GCr15钢轴承套圈内表面开裂原因

某GCr15钢轴承套圈经机加工后,发现其套圈内表面发生开裂。采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、扫描电镜及能谱分析等方法对开裂套圈进行分析。结果表明：在生产套圈过程中,穿孔顶头发生破碎,产生的异物颗粒嵌入基体,破坏了基体的连续性,最终导致套圈内表面发生开裂。     

第一代单晶高温合金中温高应力幅下的疲劳裂纹萌生行为

通过应力控制的疲劳实验探究第一代镍基单晶高温合金DD413在中温(760℃)高应力幅下的疲劳裂纹萌生行为,并使用扫描电子显微镜观察和表征了疲劳样品的断口形貌和纵截面的显微组织。结果表明：在高应力幅条件下,疲劳裂纹主要萌生于表面开裂的块状碳化物和次表面开裂的骨架状碳化物。在疲劳过程中,氧化和循环加载的共同作用使样品表面的碳化物都发生了开裂。在样品的次表面,只有位于表面微裂纹扩展路径上的碳化物发生开裂,其原因也与氧化和循环加载有关。样品表面产生的微裂纹,是次表面碳化物发生氧化所需氧气的运输通道。在疲劳的早期阶段碳化物即发生开裂并产生微裂纹,最终使样品发生疲劳断裂。     

无缝钢管穿孔顶头失效形式分析及提高使用寿命的研究进展

穿孔顶头是无缝钢管生产中最重要的模具之一,介绍了无缝钢管穿孔顶头的形状特点、制备工艺及主要失效形式,并从顶头外形、材质、表面氧化等多方面综述了国内外提高顶头使用寿命的研究进展.     

无缝钢管覆膜穿孔顶头的失效分析EI

从宏观断口形貌出发，讨论了无缝钢管覆膜穿孔顶头的膜层结构、顶头的钢基体成分、显微组织及热处理工艺，认为顶头覆膜层结构不致密，不能有效地抑制顶头钢基体出现裂纹，甚至可能会促使裂纹加速扩展。     

船舶用带铜衬套通舱管件焊接开裂原因

船舶用带铜衬套通舱管件焊接后造成表面开裂.采用化学成分分析、金相检验、断口分析和拉伸试验等方法,分析了管件开裂的原因.结果表明:带铜衬套通舱管件端面开裂类型为液态金属致脆开裂;在焊接过程中,S221锡黄铜中的低熔点金属从管件端面沿晶界进入材料内部,导致管件脆化形成裂纹,在拉应力作用下,裂纹扩展造成管件端面发生开裂.     

42CrMo钢蜗杆开裂原因分析

42CrMo钢蜗轮蜗杆在装配时发现蜗杆表面开裂,通过宏观分析、化学成分分析、淬火表面残余应力测试、微观分析、金相检验、能谱分析、硬度测试等方法对蜗杆开裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明:该42CrMo钢蜗杆表面裂纹为淬火应力裂纹,蜗杆材料中的锰的质量分数偏高以及淬火过程中热应力与组织应力叠加导致蜗杆沿轴线方向开裂。     

汽轮机低压次末级叶片开裂原因分析

某汽轮机组低压次末级叶片在运行过程中发生开裂,通过化学成分分析、力学性能测试和金相检验等方法对叶片开裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:叶片开裂性质为疲劳开裂,裂纹萌生于叶根最大受力面的应力集中处;叶片型线过渡区的尖角和缺口是形成疲劳裂纹源的主要原因,叶片近表面的夹杂物对裂纹萌生也有一定的影响。     

地铁车钩牵引梁应力腐蚀开裂的机理

某7020铝合金地铁列车在检修过程中发现车钩牵引梁存在开裂现象,失效分析结果表明该裂纹性质为应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)。采用断裂力学双悬臂梁(DCB)试样,对高强度7020铝合金的应力腐蚀开裂特征进行了研究。结果表明:7020铝合金在含氯离子的水溶液环境中对SCC敏感。板料的Z-X和Z-Y方向有SCC裂纹萌生,裂纹开始萌生的时间较长,扩展速度较慢,SCC裂纹的特征为水平扩展,表面有呈台级式不连续扩展和群集的现象,开裂面为沿晶扩展,和车钩牵引梁的裂纹特征相同。     

重型汽车转向高压油管开裂分析

某重型汽车转向高压油管在行驶过程中发生开裂。通过化学成分分析、金相检验、断口分析、硬度测试等方法,对油管开裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明:油管内壁存在两条间隔约1mm的拉拔划痕,裂纹源形成于一条划痕的底部,在表面处理过程中产生了应力腐蚀,形成了微裂纹,在车辆行驶的过程中油管受高压机油的压应力作用导致裂纹不断扩展直至开裂。     

微交联聚乙烯应力-光氧老化开裂行为的研究

为了提高桥梁缆索护套耐老化性能,通过制备微交联的聚乙烯材料研究不同交联度聚乙烯材料的应力-光氧老化开裂行为.采用剥离一段缆索护套并测定收缩率来计算聚乙烯护套在实际中的内应力,利用表面形貌观察、形变量测定、红外光谱分析、差式量热扫描法、凝胶含量测定等表征手段研究样品老化过程中的老化开裂行为.研究表明：随着交联度的增加,聚乙烯材料发生断裂的时间先增加后减少,表面裂纹发展的速度先增加后减小,裂纹发展速度及抗老化开裂性能最佳的交联度约为10%;聚乙烯材料的氧化速率与断裂时间呈正相关;表面裂纹出现后,材料被完全氧化;老化过程中,聚乙烯凝胶含量和结晶度均不断上升.     

Grafting of phosphorylcholine functional groups on polycarbonate urethane surface for resisting platelet adhesion

In order to improve the resistance of platelet adhesion on material surface, 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) was grafted onto polycarbonate urethane (PCU) surface via Michael reaction to create biomimetic structure. After introducing primary amine groups via coupling tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (TAEA) onto the polymer surface, the double bond of MPC reacted with the amino group to obtain MPC modified PCU. The modified surface was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results verified that MPC was grafted onto PCU surface by Michael reaction method. The MPC grafted PCU surface had a low water contact angle and a high water uptake. This means that the hydrophilic PC functional groups improved the surface hydrophilicity significantly. In addition, surface morphology of MPC grafted PCU film was imaged by atomic force microscope (AFM). The results showed that the grafted surface was rougher than the blank PCU surface. In addition, platelet adhesion study was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation. The PCU films after treated with platelet-rich plasma demonstrated that much fewer platelets adhered to the MPC-grafted PCU surface than to the blank PCU surface. The antithrombogenicity of the MPC-grafted PCU surface was determined by the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). The result suggested that the MPC modified PCU may have potential application as biomaterials in blood-contacting and some subcutaneously implanted devices.     

低温等离子体碳纤维表面处理技术研究

采用低温等离子体法对碳纤维表面进行处理,并通过滴水试验、SEM、XPS测试处理效果。与阳极氧化法相比,低温等离子体法能更有效地改变碳纤维的表面性质。滴水试验表明经等离子体处理的碳纤维表面呈极性,与水的润湿性好;SEM测试结果表明,低温等离子体法处理的碳纤维表面沟槽比阳极氧化法的更多,前者表现出更强的表面修饰性;XPS测试结果表明,经等离子体和阳极氧化法处理后的碳纤维表面均含有羧基、羟基、羰基,低温等离子体处理后的碳纤维表面的极性官能团总含量为17%。     

Self-propelled drop jumping during defrosting and drainage characteristic of frost melt water from inclined superhydrophobic surface

Drainage behavior of frost melt water from bare, hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surface was experimentally investigated. The self-propelled droplet jumping during defrosting on superhydrophobic surface was captured and the self-drainage characteristic on inclined superhydrophobic surface was observed. In addition, the influence of surface inclined angle on drainage time and surface temperature after complete drainage was analyzed. It is found that the occurrence of spontaneous jumping of defrosted droplet was induced by drop coalescence, which can overcome the surface adhesion, leading to frost melt droplets suspending on superhydrophobic surface. Moreover, the frost melt water can be entirely released with no water droplets retention on superhydrophobic surface at larger than 30° inclined angle, which cannot happen on bare and hydrophobic surface. Furthermore, the surface can keep at low temperature after complete defrosting. The results show that the superhydrophobic surface has an excellent self-drainage capability, which provides possibility for improving defrost efficiency.     

Estimation of chlorophyll concentration in lakes and inland seas with a field spectroradiometer above the water surface

The estimation of chlorophyll concentration in the water by use of a field spectroradiometer above the water surface is necessary for the removal of the effect of specular reflection at the water surface. The amount of specular reflection from the water surface was assessed on the basis of the spectral signature data that was measured above and below the water surface. Furthermore, a method to remove the effect of specular reflection from spectral signature data that was measured above water surface was proposed. Finally, chlorophyll-a concentration was estimated accurately from the spectral signature measured by field spectroradiometer above water surface with the proposed surface reflection model.     

Fundamental study on adhesion of ice to solid surface: Discussion on coupling of nano-scale field with macro-scale field

In a previous study, it was reported that the removal process (behavior) of ice from a cooling solid surface depended on the characteristic of the solid surface, and that the ice adhesion force to the cooling surface was mainly governed by the surface energy of the surface. In the present study, using the method of surface analysis, the ice removal process and the ice adhesion force clarified in a macro-scale field were also discussed in a nano-scale field to couple these scale fields. Simultaneously, another surface analysis of the solid surface was carried out to identify the distributions of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups on a solid surface. Attempts to couple the nano-scale field with the macro-scale field revealed that the results for both scale fields were in approximate qualitative agreement.     

The experimental study on freezing of supercooled water using metallic surface

Freezing of supercooled water on a metallic plate was studied, experimentally. First of all, a gold plated surface was selected as a metallic surface because the surface has very little change in the characteristics of the surface against time. The experiments on freezing under various cooling rates were carried out and the probability of freezing per unit surface area per unit time interval was calculated. It was found that the probability was independent of the cooling rate. Secondly, in order to clarify the effect of oxidation on freezing of supercooled water, an electrolytically polished copper surface was selected and a time variation of the probability of freezing was investigated. A large number of experimental data is required to obtain an accurate value for the probability, but it is impossible to perform it before the characteristics of the surface changes. Hence, in order to cover a wide range of the degree of supercooling at freezing in a short period of time, experiments were carried out under various cooling rates. It was found that the oxidation of the surface restrained the supercooled water on the surface from freezing. By comparing the results with the one for a gold plated surface, a parameter was obtained to express the characteristics of the surface.     

表面激光织构化复合盐浴渗氮改性304钢的摩擦学特性

为了较大程度上提高304钢在各工业领域的应用,采用M-DPSS-50半导体激光打标机在304钢基体表面刻蚀出直径及间距分别为269,131μm的点坑状织构,之后采用盐浴渗氮炉对织构化表面进行渗氮处理。分别采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、光学显微镜及显微硬度测试仪检测复合改性表面的化学成分、表面形貌及表面显微硬度;采用微机控制多功能摩擦磨损试验机测试复合改性表面的摩擦学性能。结果表明:织构化处理获取了规则的织构点坑表面,盐浴渗氮处理后表面的显微硬度达到574.27 HV1 N,大大高于304钢基体表面的222.58 HV1 N。渗氮光滑表面的抗磨减摩特性都显著优于304钢基体表面,而复合改性表面又都明显优于渗氮光滑表面,说明复合改性表面具有极为优异的抗磨减摩特性。     

聚合物接枝改性炭黑粒子的表面性质

研究了由聚合物表面接枝改性炭黑和ＫＣｌ水溶液组成的分散体系中，炭黑粒子表面Ｚｅｔａ电但的变化，探讨了阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠（ＬＡＳ）和阳离子表面活性剂十二烷基苄基二甲基氯化铵（１２２７）在普通炭黑和聚合物接枝改性炭黑表面的吸附行为，结果表明：聚丙烯酸接枝改性炭黑粒子的表面Ｚｅｔａ电位远低于未接枝改性的，但用聚丙烯酰胺接枝发现灰黑粒子的表面Ｚ３ｔａ电位无明显变化与普通炭黑比较，表面活性剂在     

超疏水表面制备工艺的研究进展

根据荷叶效应形成的2个条件——表面微纳米结构和蜡状薄膜,总结了国内外制备超疏水表面的2种主要途径,即构建微纳米粗糙表面和修饰表面活性物质;分析了超疏水表面的2种模型,即卡西尔模型和文策尔模型,发现所制备的超疏水表面为卡西尔模型;展望了其研究趋势和应用前景。     

Compressive surface strengthening of brittle materials

A theoretical approach has been put forward for predicting the strengthening of materials by the introduction of surface compressive stresses. An approximate technique was used to determine the closure length of a linear surface crack which extends through the compressive surface layer. The stress intensity factor of the partially closed crack was then determined for the case of an applied tensile stress, with the assumption that the residual surface compressive stress was uniform within the surface layer (step function). The analysis shows that the strengthening depends on the magnitude and depth of the compressive surface stress. It is found that partial crack closure decreases the amount of strengthening compared with that predicted for an open crack, and that for large compressive surface stresses the amount of strengthening can saturate.