不同包装方式下冷鲜青虾的菌群多样性分析

对青虾采用两种包装方式：托盘包装和气调包装（体积分数50% CO2＋50% N2）,在4?℃条件下贮藏6?d,测定菌落总数和挥发性盐基氮含量,确定不同包装方式下青虾的货架期;随后利用16S?rDNA扩增子测序对两种包装方式下青虾微生物多样性进行研究,比较其菌相变化,确定其变化规律。结果表明：托盘包装组和气调包装组的货架期分别为2?d和4?d;且两种包装方式下变质青虾的菌群结构有较大差异,在托盘包装方式下,优势菌群主要以不动杆菌、黄杆菌和希瓦氏菌为主,是普通低温贮藏时造成青虾腐败的主要菌群;采用气调包装后,黄杆菌和希瓦氏菌数量大大降低,假单胞菌成为主要优势菌群;体积分数50%?CO2＋50%?N2气调包装能抑制托盘包装时优势腐败菌的增殖,从而延长货架期;而假单胞菌有较强的耐受力,成为新的优势腐败菌。研究结果为保障青虾的质量安全提供了理论依据。     

包装方式对牛排贮藏期间微生物数量和演替的影响

为研究包装方式对牛排贮藏期间的品质、微生物数量和演替的影响，牛排分别采用50% O2气调包装（50% O2＋30% CO2＋20% N2）和真空包装在0～4 ℃下贮藏21 d，并检测贮藏期间pH值、肉色、微生物数量和微生物多样性。结果表明：50% O2气调包装组比真空包装具有更好的护色效果；贮藏21 d时，与真空包装组相比，气调包装组菌落总数、乳酸菌数和假单胞菌数降低；两种包装的微生物多样性均随时间延长呈现先升高后降低的趋势，且真空包装牛排比50% O2气调包装牛排具有更复杂的微生物多样性；牛排的初始微生物主要由不动杆菌属、苍白杆菌属、栖热菌属和金黄杆菌属组成，随着贮藏时间的延长，肉食杆菌属逐渐成为真空包装牛排的优势菌群，而环丝菌属、沙雷氏菌属和乳杆菌属则成为50% O2气调包装牛排的优势菌群；贮藏7～14 d是牛排中微生物种类产生变化的关键时间点；相比于真空包装牛排，50% O2气调包装牛排中的微生物群落具有更低的糖代谢和更高的蛋白质代谢能力。本研究结果明确了不同贮藏方法下牛排的品质变化和微生物的演替规律，为定向抑制牛排中的微生物、延长产品货架期提供了参考。     

不同高阻隔包装材料对烤鸭微生物及菌群多样性的影响

为研究不同阻隔性包装材料对烤鸭品质影响的差异性,本研究采用3种不同类型高阻隔包装材料(镀氧化硅类、乙烯醇聚合物、聚偏二氯乙烯)对烤鸭进行真空包装,以聚乙烯/尼龙包装为对照,然后在4℃下分别贮藏21 d,检测此期间烤鸭的挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)含量、肉色、微生物(菌落总数、乳酸菌和肠杆菌数),并用高通量测序技术观察了不同样品的微生物多样性变化。结果表明:镀氧化硅包装可以有效抑制TVB-N的产生,在贮藏第21天时其含量最低,且低于20 mg/kg,并可抑制微生物的生长;通过高通量测序技术观察了不同样品的微生物多样性变化,贮藏时间和包装材料对烤鸭的微生物菌落结构有明显影响,在贮藏过程中,乳酸菌菌属与魏斯氏菌属是镀氧化硅材料包装烤鸭样品的优势菌群;乳酸菌属、魏斯氏菌属、假单胞菌属、类香味菌属、肉食杆菌属是乙烯醇聚合物材料包装烤鸭的优势菌群;乳酸菌属、魏斯氏菌属、热杀索丝菌属、弧菌属是聚偏二氯乙烯材料包装烤鸭的优势菌群。对比发现,镀氧化硅类材料对假单胞菌、类香味菌属、热杀索丝菌等的抑制是其有效保持烤鸭的品质、延长其货架期的主要原因。综上,镀氧化硅类高阻隔真空包装材料可有效抑制微生物生长、保持烤鸭的品质。     

生物保鲜剂结合气调包装对烤鸭货架期及微生物多样性的影响

为改进烤鸭的包装方式,延长其货架期,以气调包装(MAP)为对照,探究牛至精油和茶树精油分别协同MAP(30%CO_2/70%N_2)对烤鸭保鲜效果的影响。以肉色(L~*,a~*,b~*)、脂肪氧化值(TBARS)、微生物(菌落总数、乳酸菌及肠杆菌科)及感官品质等为评价指标,同时对比不同包装方式下贮藏期间微生物群落结构的变化。结果表明:各处理组均可维持烤鸭贮藏期间(14 d)的肉色稳定性,减缓脂质氧化进程(0.11～0.60 MDA mg/kg),同时保持其良好的感官特性。相较于对照组,牛至和茶树精油处理抑制脂质氧化(0.11～0.36 MDA mg/kg)和微生物增殖的效果更佳(P 0.05),可分别延长货架期4 d和7d。微生物多样性分析结果显示,贮藏期间4种包装方式下存在不同的菌群演替规律,均以弧菌属、发光杆菌属和索丝菌属为主要优势菌群,表明精油处理可能通过对以上多种优势微生物的抑制,实现延长气调包装烤鸭货架期的目的。     

气调包装的调理啤酒鲈鱼片在微冻贮藏过程中的微生物群落多样性分析

为揭示调理啤酒鲈鱼片气调包装和微冻贮藏过程中的微生物变化规律及其腐败本质,为优化产品工艺和推广产品提供理论依据,采用Illumina MiSeq测序技术解析调理啤酒鲈鱼制品气调包装和－3?℃贮藏过程中微生物群落多样性,并比较其与真空包装4?℃贮藏鲈鱼片的微生物群落多样性的区别。结果表明：鲈鱼制品在贮藏过程中的优势微生物为厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）;真空包装的未调味鲈鱼片在4?℃贮藏过程中微生物多样性比在－3?℃贮藏的气调包装调理啤酒鲈鱼丰富,且在贮藏第4天时,开始出现了索丝菌属（Brochothrix）等常见的腐败微生物,到第10天时,索丝菌属、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）丰度迅速增大,出现了希瓦氏菌属（Shewanella）,造成鲈鱼片彻底腐败变质;气调包装的调理啤酒鲈鱼片在第20天时才开始出现假单胞菌属和希瓦氏菌属等腐败菌,之后在CO2的抑制作用下,腐败菌丰度逐渐减小,直到货架期终点时,假单胞菌才迅速增长,且出现了嗜冷杆菌属（Psychrobacte）,造成了鲈鱼制品的彻底腐败变质。这说明气调包装联合啤酒调理的加工方式及－3 ℃贮藏可以有效延长产品的货架期。     

不同包装方式对冷鲜鸡肉微生物菌群多样性的影响

为研究不同包装方式对冷鲜鸡肉贮藏期间菌群组成的影响,本文利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序分析了不同包装方式下的微生物多样性。结果表明,在4℃冷藏期间,MAP,VP和N₂包装能显著降低微生物数量和挥发性盐基氮含量。高通量测序表明冷鲜鸡肉贮藏初期菌种丰富度高,贮藏后期优势菌属逐渐演变为假单胞菌属、环丝菌属、不动杆菌属和希瓦氏菌属,说明它们能耐受较低的温度。与PP组相比,MAP组假单胞菌属和不动杆菌属的丰度分别降低14.8%和9.2%,而N₂组不动杆菌属和希瓦氏菌属的丰度分别降低9.6%和7.4%。VP组不动杆菌属、环丝菌属丰度下降8%和5.6%。不同包装方式对冷鲜鸡肉中的菌群影响较大,三种包装均能抑制不动杆菌属的生长,气调包装对假单胞菌属抑制效果较好,而充氮包装和真空包装对希瓦氏菌属和环丝菌属有较好的抑制效果,本研究也为未来冷鲜鸡肉所采用的包装方式提供理论基础。     

不同气调包装结合冰温贮藏对羊肉保鲜效果的影响

为延长鲜羊肉的保鲜时间,研究不同气体组分的气调包装对羊肉冰温贮藏过程中品质的影响。以真空包装为对照,比较75% O2＋25% CO2、75% N2＋25% CO2气调包装羊肉在－1 ℃冰温条件下贮藏过程中感官品质、色泽、汁液流失率、嫩度、挥发性盐基氮、pH值、微生物等品质指标的变化。结果表明：真空包装羊肉的汁液流失率显著高于2 种气调包装,而75% N2＋25% CO2气调包装羊肉的色泽和感官评分最差。75% O2＋25% CO2气调包装的保鲜效果最好,其色泽和感官评分最高,汁液流失率较小,pH值最低,－1 ℃冰温条件下贮藏42 d时,羊肉的菌落总数、假单胞菌菌数、乳酸菌菌数的对数值分别为5.91、5.95、5.23 （lg（CFU/g））,其中菌落总数指标符合国家二级鲜肉标准。因此,－1 ℃冰温条件下结合75% O2＋25% CO2气调包装可以使羊肉有效保鲜42 d,是较好的鲜羊肉保鲜方法。     

冷鲜鸡在微冻贮藏过程中的菌群结构变化

为揭示冷鲜鸡在微冻贮藏过程中的微生物变化规律,为微冻保鲜提供理论依据,本实验采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术解析冷鲜鸡在微冻贮藏条件下不同储藏时间菌群结构的变化规律。结果显示:冷鲜鸡在-3 ℃微冻贮藏过程中Shannon指数下降、Simpson指数升高,微生物多样性降低;丰富度指数（Ace指数和Chao1指数）随着贮藏时间先下降后上升,在贮藏第4 d时达到峰值,而后又逐渐降低;在门水平,冷鲜鸡在微冻贮藏过程中优势菌门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、放线菌门（Actinobacteriota）和绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）,变形菌门相对丰度随着贮藏时间的延长而增加,其他菌门则降低;在属水平,冷鲜鸡优势菌属为假单胞杆菌属、不动杆菌属、希瓦氏菌属和嗜冷杆菌属,随着贮藏时间的延长,假单胞杆菌属相对丰度增加,不动杆菌、希瓦氏菌属、嗜冷杆菌属等微生物的丰度降低,贮藏第28天时,主要为假单胞杆菌属,其余菌属各自占比不足1%。由此可知,假单胞杆菌属是冷鲜鸡在微冻贮藏环境下的优势腐败菌。     

气调包装狮子头冷藏过程中微生物变化及菌群结构分析

以狮子头为研究对象,设置对照组和气调包装组（100% N₂、30% CO₂+70% N₂、40% CO₂+60% N₂）,研究其在4 ℃贮藏过程中,包装顶空气体组成及狮子头微生物数量的变化,并通过高通量测序技术分析腐败时期气调包装狮子头的菌群结构。结果表明:与对照组相比,30% CO₂+70% N₂和40% CO₂+60% N₂气调包装组能够抑制狮子头贮藏过程中菌落总数、假单胞菌属、肠杆菌属的生长繁殖。贮藏15 d时,30% CO₂+70% N₂组的菌落总数显著高于40% CO₂+60% N₂组（P<0.05）。因此40% CO₂+60% N₂组的抑菌效果优于30% CO₂+70% N₂组。腐败时期,三个气调包装处理组的菌群结构主要由芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus spp.）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas spp.）、链球菌属（Streptococcus spp.）、不动杆菌属（Acinetobaceter spp.）、热杀索丝菌属（Brochothrix spp.）、肠杆菌属（Enterobacter spp.）、乳酸菌属（Lactobacillus spp.）以及嗜冷杆菌属（Psychrobacter spp.）组成。本研究可为延长气调包装狮子头的货架期提供参考。     

包装方式和贮藏温度对羊肉微生物数量、细菌多样性和代谢途径的影响

为探究包装方式和贮藏温度对羊肉微生物数量、细菌多样性和代谢途径的影响,将宰后羊肉分别经空气包装（air packaging,AP）、真空包装（vacuum packaging,VP）和贴体包装（skin packaging,SP）后置于冷藏（4±1）℃和冰温（－1.7±0.2）℃下贮藏30 d,采用平板计数和高通量测序相结合的方法对贮藏过程中的微生物群落进行分析。结果表明,贮藏过程中SP组的菌落总数（total viable count,TVC）、乳酸菌、假单胞菌等6 种菌群数量均低于AP组和VP组,冰温组6 种菌群数量均明显低于冷藏组。随贮藏时间延长羊肉菌群多样性均呈下降趋势,冷藏组较冰温组多样性更复杂。采用高通量测序技术对羊肉菌群16S rDNA的V3～V4区域测序,共获得10 个菌门和30 个菌属,所有样品中丰度最高的菌门均为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）;假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）在AP组中为优势菌属,而在SP组和VP组中丰度较低,肉食杆菌属（Carnobacterium）、环丝菌属（Brochothrix）和乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）均为AP、VP和SP组贮藏末期的优势菌属。基于京都基因与基因组百科全书富集分析发现碳水化合物代谢、氨基酸代谢和核苷酸代谢为羊肉贮藏过程中主要代谢途径,其中贮藏前期以氨基酸代谢为主,贮藏后期主要为碳水化合物代谢和核苷酸代谢,包装方式和贮藏温度导致的菌群结构差异主导了代谢丰度的不同。结论：SP协同冰温贮藏能够降低羊肉贮藏过程中微生物的数量和细菌群落多样性,有利于保持羊肉品质。     

Quality attributes of farmed eel (Anguilla anguilla) stored under air, vacuum and modified atmosphere packaging at 0 degrees C

The shelf life of fresh eel in various packaging conditions of atmospheric air, vacuum and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) (40% CO(2), 30% N(2) and 30% O(2)) at 0 degrees C was investigated. All raw eel samples received acceptable sensory scores during the first 11+/-1 days of storage in atmospheric air, 11+/-1 days of storage in vacuum and finally 18+/-1 days of storage in MAP conditions. Using the microbial quality indicators the shelf life of eel packed in air, vacuum and MAP was estimated to be more than 18, 28 and 34 days, respectively. The main spoilage microorganisms under MAP conditions were lactic acid producing bacteria followed by Shewanella spp., pseudomonads, Enterobacteriaceae and yeasts. Chemical data revealed that pH, ammonia, glucose and lactate examinations might not be useful for monitoring eel quality differences.     

不同含氧气调包装方式对调理鸭肉制品的保鲜效果

为延长调理鸭肉制品货架期,将调理后的鸭肉分别以托盘包装为对照,用不同含氧气调包装方式（MAP1（20% CO2＋80% N2）、MAP2（20% CO2＋40% O2＋40% N2）、MAP3（20% CO2＋80% O2））对调理鸭肉制品进行保鲜处理（0～4 ℃）,测定调理鸭肉贮藏期间微生物指标和生理生化指标。结果表明：与托盘包装组相比,3 种气调包装方式均能有效抑制调理鸭肉中微生物生长,减少挥发性盐基氮产生;含氧组（MAP2和MPA3）的保鲜效果显著优于MAP1组和对照组（P＜0.05）,含氧组的保质期均为12 d;在贮藏12 d时,MAP2组的TBARS值和肠杆菌数显著低于MAP3组（P＜0.05）,MAP3组的菌落总数显著低于MAP2组（P＜0.05）,且这两组的TVB-N含量和L*值均无显著差异（P＞0.05）。综合分析,MAP2包装对调理鸭肉制品保鲜效果最好。     

Shelf life of fresh foal meat under MAP, overwrap and vacuum packaging conditions

The objective of this study was to investigate the physico-chemical properties, the microbial counts and the sensory properties' changes of foal steaks packed under various conditions. The experimental packaging systems were: (i) vacuum packaging (VP), (ii) overwrap packaging and (iii) two modified atmosphere packaging methods (MAP): high O(2) MAP (80% O(2)+20% CO(2)) and low O(2) MAP (30% O(2)+70% CO(2)). The meat was stored at 2°C during 14days and tested for pH, colour, lipid and protein oxidation, microbial counts and sensory assessment of odour, colour and appearance. Of the two MAP, overwrap and VP, both MAP were the most effective treatments for the inhibition of the total viable counts (TVC), Pseudomonas spp., psychrotrophic aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae as well as moulds and yeast. According to the sensory evaluation, foal steaks packed under overwrap and MAP treatments resulted unacceptable after 7days of storage, whereas the vacuum-packed meat was still acceptable. Moreover, the redness value decreased significantly (P<0.001) with all treatments during the storage time, except for the vacuum packs, which increased significantly (P<0.001). Finally, foal steaks from overwrap packaging and MAP conditions had a greater increase of TBAR'S values and carbonyl content during the storage time. High O(2) levels affected foal meat quality negatively, while anaerobic conditions extended the meat's shelf life up to 14days.     

Effect of packaging atmosphere on the microbial attributes of pearlspot (Etroplus suratensis Bloch) stored at 0-2 degrees C

Effect of packaging atmosphere (air and under different modified atmospheres (MAs), 40% CO2/60% O2, 50%/50% O2, 60% CO2/40% O2, 70% CO2/30% O2 and 40% CO2/30% O2/30% N2) on the microbial and biochemical attributes of fresh pearlspot (Etroplus suratensis Bloch) stored at 0-2 degrees C was investigated. Trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA-N) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values remained lower than the proposed acceptability limits throughout the storage period. Results demonstrated that storage of pearlspot under air and MA 40% CO2/30% O(2)/30% N(2) resulted in growth of Enterobacteriaceae, Aeromonas and H(2)S-producing bacteria including Shewanella putrefaciens, while all other packaging atmospheres did not allow multiplication of Enterobacteriaceae and Aeromonas within 3 weeks. Aeromonas spp. identified were Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria and A. veronii biovar veronii. Significant reduction (p<0.01) was noticed in Aeromonas population of pearlspot stored under MA 60% CO2/40% O2 and 70% CO2/30% O2. A delay of growth of Pseudomonas below 5.0log(10)cfug(-1) was observed during the 15th day of storage at 0-2 degrees C under modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) conditions. Growth of faecal streptococci was significantly inhibited in all the packaging atmospheres at 0-2 degrees C during the entire storage period. Survival of coagulase positive Staphylococci (<50cfug(-1)) in low numbers was noticed during storage in all the packaging atmospheres. Clostridium botulinum toxin was not detected. All the packaging atmospheres did not allow multiplication of sulphite-reducing clostridia at 0-2 degrees C during the entire storage period. Packaging in MA 60% CO2/40% O2 resulted in the inhibition of growth of Aeromonas and Enterobacteriaceae, and the slowest growth of psychrotrophic bacteria, H(2)S-producing bacteria, including Shewanella putrefaciens and Pseudomonas and extended microbiological shelf life to 9-10 days. This study confirms the survival of potentially pathogenic A. hydrophila, A. veronii biovar sobria and A. veronii biovar veronii capable of growth at low temperature in pearlspot stored under MA.     

Influence of modified atmosphere packaging on the shelf life of prebaked pizza dough with and without preservative added

The possible effect of different modified atmospheres on the shelf life of prebaked pizza dough, with and without added calcium propionate, was investigated. Three packaging atmospheres were tested: 20% CO2: 80% N2, 50% CO2: 50% N2, 100% CO2, and air (control). Samples were examined daily for visible mold growth and analysed after 2, 8, 17 and 31 days throughout storage (15-20 degrees C and 54-65% relative humidity, RH) for changes in gaseous composition, pH and microbial populations (mesophilic aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and yeasts and molds). Microbiological results showed that molds had a greater sensitivity to CO2 than bacteria and yeasts. Products containing calcium propionate did not show mold growth throughout storage (31 days) when packaged in air or in CO2-enriched atmospheres (20, 50 and 100%). However, in pizza dough without preservative (calcium propionate), mold growth was evident after 7 days, except under 100% CO2 atmosphere (13 days) regardless of the packaging atmosphere. From these results we conclude that the addition of calcium propionate had more and decisive influence on the shelf life extension of prebaked pizza dough.     

Effect of modified atmosphere packaging on the shelf life of sliced wheat flour bread

The application of modified atmospheres packaging (MAP) of sliced bread with different aw, moisture content and pH values, with or without preservative added (calcium propionate) and at different storage temperatures, has been studied with the aim of establishing the effect of MAP on the shelf-life of the selected product. Four atmospheres were tested per batch: 100% N2, 20% CO2/80% N2, 50% CO2/50% N2 and a standard air control. In samples without added preservative in CO2:N2 (50:50), the increases in shelf life were 117% and 158% at 22-25 degrees C and 15-20 degrees C, respectively. In samples with added preservative in 100% N2, shelf life was increased by 116%. Samples with added preservative in 20% CO2:80% N2 increased shelf life by 150% and 131% at 22-25 degrees C and 15-20 degrees C, respectively. By increasing the CO2 concentration to 50%, the increases in shelf life of the samples with added preservative were 167% and 195% at 22-25 degrees C and 15-20 degrees C, respectively.     

高体积分数CO2气调包装对冷藏凡纳滨对虾品质的影响

为研究高体积分数CO2气调包装对凡纳滨对虾品质的影响,以空气包装为对照,分别采用100% CO2、80% CO2＋20% N2和50% CO2＋10% O2＋40% N2气调包装对虾,并在（4±1）℃条件下贮藏10 d,期间每2 d测定对虾细菌总数及其挥发性盐基氮值、肌肉纤维长度、硬度、多酚氧化酶活性、白度、感官评分的变化。结果表明：在冷藏条件下,高体积分数CO2气调包装能有效抑制细菌的生长繁殖和多酚氧化酶的活性,且CO2体积分数越高抑制效果越明显;但100% CO2处理的对虾与80% CO2组相比,其样品挥发性盐基氮值较高,肌肉纤维长度和硬度均较小,感官品质较差;50% CO2组对虾白度较低,与空白对照组差异不明显。因此,所选取高体积分数CO2气调包装中,80% CO2组的保鲜效果最佳,能有效延长凡纳滨对虾的冷藏货架期至8 d。