竖直矩形窄缝通道内近壁汽泡生长和脱离研究

可视化研究窄缝通道内汽泡生长和脱离对于揭示窄缝通道内的沸腾传热机理具有重要意义。本文采用高速摄影仪从宽面和窄面可视化观察了常压条件下矩形窄缝通道内汽泡核化生长和脱离规律。研究结果表明，汽泡在核化点生长时，汽泡底部与加热面存在一小的接触面，总体而言，汽泡在生长过程中基本呈球状。在相同热工参数下，不同核化点处汽泡生长规律基本相同，但汽泡脱离直径相差较大。窄缝通道内汽泡生长速率小，脱离时间较长，可采用修正的Zuber公式预测窄缝通道内汽泡生长直径。在同一拍摄窗口内，统计分析了热工参数对汽泡平均脱离直径的影响规律。随热流密度的增加，汽泡平均脱离直径减小；随入口欠热度的增加，汽泡平均脱离直径减小；随主流速度的增加，汽泡平均脱离直径减小。     

竖直窄流道内过冷流动沸腾的汽泡生长过程流场特性分析

采用VOF模型建立了过冷流动沸腾中的汽泡生长模型,使用UDF接口自编程序,对汽泡生长过程进行了数值模拟。考虑了主流速度、主流过冷度、壁面过热度、汽-液接触角等对汽泡生长过程的影响,获得了过冷流动沸腾条件下汽泡生长曲线,并与相应实验条件下的实验结果进行了对比,同时对汽泡的生长过程中的汽泡内外的流场进行了分析。     

窄缝通道内汽泡界面参数对脱离直径预测的影响

通过汽泡受力分析,构建窄缝通道内汽泡脱离直径预测模型。基于可视化实验获得的汽泡轴心倾斜角、前后接触角以及底部接触直径等数据,评价分析汽泡界面参数对脱离直径预测的影响,进而确定适用于本实验工况下窄缝通道内汽泡受力模型求解的界面输入参数,获得了窄缝通道汽泡脱离直径的预测值。利用竖直和倾斜条件下可视化实验获得的58个数据对汽泡脱离直径预测模型进行了验证,预测值和实验值符合较好。基于验证的汽泡脱离直径模型评估了各个力的地位和作用,应用分析了热工参数对汽泡脱离直径的影响。     

摇摆条件下矩形窄缝通道内汽泡脱离直径模型构建及分析

在静止条件下汽泡脱离直径预测模型的基础上,引入摇摆条件引起的瞬变外力场,构建了摇摆条件下汽泡脱离直径预测模型,通过实验数据进行验证,结果符合较好。通过受力分析发现,摇摆运动引起的浮力波动必须予以考虑。模型计算发现：角位移θ=0°时,汽泡脱离直径最小;而质量流速越大,这种趋势越不明显。如果系统存在5%以上的流量波动,则其对汽泡脱离直径的影响必须加以考虑。     

基于分子动力学理论界面传质的过冷沸腾汽泡生长特性研究

基于分子动力学理论的准平衡态界面处界面蒸发/冷凝因素,以及汽泡底部微液层传热因素建立综合传热传质相变模型,对窄通道内汽泡过冷流动沸腾条件下的生长情况进行模拟。相变模型体现了汽泡底部微液层蒸发、近壁过热液体传热、汽泡顶部主流冷凝等多方面机制对汽泡生长的影响。模拟结果体现了汽泡底部微液层厚度的变化情况,与实验结果相吻合;微液层蒸发机制在汽泡生长初期对汽泡生长有较大影响,流道壁面效应对汽泡生长有显著影响。     

矩形窄缝通道内汽泡脱离直径可视化研究

以去离子水为介质,研究热流密度、入口过冷度和质量流速等热工参数对矩形通道内汽泡脱离直径的影响。主要参数如下:主流流体流动方向分别为竖直向上和纵倾45o,压力为0.16 MPa,质量流速G=300~700 kg/(m2.s),热流密度q=27.6~228.3 kW/m2,入口过冷度ΔTsub=20~40℃。研究发现,热流密度和入口过冷度对汽泡脱离直径的影响不明显;随着质量流速的增大,汽泡脱离直径明显减小。     

窄流道内过冷流动沸腾汽泡凝结过程的数值模拟研究

建立过冷流动沸腾汽泡凝结质量及能量传递模型,采用流体体积法(VOF)多相流模型,对汽泡凝结过程进行数值模拟.模拟结果与相应条件下的实验结果吻合较好,误差在士20％之内,能够反映真实参数变化过程.根据模拟结果分析汽泡初始尺寸、过冷度和系统压力等因素对汽泡凝结行为的影响.结果表明:汽泡凝结时间与汽泡初始尺寸成正比;随着过冷...     

不同系统压力下汽泡生长特性及压力影响机理分析

为了探讨系统压力变化对窄流道内汽泡生长的影响,在不同系统压力(0.1～1 MPa)下采用高速摄像仪对2 mm竖直矩形窄流道内的汽泡生长进行可视化研究.研究表明,发现在0.1～0.3 MPa下汽泡的生长主要在核化点处进行,但在较高压力(Ps≥0.6 MPa)时汽泡生长主要是在滑移中进行,汽泡的尺寸也显著减小;由于汽泡行为发生变化,不同系统压力下加热壁面上的换热状况有着很大区别.用拉普拉斯数(La)和时间因子(ξ)分别对汽泡半径和汽泡生长时间进行无量纲化后,无量纲汽泡生长曲线遵循指数曲线变化;指数曲线的系数七随系统压力升高而减小.     

低参数直流蒸汽发生器稳定性实验研究

针对核供热堆的低温、低压运行条件，建立了大盘管直流蒸汽发生器热工水力学实验系统，实验研究了低参数条件下入口流动阻力、运行负荷和蒸汽发生器出口压力对直流蒸汽发生器稳定性的影响。结果表明：入口节流阻力比、运行负荷、系统压力对直流蒸汽发生器稳定性有影响，通过调整入口节流阻力比，直流蒸汽发生器可在低压参数下稳定运行。     

竖直环管内低压水过冷沸腾数值模拟研究

通过在计算流体力学软件(CFX)中添加用户程序实现对低压环管内水过冷沸腾的数值模拟。针对Lee等的过冷沸腾实验工况,利用Unal气泡脱离直径模型修正后的Tolubinsky关系式作为汽泡脱离直径关系式,采用Anglart关系式作为汽泡平均直径关系式。通过比较非曳力模型中不同升力模型、湍流耗散力模型对径向空泡份额分布的影响,提出模型的使用建议。将计算结果与实验进行比较,验证模型在低压工况范围内的适用性。     

The nature of bubble growth under different system pressures in a narrow channel

Bubble growth in a vertical narrow channel under different system pressures (1-10 bar) was photographically studied. It was found that bubble growth rates and bubble sizes decrease with increasing system pressures. It was also found that bubbles grow at nucleate sites and begin to shrink due to condensation after departing from nucleate sites under lower system pressures (1-3 bar). However, bubbles keep growing along the heating wall under higher system pressures (6-10 bar). All bubble growth curves under different system pressures can be predicted by power curve model in the present study. A theoretical analysis on the effect of system pressure on bubble growth shows that the latent heat needed for a bubble with unit volume and the heat transfer on the heating wall are quite different under different system pressures, which results in distinct difference in bubble growth under different system pressure.     

常压下ATF锆合金包壳Cr涂层表面饱和池式沸腾气泡行为实验研究

铬（Cr）涂层锆合金包壳是最有前途的耐事故燃料（ATF）的新型包覆材料之一,对其表面的气泡动力学进行研究有助于评估是否具有更好的传热性能。在常压下的Cr涂层锆合金包壳池式沸腾实验装置中对不同工艺方法下制备的Cr涂层锆合金包壳进行实验,研究了粗糙度等表面状态对气泡产生、长大以及脱离等气泡行为的影响。结果表明,气泡接触角与Cr涂层表面粗糙度有关,粗糙度越大,表面气泡接触角越小;不同涂层工艺下制备的4种Cr涂层锆合金包壳样件表面的气泡脱离直径范围为1.256～1.446 mm,气泡脱离频率范围为29.99～50.97 Hz;气泡脱离直径与粗糙度呈负相关,脱离频率与粗糙度呈正相关;气泡脱离直径预测模型与实验数据之间的偏差为±6%,脱离频率预测模型与实验数据之间的偏差为±3%。     

Experimental and theoretical analysis of bubble departure behavior in narrow rectangular channel

Visual experimental study focusing on bubble growth and departure behaviors in a narrow rectangular channel was carried out in this paper. Deionized water was used as working fluid, and the experiment was performed at atmospheric pressure. The cross section of the narrow rectangular channel is 2 mm × 8 mm. A high speed digital camera was applied to capture the behaviors of bubble growth and bubble departure from the nucleation site. The bubble departure diameter, bubble inclination angle, upstream contact angle, downstream contact angle and bubble contact diameter were obtained according to the observation. An analysis of force balance on a growing bubble was performed to predict the bubble departure diameter in the narrow channel, and the effect of bubble interface parameters on the prediction of bubble departure diameters was discussed in this paper. The result of predicted model agrees well with the experimental result with a maximum relative deviation less than 25%. According to the study proposed in this paper, the mechanism of bubble departure from a nucleation site can be explained based on the force balance analysis of a growing bubble, and the major forces dominating the bubble departure are the buoyancy force, surface tension force and quasi-steady drag force.     

矩形窄通道内汽泡滑移与冷凝前期生长模型研究

矩形窄流道内汽泡生长会直接改变相界面浓度,从而影响流道的传热传质性能。为获得适用于窄流道内不同类型的汽泡生长模型,基于通体可视的实验本体,开展壁面沸腾流动换热实验。基于传热能量方程,研究过冷沸腾中汽泡滑移与冷凝前期两种情况下汽泡生长模型。实验结果表明汽泡呈现两种形式的生长,即汽泡滑移生长以及冷凝前期生长。建立了两种情况下的汽泡生长模型,实验数据验证模型误差在20%以内。因此,本研究能为沸腾两相数值模拟提供更加精细化的汽泡生长模型,从而提高汽泡行为的预测精度。     

窄空间内受限空泡演化特征的可视化实验研究

对窄空间内自然对流条件下的沸腾空泡演化行为进行了可视化实验研究。液相工质为去离子水,实验段采用聚碳酸酯材料,窄小空间尺寸为2 mm×10 mm×250 mm。加热片采用FTO导电玻璃,从而实现从汽泡底部观察其生长特性。本文得到了不同热流密度下的汽泡生长特性曲线,发现在汽泡生长过程中,其长度与宽度的变化均符合指数规律,且长宽比在生长末期在一个固定值附近波动。汽泡生长速度随热流密度的变化不呈线性关系,受多种因素共同影响。同时,还分析了窄空间流道内汽泡聚合过程的受限界面演化特性。     

Bubble formation and evolution behavior from vertical wall orifice

Bubble formation is an integral part of the twophase flow science.Through numerical simulation and experiments using different air flow rates and orifice diameters,the present study aims at investigating the behavior of bubble formation and evolution from vertical wall orifice in quiescent pure water.For the experiments,the images of the bubble formation process under different working conditions were recorded using a high-speed camera and analyzed the entire process.The bubble formation process can be divided into three stages,namely nucleation,stable growth,and necking.According to the obtained results,bubble forms only when the air-phase pressure exceeds the threshold pressure at wall orifice.Due to the influence of the threshold pressure and buoyancy,the bubble volume decreases with an increase in the wall orifice diameter for the same flow rate.Moreover,the volume of fluid method is applied to simulate bubble formation in a three-dimensional model and the"buffer volume"is considered in the simulation model.The simulation resultsmatched well with the experimental data,which proves the existence of threshold pressure and the periodic pressure fluctuation at the wall orifice.     

A unified model considering force balances for departing vapour bubbles and population balance in subcooled boiling flow

Population balance equations combined with a three-dimensional two-fluid model are employed to predict subcooled boiling flow at low pressure in a vertical annular channel. The MUltiple-SIze-Group (MUSIG) model implemented in CFX4.4 is extended to account for the wall nucleation and condensation in the subcooled boiling regime. A model considering the forces acting on departing bubbles at the heated surface is formulated. This model provides the capacity of complex analyses on the bubble growth and departure for a wide range of wall heat fluxes and flow conditions.Comparison of model predictions against local measurements is made for the void fraction, bubble Sauter mean diameter and gas and liquid velocities covering a range of different mass and heat fluxes and inlet subcoolings. Good agreement is achieved with the local radial void fraction, bubble Sauter mean diameter and liquid velocity profiles against measurements. However, significant weakness of the model is evidenced in the prediction of the vapour velocity. Work is in progress to circumvent the deficiency of the MUSIG boiling model by the consideration of additional momentum equations to better represent the momentum forces acting on the range of bubble sizes in the bulk subcooled liquid.     

气泡破裂产生膜液滴理论模型的建立与验证

本文研究了常温、常压条件下自由液面单气泡破裂产生膜液滴现象。在明确该过程物理机理及气泡破裂环状物模型基础上,应用瑞利射流不稳定性分析理论结果,通过合理假设,建立了自由液面单气泡破裂产生膜液滴的物理模型。通过引入瑞利断裂时间判据,对时间变量进行离散,数值求解该理论模型,可获得气泡破裂产生膜液滴的初始参数,包括膜液滴数量、尺寸、速度、初始位置。将模型计算结果同已有实验数据对比,二者符合较好,证明了模型的正确性。     

Atomistic simulations of the elastic properties of helium bubble embedded aluminum

The helium bubble has significant consequence to the mechanical properties of irradiated materials. The influence of embedded helium bubble to the elastic properties of aluminum has been investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The interaction between aluminum atoms and the interaction between helium atoms are described by an embedded-atom-method (EAM) many-body potential and a pair potential, respectively. Another pair potential, which is parameterized based on ab initio calculation, is used to describe the interaction between aluminum and helium atoms, and its validation under pressure up to 10 GPa is reasonable demonstrated by the electron density calculation. For the composite system consisting of 62,500 aluminum atoms and one helium bubble with various diameters, its elastic constants are calculated properly by stress-strain relation rather than by energy-strain relation. The results show that elastic constants c₁₁, c₁₂ and c₄₄ decrease with increasing of the volume of the helium bubble, and remain almost invariable with the internal pressure of the helium bubble. The main reason is under high-pressure the helium is softer than aluminum, and the soft effect overwhelms the hard effect of internal pressure of helium bubble.