对农业的影响

根据南红门农业利用再生水工程建成运营前后的水环境、土壤环境等实际情况对比分析,阐述该工程改善水环境及土壤环境的情况,分析再生水灌溉对农作物生长的影响,并对工程成果的巩固措施提出合理性意见。     

西班牙埃布罗河流域河流水质与灌溉农业综述

灌溉农业在显著提高作物产量的同时，其灌溉回流中的盐和农业化学负荷也会给河流水质带来某些负面影响。评估了埃布罗河流域所选取的31个水文站的盐度和离子浓度，说明了灌溉用水的水质特征，分析了灌溉对河流水质的影响。从盐度（EC）、NO3和PO4浓度来看，河流水质总体上良好。尽管可能会出现敏感土壤退化问题，但该流域内一些重要灌溉工程的水质基本适宜作物的生长浇灌。通过初步分析灌溉农业对河流水量和水质的影响，发现接收高浓度的盐和NO3的灌溉回流的河流受到的影响十分显著。由于该流域大多数灌溉用水的盐度较低，因此，不会因作物根区土壤盐化影响作物产量，从而可以获得最大的灌溉效率。     

Viability of increasing the tariff of freshwater for irrigation as a tool to stimulate wastewater reuse in the MENA region.

Despite water scarcity and high agricultural water demand in the Middle East and North Africa region, substantial proportions of treated wastewater are discharged into the environment and seas without proper utilization. All countries of the region, low pricing of reclaimed wastewater is a common tool to make reuse attractive. However, low pricing of reclaimed wastewater is ineffectual due to farmers' access to freshwater for irrigation at low tariff. Therefore, increasing the prices of freshwater in such a way that does not jeopardize feasibility of agriculture would promote irrigation with reclaimed wastewater even at increased prices. On one hand, it increases the gap between the price of freshwater and that of reclaimed wastewater, making the later more attractive. On the other hand, it would be used as a financial resource for funding the investment costs of the infrastructure needed for conveyance and distribution of reclaimed wastewater. This paper studies the viability of increasing the prices of freshwater and reclaimed wastewater. The results show that irrigation with reclaimed wastewater even for restricted irrigation can be as profitable as, and sometimes better than, freshwater irrigation. Some of the permitted crops such as fruit trees can be more profitable than vegetables. Thus, it appears that the level of knowledge farmers and others on the benefits of reclaimed wastewater is still limited.     

Reuse of industrial wastewater for the irrigation of ornamental plants.

This paper describes the results of experimental activities carried out for verifying the possibility of reusing reclaimed wastewater originated from textile (70%) and domestic (30%) activities for the irrigation of container-grown ornamental shrubs. Aspects that concern the refinery treatment of reclaimed wastewater and the effect of irrigation on some ornamental plant species were investigated. An experimental site consisting of a refinery treatment pilot plant (filtration and disinfection) and an agronomic experimental area was set-up. The combined treatment of PAA and UV, used for the disinfection, showed to be very effective for inactivation of E. coli with most of PAA and UV dose combinations able to assure total inactivation. The plants (Buxus, Photinia, Pistacia and Viburnum), sprinkle and drip irrigated with well water (WW), reclaimed wastewater (RW) and a water mixed (MW) between reclaimed wastewater and well water (1:1 by vol), showed interesting results. A similar growth among different treatments was achieved for Buxus and Pistacia, while Viburnum and Photinia plants showed a higher sensibility to MW and RW. Photinia, in particular, turned out to be very sensitive to sprinkle irrigation with the reclaimed water, while the drip irrigation had no such bad effects, as reported in previous works.     

Research on wastewater reuse planning in Beijing central region.

The need to implement wastewater reuse in Beijing is discussed. Based on the investigation of the built wastewater reuse projects in Beijing, the differences between small wastewater reuse system and large systems were analyzed according to the technical, economical and social issues. The advantages and disadvantages of the small system and the large system were then given. In wastewater reuse planning in Beijing urban region, the large system was adopted. The rations of reclaimed water for difference land use type, including industrial reuse, municipal reuse, grass irrigation, and scenes water reuse were determined. Then according to the land use information in every block in central Beijing, using GIS techniques, the amounts of the reclaimed water needed in every block were calculated, and the main pipe system of reclaimed water was planned.     

Reusing Urban Wastewater—An Alternative and a Reliable Water Resource

ABSTRACT

Fundamental concepts of reusing urban wastewater as an alternative and a reliable source of water supply are discussed, along with the categories for water reuse, planning methodologies, wastewater reclamation technologies, and economics. The rational basis for integration of urban reclaimed water into water resources planning is proposed and the safe use of reclaimed water is evaluated. Special attention is paid to tertiary or advanced wastewater treatment systems that are capable of producing essentially pathogen-free effluent for a variety of uses such as irrigation of urban landscape, flushing of toilets served by dual plumbing systems in large commercial buildings, and groundwater recharge for eventual potable reuse. The motivating factors for wastewater reclamation and reuse are summarized and the costs of water reclamation projects are discussed with several examples. The integration of this alternative water supply into water resources planning is proposed and the safe use of reclaimed water is emphasized.     

再生水滴灌土壤中砷（As）时空分布规律试验研究

为研究再生水中污染物As在土壤中迁移转化规律,以地下水滴灌为对照,对生长季内大棚蔬菜进行再生水滴灌试验研究,分析探讨了再生水滴灌后7天内土壤不同深度中As积累分布和运移情况。结果表明:滴灌后第1天,土壤表层As浓度最大,滴灌后第3天100 cm深度处As浓度最大,表层土壤As浓度略有降低,第5天到第7天,各层土壤As浓度接近,80~120 cm处浓度最大,深度低于120 cm时As浓度随深度增加而略降低。生长季内及生长季后土壤As随着灌水次数增加而变化,具体情况为,表层土壤As蓄积增加,土壤深度80~120 cm处As增加较少,200 cm处As浓度减小。因此,适当浓度再生水滴灌情况下,土壤深层As浓度符合《土壤环境质量标准》的标准限值,适当浓度的再生水滴灌不会造成As污染。     

The effect of reclaimed wastewater on the quality and growth of grapevines

The effect of the use of treated wastewater on the growth of cabernet sauvignon and merlot grapes from the Guadalupe Valley, Mexico was evaluated. Secondary advanced effluent was used to irrigate the grapevines at a rate of 66 L/vine/week. Wastewater quality results confirmed that all parameters complied with Mexican legislation for crop irrigation as well as reuse in activities in which the public would be in direct or indirect contact with the reclaimed water. Results showed that the number of leaves per shoot and the overall biomass increased in plants irrigated with wastewater and grape production per plant was 20% higher. The concentration of carbohydrates, organic acids and pH were similar in grapes from vines irrigated with wastewater to those irrigated with groundwater. Throughout the experiment, no fecal coliform bacteria were detected in the cultivated grapes. The wastewater caused an increase in the biomass of the grapevines and there was no presence of microbial indicators in the final product so a higher wine production could be achieved without an increase in health risk related problems. If 200 L/s of reclaimed wastewater would be returned to be used for grapevine irrigation in Valle de Guadalupe (the same amount that is currently being sent as drinking water to Ensenada), assuming an irrigation application of 6,000-7.500 m3/ha/year, approximately 837-1046 hectares (ha) of grapevines could be irrigated. Part of ongoing research includes an economical analysis of the best options for Ensenada and the Valle de Guadalupe in order to establish the optimum volume of water to be returned, the cost of its transportation, as well as the cost of irrigation.     

再生水在城镇景观生态建设中的应用——以北京市大兴区南红门灌区为例

从我国水资源现状和北京郊区城镇生态环境建设出发,阐述了国内外再生水利用技术的产生和发展趋势,以北京市大兴区南红门灌区为例论述了再生水用于城镇景观生态建设的必要性,分析了再生水利用的技术经济可行性,并强调了再生水用水的安全性.