甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶对马苏里拉干酪加工特性的影响

为了探究甲醇芽孢杆菌（Bacillus methanolicus）凝乳酶在马苏里拉干酪加工中的应用,分别以使用甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶、混合酶制剂（含质量分数10%甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶和90%商品凝乳酶）制作的马苏里拉干酪作为实验组,以商品凝乳酶干酪作为对照组,测定不同组别干酪成熟期间的蛋白水解特性、质构、风味和微观结构变化,研究甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶对马苏里拉干酪加工特性的影响。结果表明,实验组干酪在成熟过程中pH值（4.6～5.3）、微生物数量（8.80～9.68（lg（CFU/g）））与对照组无显著差异（P＞0.05）;实验组干酪水分质量分数（混合酶干酪为（43.21±1.17）%、甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶干酪为（46.15±0.94）%）均显著高于对照组（（41.08±1.04）%）,得率（混合酶干酪为（9.27±0.17）%、甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶干酪为（9.46±0.16）%）也显著高于对照组（（8.98±0.13）%）（P＜0.05）;且实验组干酪的蛋白水解特性（pH 4.6时可溶性蛋白、酪蛋白水解程度和游离氨基酸质量分数）以及风味物质种类和相对含量等指标也优于对照组干酪。但是实验组中甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶干酪保形性相对欠佳,感官评定得分偏低,混合酶干酪与对照组质构及感官基本得分一致,因此甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶可以作为商品酶的部分代替品应用于干酪的生产中。     

酒曲中产凝乳酶微生物菌株的分离筛选及鉴定

针对酒曲中的微生物进行分离纯化,得到11株细菌和2株真菌,并采用酪蛋白平板法和Arima时间法筛选出了1株产凝乳酶的细菌菌株编号为LB-51。通过形态学观察、生理生化实验和16S rDNA序列分析鉴定该菌株为解淀粉芽孢杆菌,将该产凝乳酶菌株命名为解淀粉芽孢杆菌GSBa-1。该菌株在液体LB培养基中发酵72 h产凝乳酶的凝乳活力为(431.53±15.89)SU/mL,蛋白水解活力为(5.05±0.59)U/mL,所产凝乳酶凝乳活力高而蛋白水解活力低,凝乳酶粗酶单位酶活力为1.54×10~5SU/g。解淀粉芽孢杆菌GSBa-1是分离筛选自酒曲中的一株高产凝乳酶细菌,因此其来源安全,可作为工业化候选菌株进一步研究开发。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌GSBa-1凝乳酶对羊奶干酪成熟特性的影响

为探究解淀粉芽孢杆菌GSBa-1凝乳酶制备的羊奶干酪(干酪B)成熟特性的变化,以采用商业凝乳酶和同批次羊奶制作的干酪(干酪A)为对照组,比较两组干酪在60d成熟期主要组分、质构特性、微生物指标及风味物质的变化。结果表明,两组干酪得率相差不大。成熟期间干酪的水分、蛋白质及脂肪含量呈先上升后下降趋势,干酪B始终高于干酪A;干酪游离氨基酸总量在成熟期间呈先下降后上升趋势,且干酪B中苯丙氨酸、天冬氨酸、异亮氨酸、甲硫氨酸、丝氨酸含量高于干酪A。成熟前期干酪B质构特性优于干酪A。干酪A成熟后乳酸乳球菌数量增加了(5.22±0.02)%,干酪B无显著变化(P>0.05)。成熟期内,两组干酪中挥发性风味物质种类和含量均增加,但干酪B中的壬酸、辛醇、2-庚酮、2-壬酮、二甲基砜使羊奶干酪风味独特、浓郁。因此,GSBa-1凝乳酶具备替代商业凝乳酶用于羊奶干酪生产的潜力,可对干酪风味的形成和品质的提升起到一定促进作用。     

地衣芽孢杆菌凝乳酶对切达干酪成熟过程中蛋白水解的影响

利用地衣芽孢杆菌凝乳酶制作切达干酪和切达干酪类似物,分析干酪成熟过程中各蛋白水解指标的变化规律,以揭示地衣芽孢杆菌凝乳酶对切达干酪成熟过程中蛋白水解的影响。结果表明,CDF组（添加地衣芽孢杆菌D3.11凝乳酶所制切达干酪）、CD3组（添加地衣芽孢杆菌D3.11凝乳酶但未添加发酵剂制成的干酪类似物）和CCF组（添加商品凝乳酶所制切达干酪）干酪蛋白含量、pH 4.6-可溶性氮、12%三氯乙酸-可溶性氮、5%磷钨酸-可溶性氮、总游离氨基酸含量均随着成熟时间延长呈显著增加趋势,并且成熟期间CDF组干酪均显著高于CCF组干酪（P＜0.05）;十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳分析表明,CDF组干酪α-酪蛋白水解程度较大;pH 4.6-可溶性肽段分析表明,随着干酪的成熟,总肽含量呈先增加后下降趋势,但疏水性肽与亲水性肽的比值呈持续下降趋势,在成熟第6个月时,CDF组、CD3组和CCF组干酪疏水性肽与亲水性肽比值分别为2.668、2.822、3.788。主成分分析表明,3 组干酪的蛋白水解程度与成熟度呈正相关,与疏水性肽和亲水性肽的比值呈负相关。以上结果表明,利用地衣芽孢杆菌凝乳酶制作的干酪蛋白水解度更高,但其疏水性肽比例较小,研究结果可为地衣芽孢杆菌凝乳酶在干酪生产中的应用提供理论依据。     

产凝乳酶解淀粉芽孢杆菌的诱变选育

为了获得高产凝乳酶菌株,以产凝乳酶解淀粉芽孢杆菌为出发菌株,采用紫外线和硫酸二乙酯进行诱变。诱变后筛选得了一个突变株L-6,凝乳活力为1419.7 SU/m L,比原始菌株提高了40.2%;水解活力降低了22.39%,凝乳活力与蛋白水解活力的比值为125.64,比出发菌株提高了81.32%。传代实验表明,该菌株具有良好的遗传稳定性。     

黄酒麦曲中产凝乳酶菌株的分离鉴定

本研究利用梯度稀释法和划线纯化法对黄酒麦曲中的微生物进行初筛,再利用酪蛋白平板法和液态培养基发酵法进行复筛,最终得到了两株产凝乳酶的优良细菌菌株LB-1和LB-2。通过形态学特征观察、生理生化实验以及16S rDNA序列分析鉴定,这两株菌分别确定为甲醇芽孢杆菌(Bacillus methanolicus)和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。根据凝乳活力曲线发现,这两株菌在发酵24 h时其发酵液的凝乳活力最高,分别为269.66±0.78 SU/m L和187.50±1.4 SU/m L,此时的蛋白水解活力分别为1.476±0.49 U/m L和1.29±1.41 U/m L,凝乳活力与蛋白水解活力比值(C/P)分别为187.50和145.34。通过凝乳效果评价,其发酵液所形成的凝块组织结构、质构参数和风味物质均与商品凝乳酶形成的凝块相当,适用于干酪的加工。     

甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶的重组表达及其结构特性

为进一步了解微生物凝乳酶的结构特性,根据GenBank数据库中甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶（I3EB99）的氨基酸序列和大肠杆菌密码子的偏爱性,设计合成此凝乳酶的全基因序列,构建原核表达载体,通过BL21（DE3）表达其融合蛋白,将获得的融合蛋白进行His标签特异性亲和纯化,并利用生物信息学方法研究凝乳酶的三维空间立体结构。结果表明,重组表达的甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶质量浓度为0.7 mg/mL,凝乳活力为（15 870±1.17）SU/g,蛋白水解活力为（263.81±0.94）U/g,凝乳活力与蛋白水解活力比值为60.16,符合干酪生产加工的要求。结构特性研究表明,经重组表达后的甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶呈现疏水特性,具有跨膜结构和信号肽,二级结构中α-螺旋少于β-折叠,在分离纯化过程中结构不稳定易降解,该凝乳酶与来自甲醇芽孢杆菌的一种未知蛋白酶是同源蛋白,高级结构与PDB蛋白数据库中的模板蛋白2ra1.1.A相似度最高。通过对甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶结构特性的研究,为深入分析该凝乳酶作用机理及其功能性奠定了理论基础。     

影响解淀粉芽孢杆菌GSBa-1产凝乳酶的因素及发酵条件优化研究

为了提高解淀粉芽孢杆菌GSBa-1发酵产凝乳酶活力,通过单因素试验并采用Plackett-Burman试验设计对影响该菌株发酵产酶条件的6个因素进行评价,筛选出具有显著影响作用的3个因素即发酵温度、发酵时间和装液量,然后通过响应面法探讨此3个主要因素的最优发酵参数水平,获得最佳的发酵产酶条件。结果表明,解淀粉芽孢杆菌GSBa-1发酵产凝乳酶的最佳工艺条件为:发酵温度36℃,发酵时间75h,装液量40%,初始p H为培养基自然p H(6.85),接种量4%,摇床转速160r/min。此条件下解淀粉芽孢杆菌GSBa-1发酵产酶活力为742.42 Su/m L。解淀粉芽孢杆菌GSBa-1发酵产凝乳酶活力经发酵条件优化后得到显著提高,该菌株的发酵产酶及在干酪生产中的应用具有良好的产业化开发前景。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌GSB a-1产凝乳酶培养基组成的优化

从甜酒曲中分离筛选得到1株解淀粉芽孢杆菌菌株GSBa-1,为了提高该菌株液态发酵产凝乳酶的能力,采用单因素实验和响应面法优化其产酶培养基组成。通过单因素实验分析了碳源、氮源、金属盐、磷源对菌株GSBa-1产凝乳酶的影响,并采用响应面法对产酶培养基中麦芽糖、蛋白胨和酵母浸粉含量3个主要因素的优化组合进行了定量研究,确定解淀粉芽孢杆菌GSBa-1产凝乳酶的优化培养基组成为:麦芽糖1.93 g/L、蛋白胨10.89 g/L、酵母浸粉2.15 g/L。在此优化培养基培养条件下,该菌株产凝乳酶活力可达(562.57±7.67)Su/m L,接近理论预测值537.10 Su/m L,且平均误差为4.53%。优化后解淀粉芽孢杆菌GSBa-1产凝乳酶活力比基础培养基提高了1.88倍。     

玉米醇溶蛋白基马苏里拉干酪的研制

近年来,植物基干酪受到广泛关注。以玉米醇溶蛋白、水和椰子油为原料,干酪的功能特性（拉伸性、熔化性、油脂析出性）为评价指标,经单因素和正交试验确定玉米醇溶蛋白基马苏里拉干酪的最佳配比为玉米醇溶蛋白∶水∶椰子油=3∶3∶2（质量比）。最佳配方所得玉米醇溶蛋白基马苏里拉干酪的拉伸性、熔化性分别为市售天然马苏里拉干酪和市售植物基马苏里拉干酪的1.4、10.8倍和1.8、1.4倍。硬度、黏着性、弹性与市售天然马苏里拉干酪相近。试验所得玉米醇溶蛋白基马苏里拉干酪有良好的功能特性和质构特性,具有广阔的市场应用前景。     

Residual clotting activity and ripening properties of vegetable rennet from Cynara cardunculus in La Serena cheese

Vegetable rennet extracted from Cynara cardunculus flowers is traditionally used in the manufacture of La Serena cheese. High levels of proteolytic enzymes of the flowers are responsible for its clotting activity and strong proteolytic action. The presence of residual coagulant in cheese and whey was measured by adding known amounts of vegetable rennet as internal standard. We found no differences between the residual coagulant activity of La Serena cheese compared with other types of cheese. The coagulant content detected at the end of four cheesemakings (vat of 830 l) in cheese and whey represented 27 and 78%, respectively, of the total amount added to milk. When measurements were carried out in 16 different cheeses, vegetable rennet appeared to be highly stable during cheese ripening. Cheese composition (moisture, pH, NaCl, fat and protein) was kept relatively constant during ripening, which seems to contribute to stability of residual activity. Electrophoretic analyses of water insoluble fractions from cheeses manufactured with vegetable rennet showed that α_s-casein was less susceptible to proteolysis than β-casein. The water soluble nitrogen/total nitrogen (WSN/TN) exhibited higher levels only during the first 30 days of ripening although non-protein nitrogen/total nitrogen (NPN/TN) ratio and amino acid nitrogen (NH₂-N) increased with ripening time.     

乳清添加对马苏里拉奶酪成熟过程中风味物质及其品质的影响

该研究以未添加乳清的马苏里拉奶酪为对照,考察乳清对马苏里拉奶酪成熟期内（0 d、30 d、60 d、90 d）乳酸菌活菌数、油脂析出性、挥发性风味物质及氨基酸含量的影响,并对挥发性风味物质与氨基酸进行相关性分析。结果表明,在奶酪成熟期内,两种奶酪的活菌数均呈先增加后减少的趋势,油脂析出性均增加,且乳清奶酪均高于对照奶酪;两种奶酪的挥发性风味物质存在差异,从2种奶酪中共检测到61种挥发性风味物质,其中对照奶酪中共检出43种,乳清奶酪中共检出55种。乳清奶酪中的醇、酸、醛、酮、酯类物质的含量及种类均高于对照。两种奶酪成熟期间均分别检测到15种游离氨基酸,乳清奶酪成熟90 d时的氨基酸含量（848.92 mg/kg）高于对照奶酪（663.44 mg/kg）。除精氨酸、丝氨酸、酪氨酸、天冬氨酸外,其余氨基酸对20种挥发性风味物质具有积极作用。综上,乳清添加可提升马苏里拉奶酪的风味。     

Characteristics of Miniature Cheddar‐Type Cheese Made by Microbial Rennet from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens: A Comparison with Commercial Calf Rennet

Miniature Cheddar‐type cheeses were produced using microbial rennet from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (milk‐clotting enzyme [MCE]) or calf rennet (CAR). With the exception of pH, there were no significant differences in gross composition between MCE‐cheese (MCE‐C) and CAR‐cheese (CAR‐C). The pH value of CAR‐C was significantly higher than that of MCE‐C at 40 and 60 d of ripening. The total nitrogen content of the pH 4.6‐soluble fraction obtained from MCE‐C was higher than that obtained from CAR‐C. However, nitrogen content of the 12% TCA‐soluble fraction was similar between CAR‐C and MCE‐C. The extent of α_s1‐casein and β‐casein hydrolysis, measured by urea‐PAGE, was similar in both cheese samples. The hydrolysis of β‐casein was lower than that of α_s1‐casein. Different reverse phase‐high‐performance liquid chromatography peptide profiles of ethanol‐soluble and ethanol‐insoluble fractions were obtained from CAR‐C and MCE‐C. The peptide content in the 2 cheese samples increased throughout ripening; the ratio of hydrophobic to hydrophilic peptides was lower in MCE‐C than in CAR‐C. Compared with CAR‐C, MCE‐C was softer as a result of higher protein hydrolysis. Microbial rennet from B. amyloliquefaciens contributed to higher proteolytic rates, which reduced ripening time.     

Biochemical patterns in ovine cheese: Influence of probiotic strains

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of lamb rennet paste containing probiotic strains on proteolysis, lipolysis, and glycolysis of ovine cheese manufactured with starter cultures. Cheeses included control cheese made with rennet paste, cheese made with rennet paste containing Lactobacillus acidophilus culture (LA-5), and cheese made with rennet paste containing a mix of Bifidobacterium lactis (BB-12) and Bifidobacterium longum (BB-46). Cheeses were sampled at 1, 7, 15, and 30 d of ripening. Starter cultures coupled with probiotics strains contained in rennet paste affected the acidification and coagulation phases leading to the lowest pH in curd and cheese containing probiotics during ripening. As consequence, maturing cheese profiles were different among cheese treatments. Cheeses produced using rennet paste containing probiotics displayed higher percentages of α_S1-I-casein fraction than traditional cheese up to 15 d of ripening. This result could be an outcome of the greater hydrolysis of α-casein fraction, attributed to higher activity of the residual chymosin. Further evidence for this trend is available in chromatograms of water-soluble nitrogen fractions, which indicated a more complex profile in cheeses made using lamb paste containing probiotics versus traditional cheese. Differences can be observed for the peaks eluted in the highly hydrophobic zone being higher in cheeses containing probiotics. The proteolytic activity of probiotic bacteria led to increased accumulation of free amino acids. Their concentrations in cheese made with rennet paste containing Lb. acidophilus culture and cheese made with rennet paste containing a mix of B. lactis and B. longum were approximately 2.5 and 3.0 times higher, respectively, than in traditional cheese. Principal component analysis showed a more intense lipolysis in terms of both free fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid content in probiotic cheeses; in particular, the lipolytic pattern of cheeses containing Lb. acidophilus is distinguished from the other cheeses on the basis of highest content of health-promoting molecules. The metabolic activity of the cheese microflora was also monitored by measuring acetic, lactic, and citric acids during cheese ripening. Cheese acceptability was expressed for color, smell, taste, and texture perceived during cheese consumption. Use of probiotics in trial cheeses did not adversely affect preference or acceptability; in fact, panelists scored probiotic cheeses higher in preference over traditional cheese, albeit not significantly.     

Effect of artisanal kid rennet paste on lipolysis in semi-hard goat cheese

This study examined the use of hygienised kid rennet pastes in model cheese systems and also in goat milk semi-hard cheeses to promote lipolysis. The results obtained indicated that the use of rennet paste caused greater lipolysis and increased, mostly, the short-chain free fatty acid (FFA) content. The model systems made with whole goat’s milk using rennet paste and commercial rennet mixture exhibited a higher FFA content than did the rennet paste-free controls (31,600 vs. 25,600 μmol/kg cheese). For the pilot cheeses made with bovine rennet and rennet paste mixture, the increase in FFA level after 45 days of ripening compared with the cheeses prepared only with commercial rennet was as much as 6600 (μmol/kg cheese) and the increase in the butyric acid content was also 1650 (μmol/kg cheese). Moreover, after 15 days of ripening, industrially prepared cheeses made with rennet paste exhibited greater levels of FFA than did the cheeses made with commercial rennet (11,500 μmol/kg at 45 days of ripening). Their flavour was stronger and the organoleptic characteristics were better accepted, which implies less ripening time for commercial cheese manufacture.     

The effect of varying casein/fat ratio on physicochemical and sensory qualities of Feta‐type cheese made using buffalo milk

The Feta‐type cheese was prepared with different casein/fat (C/F) ratios of buffalo milk using microbial rennet. The manufactured Feta cheeses were subjected to physicochemical and sensory quality at 15‐day interval up to 60 days of ripening. Sensory analysis discriminated the different level of C/F ratio of buffalo milk cheeses predominantly by age. There was no significant difference (P < 0.01) observed in cheese made from C/F ratio of 0.6–0.7 in terms of flavour. The titratable acidity (TA), soluble protein and free fatty acid appear to be age‐dependent and increased throughout the ripening in all experimental cheeses.     

酪蛋白降解对牦牛乳硬质干酪苦味的影响

针对牦牛乳硬质干酪的苦味缺陷,分别以小牛皱胃酶、微生物凝乳酶和木瓜蛋白酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪为研究对象,利用尿素聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,研究牦牛乳硬质干酪pH 4.6水不溶性酪蛋白的降解程度,且对成熟过程中的牦牛乳硬质干酪苦味进行感官评价,探究牦牛乳硬质干酪pH 4.6水不溶性酪蛋白降解对其苦味的影响。结果表明：牦牛乳硬质干酪在成熟期间酪蛋白发生了明显的降解,且αs-酪蛋白均比β-酪蛋白降解速率快。经尿素聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离后,发现木瓜蛋白酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪pH 4.6水不溶性酪蛋白在Pre-αs-酪蛋白区域有较强的蛋白带。木瓜蛋白酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪pH 4.6水不溶性酪蛋白中αs-酪蛋白和β-酪蛋白降解程度均显著或极显著高于微生物凝乳酶和小牛皱胃酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）,木瓜蛋白酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪的苦味值极显著高于微生物凝乳酶和小牛皱胃酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪的苦味值（P＜0.01）,通过主成分分析得出3 种凝乳酶制作牦牛乳硬质干酪的苦味值和未降解β-酪蛋白和αs-酪蛋白含量成极显著负相关。这为控制牦牛乳硬质干酪品质提供了理论参考。     

Influence of rennet milk-clotting activity on the proteolytic and sensory characteristics of an ovine cheese

Roncal cheese (regulated by an Apellation of Origin) is a traditional hard cheese manufactured from raw ewe's milk in the region of Navarre in Spain. Roncal cheeses, manufactured using two lamb rennets with different milk-clotting activity levels, were evaluated to compare their chemical, proteolytic, and sensory characteristics. A preliminary study of samples of lamb rennets indicated that a large proportion of such rennets did not fulfil current microbiological requirements and likewise revealed considerable variation in the milk-clotting activity of the samples examined. Trends in the overall physicochemical parameter values (pH, dry matter, fat, and protein) were similar in both cheese batches. Proteolysis of the nitrogen fractions was observed to take place at a faster rate in the cheeses made using the rennet with the higher milk-clotting activity (soluble nitrogen, non-protein nitrogen, and amino acid nitrogen values around 13–20% higher than in the cheeses made using the rennet with the lower milk-clotting activity after 180 days of ripening). Urea-PAGE electrophoretic analysis of the caseins from the cheeses manufactured using both types of rennet showed that the β-caseins were less susceptible to proteolysis than the α_s-caseins. The effect of the different milk-clotting activity levels was most pronounced on the α_s-caseins, in which the rennet with the higher milk-clotting activity gave higher breakdown. Nevertheless, the differences in the proteolysis rates did not yield any appreciable sensory differences.