Effect of inhibitor treatment on corrosion of steel in a salt solution

This study examined experimentally different chemicals for inhibition of steel corrosion in a simulated aqueous solution for the industrial marine atmosphere of the Arabian Gulf region. The literature reported various inhibitors that can help in protection against metal corrosion in aqueous environments. Among them, 10 inhibitors (calcium silicate, cyclohexylamine, n-methylcyclohexylamine, dicyclohexylamine nitrite, sodium benzoate, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, sodium phosphate, sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate, and magnesium nitrate hexahydrate) were obtained and corrosion resistance of inhibitor applied steel specimens were examined in the simulated solution (2 wt.% NaCl and 1 wt.% Na₂SO₄). Test specimens were prepared from locally produced reinforcing steel products. Treatment of steel with either dicyclohexylamine nitrite or sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate both at 10 mM concentration for 1 day at room temperature resulted in significant inhibition of corrosion. No significant improvement in corrosion inhibition was observed either with an increase in inhibitor concentration at room temperature or with an increase in inhibitor application temperature at 10 mM concentration. A further study is planned to examine the inhibition performances of the two inhibitors under actual atmospheric conditions in the Arabian Gulf region (industrial marine environment).     

Corrosion of Bare and Galvanized Mild Steel in Arabian Gulf Environment

Corrosion performance of bare and galvanized mild steel in atmospheric, soil and splash zone exposure conditions was evaluated at a Khaleej Mardumah test station (KMTS) in Jubail Industrial City (JIC) located at Arabian Gulf coast. The samples were exposed for a period of 15 months. During the exposure, the environmental conditions were periodically monitored by analysis of air, soil, groundwater, and seawater samples. The corroded mild steel and galvanized steel samples were examined by SEM, XRD and XRF to identify the corrosion products and study their surface morphology. Weight loss method was employed to determine the corrosion rates. The experimental results showed that intense temperature and humidity variations as well as high chloride and sulfate concentrations in the region result in severe corrosion of bare mild steel especially under the splash zone conditions. A comparison with the corrosion data for other parts of the world shows that atmospheric and soil environments at the selected test site are significantly corrosive to mild steel. The splash zone, on the other hand, is much more corrosive to mild and galvanized steel than the other parts of the world.     

Atmospheric corrosion of ordinary mild steel in the Arabian Gulf environment

Atmospheric corrosion tests were carried out on mild steel to study its corrosion behaviour in the Arabian Gulf environment. Results of exposure tests indicate that the atmospheric attack proceeds in a paralinear fashion during the first year of exposure. S.E.M. examination of the oxide scale showed extensive porosity, spallation and cracking with the appearance of platelike structures close to pitted sites. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the presence of γFeOOH, αFeOOH, αFe₂O₃ and Fe₃O₄. EDX analysis disclosed that specimen surface contaminants are primarily constituents of sea spray.     

Corrosion study of SS304 and SS316 alloys in atmospheric,underground and seawater splash zone in the Arabian Gulf

Bare stainless steel type 304 and 316 alloys were exposed to atmospheric, underground and seawater splash conditions in order to evaluate their corrosion properties. The exposure was undertaken for 15 months at the coastal and industrial city of Jubail located in the Arabian Gulf. The corrosivity of the environment was determined by testing the soil, groundwater, seawater and air quality. Corrosion rate of the exposed coupons was determined by weight loss method. The experimental results indicate that the both types of stainless steels corroded moderately in this environment. Primary factors influencing the corrosion process are thought to be high degree of variation in temperature and humidity combined with high chloride and sulphate concentrations. The corrosion rate of stainless steel is also compared with those reported for other international locations.     

Corrosion inhibitor systems for remedial treatment of reinforced concrete. Part 1: calcium nitrite

Laboratory investigations were performed to assess the efficacy of calcium nitrite as an inhibitor when used in surface treatments applied to reinforced concrete specimens that were chloride contaminated to varying extents in the presence or absence of carbonation. The corrosion responses of embedded steel bars at various depths of cover were monitored electrochemically during a controlled programme of cyclic wetting and drying undertaken for several months prior to the inhibitor treatment and for approximately 18 months thereafter. On completion of the exposure tests, measurements of corrosion weight losses and their distribution on the steel surfaces were also made. In non-carbonated specimens with high levels of internal chloride and carbonated specimens with even low levels of internal chloride, the surface-applied inhibitor treatment appeared to be ineffective under the conditions of the experiments and enhancement of local corrosion rates was observed in some specimens.     

Inhibition of steel corrosion by calcium benzoate adsorption in nitrate solutions

The inhibitive properties of calcium benzoate for steel corrosion were studied in sodium nitrate solutions at room temperature. Corrosion parameters of the steel/nitrate and steel/benzoate + nitrate interfaces were obtained from polarisation curves. Adsorption parameters of benzoate on steel in sodium nitrate solutions were determined through changes in the degree of surface coverage by the inhibitor, as a function of concentration, time and adsorption potential. The effect of chloride on the corrosion inhibition of benzoate was analysed exposing the metal in different chloride solution concentrations.     

Corrosion of Autoclave Jackets Subjected to a Steam-Water Cycle*

Abstract

The corrosion rate of steel autoclaves which are alternately heated by steam and cooledby water was found, after about 18 months' use, to be greater than was considered acceptable for this type of equipment. The corrosion combined with the stresses caused by differential expansion of the jacket and the autoclave calls also caused crackmg of the welds between the Jacket and the body. The corrosive conditions were simulated in the laboratory and a considerable number of inhibitor systems for the steam and water were investigated. Steel test pieces were exposed alternately to steam for about 2½ hours and water for 1½ hours, provision being made to dose the steam and/or water. In screening tests lasting 20 cycles,addition of a few ppm of octadecylamine,hydrazine or morpholine to the steam (no treatment being given to the water) had practicallyno effect on the corrosion rate of mild steel. Sodium benzoate and mercaptobenzthiazole(NaMBT) additions to the water reduced the corrosion by about 80%; sodium nitrite and sulphite additions were not so beneficial. The most effective inhibitor was 0·1% sodium chromate which reduced corrosion by 90%. Some crevice attack occurred even in this solution, but this could be reduced by a heavy (25ppm) dosage of octadecylamine to the steam. This was confirmed during a test lasting 5 weeks.

Stressed welded specimens were exposed in the laboratory to the water-steam cycle, the water being inhibited with 0·1 % sodium chromate for one year, but although there was some crevice attack, even control specimens in contact with the untreated water did not crack. Over the year, weight-loss measurements showed a corrosion rate of about 0·005 in./yr in the inhibited system, and roughly 10 times this in the control specimens in an untreated system.     

The influence of sodium chloride on the atmospheric corrosion of steel

The influence of sodium chloride on the atmospheric corrosion of mild steel has been studied. Samples covered with sodium chloride crystals (8 m?g NaCl · cm^?2) have been exposed to an SO₂-free atmosphere at different relative humidities. The combined effect of sodium chloride crystals on a steel surface and sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere has been investigated at an SO₂-supply of 1 m?g SO₂ · cm^–2 · h^–1 (1 ppm SO₂). The corrosion attack was followed by periodic weighings. The corrosion products formed have been studied using the SEM-technique. On exposure of samples with sodium chloride in an SO₂-free atmosphere the extent of corrosion increased with increasing relative humidity from 58% to 90%, interrupted by a sharp minimum at about 87% relative humidity. The SEM-studies showed that tower shaped corrosion products were formed at a high relative humidity while filiform corrosion appeared when the relative humidity was lowered. At 90% relative humidity more corrosion was observed with clean steel samples and an SO₂-supply of 1 m?g ·cm^–2 ·h^–1 than with sodium chloride crystals on the surfaces (8 m?g NaCl ·cm^–2) in the absence of SO₂. In the combined influence of sodium chloride on the steel surfaces and sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere a synergic effect was noticed at 90% relative humidity. At 70% relative humidity no influence of an SO₂-supply of 1 m?g SO₂ ·cm^–2 ·h^–1 on the corrosion of steel samples with sodium chloride crystals on their surfaces could be observed.     

二氧化氯介质中脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚及其复配缓蚀剂对Q235 钢的缓蚀作用

通过静态失重法、动电位极化曲线法及观察显微形貌,研究了脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(平平加O-20)及其复配缓蚀剂在100 mg/L二氧化氯介质中对Q235钢的缓蚀效应。结果表明:平平加O-20对Q235钢有一定的缓蚀效果,但单独使用时的用量较大;平平加O-20与硝酸钠、钼酸钠、苯甲酸钠均有缓蚀协同效果,与苯甲酸钠复配的缓蚀协同效应最明显;当苯甲酸钠和平平加O-20复配的质量浓度比为6:4,总用量为300 mg/L时,最大缓蚀效率可达92.55%。     

镀锌钢在东莞大气及模拟大气中的腐蚀行为

采用失重法、金相检验、扫描电镜法(SEM)、X射线衍射法(XRD)、能量色散谱法(EDS)以及电化学阻抗谱法(EIS)研究了镀锌钢在东莞大气环境和模拟大气环境中暴露不同时间后的腐蚀行为。结果显示:在东莞大气中,镀锌钢在暴露早期发生了局部腐蚀,随着暴露时间的延长,腐蚀速率先迅速降低然后逐步稳定,耐蚀性先降低后增强;腐蚀12个月后,主要腐蚀产物为ZnO和Zn4SO4(OH)6;在模拟大气环境中,镀锌钢的腐蚀速率和耐蚀性随时间的变化规律和东莞实地大气暴露试验的结果具有良好相关性。     

Investigations of an ethanolamine‐based corrosion inhibitor system for surface treatment of reinforced concrete

Laboratory investigations were performed to assess the efficacy of a proprietary ethanolamine‐based corrosion inhibitor system when applied to the surface of reinforced concrete specimens that were chloride‐contaminated to varying extents in the presence or absence of carbonation. The corrosion responses of embedded steel bars at various depths of cover were monitored electrochemically during a controlled programme of cyclic wetting and drying undertaken for several months prior to the inhibitor treatment and for approximately eighteen months thereafter. Gravimetric measurements of the quantities and distribution of corrosion on the steel were also made on completion of the exposure tests. Analysis of aqueous extracts from treated concrete revealed that the ethanolamine component of the inhibitor system penetrated to depths of more than 15 mm within the concrete. It was found that, for inhibitor‐treated specimens, there was some reduction in the corrosion rate of pre‐corroding steel at low cover depths in non‐carbonated concrete with modest levels of chloride contamination. At higher levels of chloride contamination and in carbonated specimens, however, the ethanolamine‐based inhibitor was apparently ineffective under the conditions investigated.     

Atmospheric corrosion in Mauritius

Abstract

Carbon steel is commonly used in Mauritius, and information related to its atmospheric corrosion behaviour in the Mauritian atmosphere is not readily available. Hence, the present study was performed to obtain relevant data and to develop a model for predicting the atmospheric corrosion degradation of carbon steel in Mauritius. Carbon steel samples were exposed outdoors at several sites, according to BS EN ISO 8565. They were removed after specific time periods, and their mass loss was determined. At the same time, the sites’ environmental parameters were monitored. From the mass loss measurements and the environmental parameters considered, it was found that the corrosivity of the Mauritian atmosphere falls in category C3 to C4, according to ISO 9223. A model was developed using the SPSS software, and it was found that the atmospheric corrosion in Mauritius depends mainly on the time of exposure and the carbon content of carbon steel.     

Corrosion of 316L austenitic stainless steel under desalination plant conditions

Abstract

The AISI type 316L stainless steel liner plates in the flash chambers of a multistage flash desalination plant, located on the Arabian Gulf coast, developed severe corrosion within 6 years of operation. The mode and causes of corrosion and the effect of heating (during annealing or welding) and temperature of salt solution on this attack were investigated. Specimens of liner plate were studied in the as received condition and after being heat treated at 900°C in air and air cooled to room temperature. Potentiodynamic polarisation techniques were used to determine corrosion rates. It was found that commercial grade 316L is susceptible to pitting, crevice, and grain boundary corrosion under the operating conditions in the desalination plant. The heat affected zone had larger grains and corroded more severely than other parts of the liner plates. Randomly distributed inclusions containing titanium, chromium, molybdenum, manganese, and sulphur were found in the liner plates. The as received specimens showed the lowest corrosion rate, followed in ascending order by heat treated and heat affected zone specimens.     

Corrosion Behavior of 316L Stainless Steels Exposed to Salt Lake Atmosphere of Western China for 8 years

The evolution of corrosion behavior of 316 L stainless steels exposed to salt lake atmosphere for 8 years was investigated.The results showed that the stainless steel in salt lake atmosphere had a greater corrosion rate during the initial exposure time and relatively lower corrosion rate during the subsequent exposure time.Dust depositions accumulated on the downward surface caused severe local corrosion of stainless steel.As exposure time prolonged,the relative amount of Cr_(oxide) and Fe_(oxide)in the corrosion products gradually increased,which may directly affect the corrosion rate of stainless steels.Moreover,the maximum pit depth followed a power function with respect to exposure time.     

Polyamine compound as a volatile corrosion inhibitor for atmospheric corrosion of mild steel*

Bis‐piperidiniummethyl‐urea (BPMU) was developed as a volatile corrosion inhibitor (VCI) for mild steel. Its vapor corrosion inhibition property was evaluated by volatile inhibiting sieve test (VIS). Electrochemical measurements were conducted in simulated atmospheric corrosion water. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of a volatile corrosion inhibitor monitor cell (VCIM) was applied to study the effect of BPMU on the corrosion inhibition of mild steel under a thin electrolyte layer. The results show that BPMU has good protection effect for steel. It suppressed the anodic reaction of the steel electrode in a manner of promoted passivation. Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy was used to characterize the adsorption of BPMU on the steel surface.     

大气沉积颗粒物对低碳钢初期腐蚀行为的影响

采用大气暴露实验与室内加速腐蚀实验相结合的方法，研究了雾霾环境下大气沉积颗粒物对低碳钢初期腐蚀行为的影响。采用扫描电镜、离子色谱仪、拉曼光谱仪和X射线光电子能谱仪分析颗粒物及腐蚀产物的形貌和成分。结果表明，碳钢表面的颗粒物主要来源于土壤尘 (以O、Si、Al、Ca等元素为主)，包含可溶性盐 (SO₄^2-、NO₃^-盐等) 和沉淀不溶成分 (主要含Al、Si等元素)。碳钢表面沉积颗粒物加速低碳钢初期腐蚀过程，且沉积颗粒物越多腐蚀越严重，这与颗粒沉积物的吸湿性及可溶性盐诱发碳钢的溶解有关。     

A study of corrosion of welded steel specimens in a marine atmosphere,with and without protective coatings

The corrosion of mild steel and stainless steels of the Type AISI 304 and 316 with and without welding has been studied in a marine atmosphere together with some samples of mild steel with a magnetite coating. The corrosion rate has been determined in each case by loss in weight of the specimens and the nature of corrosion has been examined by X-ray diffraction and microscopy. The corrosion rate of mild steel is much more than that of stainless steel. Gas-welded specimens were found to corrode more quickly than arc-welded samples. Magnetite coatings properly bonded to the metal surfaces reduce the rate of corrosion considerably.     

Corrosion behavior and tensile properties of AISI 316LN stainless steel exposed to flowing sodium at 823 K

Austenitic stainless steel of the grade AISI 316 LN was exposed to flowing sodium in a loop at 823 K for 6,000 h to examine the corrosion and mass-transfer behavior. The specimens were incorporated in specially designed sample holders in the loop. These were retrieved and examined by various metallurgical techniques. Specimens were also subjected to thermal aging in the same sample holder to aid in separating the consequences of exposure to sodium from those cause by mere thermal effects. Microstructural investigations have revealed that thermal aging caused the precipitation of carbides at the grain boundaries. Exposure to sodium caused the leaching of elements such as chromium and nickel from the specimen. Loss of nickel from the austenite phase promoted the generation of ferrite phase. Microhardness investigation revealed the hardening of the sodium-exposed surface. Analysis using an electron Probe Microanalyzer revealed that the surface of the steel was both carburized and nitrided. Tensile tests indicated that there is no appreciable difference in the yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the thermally aged and sodium-exposed specimens when compared with the material in the as-received condition. However, the thermally aged and sodium-exposed specimens showed a decrease in the uniform elongation and total elongation at rupture, perhaps due to carburization and nitridation.     

镁合金在大气环境中电偶腐蚀行为及规律的研究

在北京大气环境下，研究AM60镁合金和不同金属材料（碳钢、不锈钢、黄铜和铝合金）偶接的电偶腐蚀行为规律。研究表明，镁合金作为阳极发生不同程度的电偶腐蚀，通过1a的北京大气环境下的暴露试验后，AM60镁合金的电偶腐蚀效应由强到弱的顺序为：碳钢、黄铜、不锈钢和铝合金，其中镁合金与LY12铝合金偶接的电偶腐蚀效应最小。通过与其它地区室外暴晒的镁合金电偶腐蚀效应的对比，表明环境因素影响着镁合金的电偶腐蚀效应。同时阴极材料、试验时间、试样尺寸（偶接面积）和试验环境都会对镁合金电偶腐蚀效应产生影响。经1a曝晒的AM60镁合金形成了具有保护性的腐蚀产物层阻碍了腐蚀发展。北京地区高自然降尘量导致金属表面湿润时间加大，从而加速了AM60镁合金的电偶腐蚀。采用XRD方法分析表面的腐蚀产物，用金相显微镜和扫描电镜（SEM）观察试样腐蚀后的表面形貌特征和腐蚀产物的结构，并用与之相连的能谱仪分析腐蚀产物中的元素组成。     

Measurement of loss of steel from reinforcing bars in concrete using linear polarisation resistance measurements

The measured weight loss data for a number of mild steel bars contained in Portland Cement concrete, together with predicted weight loss values monitored using potentiostatically controlled linear polarisation resistance (LPR) measurements are reported. Three sets of reinforced concrete specimens, each containing electrically isolated mild steel bars, were subjected to either• chloride-induced corrosion,• carbonation-induced corrosion• a control nitrogen rich environment with minimal corrosion.Each set of specimens was initially exposed to a 22-hour dry, 2-hour wet controlled environment for a duration of between 1026 and 1085 days. This was later changed to a 6-day dry, 1 day wet cycle for the carbonation exposure specimens after the initial set of gravimetric testing. The weight loss for each bar due to corrosion was recorded. Instantaneous LPR measurements were also taken on each bar at regular intervals throughout the exposure period. These resistance measurements were then integrated over the exposure period to estimate total weight loss. The results show that weight loss evaluated from experimental LPR measurements gives a significant over-estimate of the weight losses measured gravimetrically.