基于AMSR-2数据的多种射频干扰识别方法的比较

由于射频干扰（radio-frequency interference，RFI）对星载微波遥感的影响日益严重，为了比较各种识别方法的适用性，基于先进微波扫描辐射计（advanced microwave scanning radiometer 2，AMSR-2）2015年冬季和夏季的观测亮度温度，分别采用谱差法、多通道回归分析法、双主成分分析法和比值法，对欧洲陆地区域和海洋区域的10.65 GHz和7.3 GHz频率干扰进行识别和分析，并对比几种方法的月综合结果.结果表明，冬季时谱差法在陆地上受积雪散射的影响，会将积雪下垫面误判为RFI污染；多通道回归分析法和双主成分分析法识别出的结果类似，无论陆地和洋面还是冬季和夏季均可有效使用；当10.65 GHz和7.3 GHz波段观测同时存在RFI时，比值法将不能识别出10.65 GHz的RFI信号，并且比值法会将海陆边界及附近视场的观测误判为RFI信号.多通道回归分析法和双主成分分析法的适用范围较为广泛，而谱差法和比值法各有弊端.     

AMSR-2性能改进对无线电频率干扰的有效缓解

为缓解星载微波辐射计探测资料在低频6.9 GHz波段的无线电频率干扰（radio frequency interference,RFI）,第二代先进的微波扫描辐射计（advanced microwave scanning radiometer-2,AMSR-2）在AMSR-E通道设置的基础上增加了中心频率为7.3 GHz的两个极化通道.除此之外,AMSR-2在硬件方面将天线反射器的直径由1.6 m扩大为2.0 m,并减小了各通道的波束宽度.本文基于AMSR-E 2010-10—2011-09（AMSR-E工作最后一年）和AMSR-2 2012-08—2013-07（AMSR-2工作第一年）、2016-08—2017-07（AMSR-2工作四年后）长时间序列的观测资料通过平均值标准差法识别全球陆地6.9 GHz和7.3 GHz通道的无线电频率污染.研究结果表明,AMSR-2 7.3 GHz观测资料中识别出的RFI污染像元数量上远小于AMSR-E 6.9 GHz观测资料中受污染像元个数,尤其是美国和日本地区,体现了新增通道对RFI的有效缓解.AMSR-2在硬件方面的改进增大了主波束效率,提高了空间分辨率;与AMSR-E共有的6.9 GHz通道相比,全球RFI从出现范围和强度上都有所减小.     

L波段微波辐射计周期脉冲式干扰时域检测方法研究

L波段微波辐射计是探测土壤湿度和海水盐度的有效遥感器。但是,全球定位系统(GPS)信号、雷达信号以及一些商用电子产品的电磁辐射造成的频谱污染都可以对微波辐射计的探测造成干扰,使得被动微波遥感对地观测结果具有一定的偏差,降低了地表参数的反演精度。该文通过实验模拟脉冲式噪声干扰,观测其在L波段(全功率接收型式)微波辐射计系统中的传输特性,分析输出信号特性与辐射计参数(积分时间、灵敏度)的相关性,获取其数字特征参数,结合脉冲检测法(APB),提出一种新的自相关检测(ACD)算法,能够有效用于周期性的脉冲式辐射干扰的检测,在微波辐射计系统积分时间1 ms的情况下,能够检测1.5 K的噪声干扰,满足卫星遥感探测反演地表参数精度的需求。     

一种L波段相控阵微波辐射计射频干扰检测算法

目前,微波辐射计均面临严重的射频干扰(RFI)问题,尤其在低频段。针对一种用于获取海洋盐度和土壤湿度的L波段相控阵微波辐射计,该文提出一种射频干扰检测算法。首先,简单介绍了该L波段相控阵微波辐射计系统;随后,详细介绍该射频干扰算法,其主要包括RFI初标识、RFI滑动窗口1次标识、RFI滑动窗口2次标识和RFI扩展标识等4个步骤;最后,采用该算法对L波段相控阵微波辐射计的实验数据进行处理。实验结果均表明:该算法能够较好地检测出射频干扰异常数据,检测性能较好。     

广播卫星电视接收机对SMAP卫星L波段微波辐射计的射频干扰特征分析

该文通过融合SMAP卫星L波段交叉极化亮温,建立基于密度和强度空间分布特征的多重迭代聚类射频干扰(RFI)检测识别算法.分析并提取日本典型RFI源(广播卫星电视接收机)密度和累积强度的时空分布和变化特征.电视接收机作为典型的RFI源,主要分布在日本城市化水平和范围均相对较大的区域(条状或面状),局部区域内分布点圆状RFI(可能为微波辐射基站),导致局地化RFI累积强度具有很高的水平.同时,在日本其他区域也检测到独立分布的点圆状RFI,干扰强度和范围相对局限.2018年开始,日本RFI整体分布范围和强度能级呈下降趋势.典型RFI源特征分析对于我国建立RFI检测、识别及抑制模型具有重要意义.     

基于TH神经网络的UWB-SAR抑制RFI方法

在超宽带合成孔径雷达(UWB-SAR)系统中,若将接收信号先通过一个自适应预测误差滤波器,然后再进行成像处理运算,能极大改善其抑制射频干扰(RFI)能力.本文提出了一种迅速、有效的抑制RFI方法,它利用谱峰判阶并结合Tank-Hopfield(TH)神经网络计算滤波器权系数,在保持足够的抑制RFI能力的同时,大大提高了运算效率.     

VHF/UHF UWB SAR基于通道均衡的RFI抑制方法

对工作于甚高频/超高频(VHF/UHF)波段的超宽带合成孔径雷达(UWB SAR),射频干扰(RFI)会严重恶化图像质量。该文提出了一种基于通道均衡的RFI抑制方法,它能有效地抑制雷达接收信号中的RFI分量,同时保持图像质量。实际的处理结果证实了该算法的有效性。     

VHF／UHF UWB SAR基于通道均衡的RFI抑制方法

对工作于甚高频／超高频（VHF／UHF）波段的超宽带合成孔径雷达（UWB SAR）,射频干扰（RFI）会严重恶化图像质量。该文提出了一种基于通道均衡的RFI抑制方法,它能有效地抑制雷达接收信号中的RFI分量,同时保持图像质量。实际的处理结果证实了该算法的有效性。     

LTE-Advanced系统异构网络下行信道小区干扰抑制方案

随着移动通信数据业务流量迅速增长,通过部署低功率节点组建异构网络正在成为一种演进方向。然而,异构网络的发展又引起了新的干扰问题。文章研究了LTE-Advanced的macro-small-cell干扰,重点研究了参考信号(CRS)的干扰冲突解决方案。文章提出一种基于参考信号接收功率的干扰消除算法(interference cancellation,简称IC),包括直接IC算法和联合检测IC算法。仿真结果表明,文章提出的方案能够显著降低小区间干扰,提高系统吞吐量。     

广播卫星电视接收机对SMAP卫星L波段微波辐射计的射频干扰特征分析

该文通过融合SMAP卫星L波段交叉极化亮温,建立基于密度和强度空间分布特征的多重迭代聚类射频干扰(RFI)检测识别算法。分析并提取日本典型RFI源(广播卫星电视接收机)密度和累积强度的时空分布和变化特征。电视接收机作为典型的RFI源,主要分布在日本城市化水平和范围均相对较大的区域(条状或面状),局部区域内分布点圆状RFI(可能为微波辐射基站),导致局地化RFI累积强度具有很高的水平。同时,在日本其他区域也检测到独立分布的点圆状RFI,干扰强度和范围相对局限。2018年开始,日本RFI整体分布范围和强度能级呈下降趋势。典型RFI源特征分析对于我国建立RFI检测、识别及抑制模型具有重要意义。     

Global survey and statistics of radio-frequency interference in AMSR-E land observations

Radio-frequency interference (RFI) is an increasingly serious problem for passive and active microwave sensing of the Earth. To satisfy their measurement objectives, many spaceborne passive sensors must operate in unprotected bands, and future sensors may also need to operate in unprotected bands. Data from these sensors are likely to be increasingly contaminated by RFI as the spectrum becomes more crowded. In a previous paper we reported on a preliminary investigation of RFI observed over the United States in the 6.9-GHz channels of the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) on the Earth Observing System Aqua satellite. Here, we extend the analysis to an investigation of RFI in the 6.9- and 10.7-GHz AMSR-E channels over the global land domain and for a one-year observation period. The spatial and temporal characteristics of the RFI are examined by the use of spectral indices. The observed RFI at 6.9 GHz is most densely concentrated in the United States, Japan, and the Middle East, and is sparser in Europe, while at 10.7 GHz the RFI is concentrated mostly in England, Italy, and Japan. Classification of RFI using means and standard deviations of the spectral indices is effective in identifying strong RFI. In many cases, however, it is difficult, using these indices, to distinguish weak RFI from natural geophysical variability. Geophysical retrievals using RFI-filtered data may therefore contain residual errors due to weak RFI. More robust radiometer designs and continued efforts to protect spectrum allocations will be needed in future to ensure the viability of spaceborne passive microwave sensing.     

高频地波雷达射频干扰抑制新算法的研究

针对高频地波雷达易受到其他设备发射的高频信号干扰的问题, 通过分析射频干扰与有效目标信号在雷达回波中的表现形式及其在雷达距离多普勒谱图中出现区域的差异, 运用多重信号分类算法估计射频干扰的频率和方位角子空间, 利用子空间投影的方法分别在频率和方位角上分解射频干扰信号和有用目标回波信号, 之后从原信号中减去射频干扰分量, 从而实现射频干扰抑制的目的.仿真结果与实测数据的处理结果都表明:该算法可以有效抑制射频干扰.     

卫星地球站抗5G干扰研究和实践

授权电信运营商使用的5G频段距离广播电视C波段卫星接收下行频率较近,其中3300~3600MHz和我国C波段卫星广播电视业务存在干扰。5G基站的快速部署,不可避免地影响广播电视卫星信号的正常接收,严重威胁到了广播电视安全播出。本文主要针对卫星地球站抗5G干扰研究和工程实践。     

RFI mitigation of GNSS signals for radio astronomy: problems and current techniques

Mitigation of man-made radio frequency interference (RFI) is a problem of increasing importance for radio astronomy. Indeed, numerous terrestrial and satellite services of all kinds create lots of electromagnetic signals in a large part of the radio spectrum that are likely to disturb radio astronomical observations. Moreover, the advent of large, highly sensitive radio telescopes such as SKA, LOFAR, etc., will permit the observation of extremely faint and distant radio sources which exhibit large amounts of red shift, hence overlapping with unprotected bands in the radio spectrum. Among various possible causes of RFI, GNSSs have specific characteristics which can be handled appropriately to design efficient mitigation techniques. GNSS signals are generally well documented and the ephemerides of satellites are well known. Therefore, various partially or fully informed methods can be used, which exploit knowledge of the characteristics of the modulations. Adaptive cancellation techniques can also be used that use auxiliary observations coming from additional antennas. Besides, knowing the spatial direction of the disturbing source, spatial filtering and related techniques that can be implemented in antenna arrays are likely to mitigate RFI with minimum knowledge of the GNSS. After recalling some radio astronomy basics, the paper presents a few examples of RFI caused by satellite systems on radio-astronomical observations. Then, we give a brief overview of state-of-the-art RFI mitigation techniques for radio astronomy and we present in some details the principles and results pertaining to some methods that seem particularly appropriate to mitigate RFI arising from GNSS signals. The importance of cooperation between GNSS designers and astronomers is finally pointed out.     

Analogue kurtosis detector for radio-frequency interference in microwave radiometers

An analogue system has been developed for radio frequency interference (RFI) detection in microwave radiometers. The detector measures the higher order moments of the signal and the kurtosis measurement is used to determine the presence of RFL The hardware comprises a square-law detector and a high-speed analogue multiplier. Because the circuit uses only analogue components at radio and/or intermediate frequencies, it can easily augment conventional radiometer architectures used in both airborne and spaceborne instruments.     

Stretchable Twisted‐Pair Transmission Lines for Microwave Frequency Wearable Electronics

Stretchable electrical interconnects based on serpentines combined with elastic materials are utilized in various classes of wearable electronics. However, such interconnects are primarily for direct current or low‐frequency signals and incompatible with microwave electronics that enable wireless communication. In this paper, design and fabrication procedures are described for stretchable transmission line capable of delivering microwave signals. The stretchable transmission line has twisted‐pair design integrated into thin‐film serpentine microstructure to minimize electromagnetic interference, such that the line's performance is minimally affected by the environment in close proximity, allowing its use in thin‐film bioelectronics, such as the epidermal electronic system. Detailed analysis, simulations, and experimental results show that the stretchable transmission line has negligible changes in performance when stretched and is operable on skin through suppressed radiated emission achieved with the twisted‐pair geometry. Furthermore, stretchable microwave low‐pass filter and band‐stop filter are demonstrated using the twisted‐pair structure to show the feasibility of the transmission lines as stretchable passive components. These concepts form the basic elements used in the design of stretchable microwave components, circuits, and subsystems performing important radio frequency functionalities, which can apply to many types of stretchable bioelectronics for radio transmitters and receivers.     

Interference from 24-GHz automotive radars to passive microwave earth remote sensing satellites

The automotive industry is currently considering the introduction of short-range radars (SRR) operating near 24 GHz for improving road traffic safety. SSRs are intended to observe the full azimuthal space cover around a vehicle using up to eight sensors. The sensors would operate in an ultrawideband (UWB) mode, occupying 3-5 GHz of bandwidth. Interference from SRR transmitters with passive microwave remote sensing satellites used for weather and climate monitoring could occur as the result of several coupling mechanisms, including direct coupling via the transmit antenna beam and scattering and diffraction of the transmitted signals from leading vehicles, buildings, and other nearby objects. In this study, we estimate the amount of coupling anticipated to occur from SRRs, including the direct and scattered contributions. The calculations are based on bistatic scattering measurements of a typical automobile and ray optical simulations of reflection and propagation in an urban environment. Using these calculations, the maximum allowable SRR transmitted power for interference levels acceptable for meteorological and climatological remote sensing applications are quantified. The study provides criteria for SRR operation with the Earth Exploration Satellite Service on a noninterference basis.     

Tracking in multistatic passive radar systems using DAB/DVB-T illumination

A multistatic passive radar system exploits illuminators of opportunity like radio or television transmitters for target surveillance. In this paper we analyze the use of the illumination of television or radio stations broadcasting digital signals (DAB/DVB-T) from a target tracking view point. An important characteristic of this type of illuminators is the joint operation of several illuminators in a single frequency network (SFN). As a consequence it is a priori unknown which measurement belongs to which illuminator. This property expands the typical association task of associating measurements with targets by the task of associating measurements with illuminators. In this paper we present a comprehensive concept for target tracking in DAB/DVB-T networks accounting for the characteristics of this signal. The derived algorithms will be tested with respect to numerical simulations including a sensitivity study for parameter mismatch between simulations and tracking model.     

基于特征分解的SAR射频干扰抑制方法

合成孔径雷达容易受到射频干扰的影响,严重影响成像质量。本文针对合成孔径雷达面临的射频干扰问题,分析了射频干扰（RFI）的信号特性和信号模型,根据RFI信号功率高、频带窄的特点,提出了基于特征分解的干扰抑制方法。其基本思想是:通过对观测数据矩阵进行特征分解,根据特征值分布构造干扰子空间和信号子空间,利用二者的正交性抑制干扰信号。本文首先介绍了特征分解方法的基本原理,在此基础上,基于MDL准则判断主特征值的个数,提出了基于特征值分布的RFI检测方法,并进一步,利用特征向量构造相应的干扰子空间和信号子空间,给出了基于特征分解的RFI抑制方法。基于SAR实测数据的仿真实验表明该方法可以有效的抑制RFI,且尽可能的保留目标回波。