Fault diagnosis of spur bevel gear box using discrete wavelet features and Decision Tree classification

The wavelet transform (WT) is used to represent all possible types of transients in vibration signals generated by faults in a gear box. It is shown that the transform provides a powerful tool for condition monitoring and fault diagnosis. The vibration signal of a spur bevel gear box in different conditions is used to demonstrate the application of various wavelets in feature extraction. In present work, a discrete wavelet, Daubechies wavelets (db1–db15) is used for feature extraction and their relative effectiveness in feature extraction is compared. The major steps in pattern classification are feature extraction and classification. This paper investigates the use of discrete wavelets for feature extraction and a Decision Tree for classification. J48 Decision Tree algorithm has been used for feature selection as well as for classification. This paper illustrates the powerfulness and flexibility of the discrete wavelet transform to decompose linear and non-linear processing of vibration signal.     

Fault gear identification and classification using discrete wavelet transform and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference

In this paper, an intelligent diagnosis for fault gear identification and classification based on vibration signal using discrete wavelet transform and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is presented. The discrete wavelet transform (DWT) technique plays one of the important roles for signal feature extraction in the proposed system. The abnormal transient signals will show in different decomposition levels and can be used to recognize the various faults by the DWT figure. However, many fault conditions are hard to inspect accurately by the naked eye. In the present study, the feature extraction method based on discrete wavelet transform with energy spectrum is proposed. The different order wavelets are considered to identify fault features accurately. The database is established by feature vectors of energy spectrum which are used as input pattern in the training and identification process. Furthermore, the ANFIS is proposed to identify and classify the fault gear positions and the gear fault conditions in the fault diagnosis system. The proposed ANFIS includes both the fuzzy logic qualitative approximation and the adaptive neural network capability. The experimental results verified that the proposed ANFIS has more possibilities in fault gear identification. The ANFIS achieved an accuracy identification rate which was more satisfactory than traditional vision inspection in the proposed system.     

Rolling element bearing fault diagnosis using wavelet transform

This paper is focused on fault diagnosis of ball bearings having localized defects (spalls) on the various bearing components using wavelet-based feature extraction. The statistical features required for the training and testing of artificial intelligence techniques are calculated by the implementation of a wavelet based methodology developed using Minimum Shannon Entropy Criterion. Seven different base wavelets are considered for the study and Complex Morlet wavelet is selected based on minimum Shannon Entropy Criterion to extract statistical features from wavelet coefficients of raw vibration signals. In the methodology, firstly a wavelet theory based feature extraction methodology is developed that demonstrates the information of fault from the raw signals and then the potential of various artificial intelligence techniques to predict the type of defect in bearings is investigated. Three artificial intelligence techniques are used for faults classifications, out of which two are supervised machine learning techniques i.e. support vector machine, learning vector quantization and other one is an unsupervised machine learning technique i.e. self-organizing maps. The fault classification results show that the support vector machine identified the fault categories of rolling element bearing more accurately and has a better diagnosis performance as compared to the learning vector quantization and self-organizing maps.     

纺织品检测中的模式识别应用

将模式识别方法用于毛巾和纺织面料生产过程中的瑕点检测, 研究了模糊小波模式识别方法, 对毛巾生产过程的多种瑕点监测进行了算法分析和简要论述, 这种算法具有更强的实用性和鲁棒性. 又由于系统采用DSP实现, 使识别速度大大提高, 完全能满足实时性的要求.     

Investigation of engine fault diagnosis using discrete wavelet transform and neural network

An investigation of a fault diagnostic technique for internal combustion engines using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and neural network is presented in this paper. Generally, sound emission signal serves as a promising alternative to the condition monitoring and fault diagnosis in rotating machinery when the vibration signal is not available. Most of the conventional fault diagnosis techniques using sound emission and vibration signals are based on analyzing the signal amplitude in the time or frequency domain. Meanwhile, the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) technique was developed for obtaining both time-domain and frequency-domain information. Unfortunately, the CWT technique is often operated over a longer computing time. In the present study, a DWT technique which is combined with a feature selection of energy spectrum and fault classification using neural network for analyzing fault signal is proposed for improving the shortcomings without losing its original property. The features of the sound emission signal at different resolution levels are extracted by multi-resolution analysis and Parseval’s theorem [Gaing, Z. L. (2004). Wavelet-based neural network for power disturbance recognition and classification. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 19, 1560–1568]. The algorithm is obtained from previous work by Daubechies [Daubechies, I. (1988). Orthonormal bases of compactly supported wavelets. Communication on Pure and Applied Mathematics 41, 909–996.], the“db4”, “db8” and “db20” wavelet functions are adopted to perform the proposed DWT technique. Then, these features are used for fault recognition using a neural network. The experimental results indicated that the proposed system using the sound emission signal is effective and can be used for fault diagnosis of various engine operating conditions.     

A novel approach to wavelet selection and tree kernel construction for diagnosis of rolling element bearing fault

A novel methodology for early diagnosis of rolling element bearing fault is employed based on continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and support vector machine (SVM). CWT is especially suited for analyzing non-stationary signals in time–frequency domain where time information is retained as well as frequency content. To better approximate non-stationary vibration signals from rolling element bearing, a wavelet choice criterion is established to select an appropriate mother wavelet for feature extraction. The Shannon wavelet is picked out of several considered wavelets. The classification tree kernels (CTK) are constructed to address nonlinear classification of the characteristic samples derived from the wavelet coefficients. By using Fuzzy pruning strategy, a large variety of classification trees are generated. The trees with diverse structures can effectively explore intrinsic information among samples. Then, the tree kernel matrices can be acquired through ensemble statistical learning, which eventually reveal the similarity of samples objectively and stably. Under such architecture of kernel methods, a classification tree kernel based support vector machine (CTKSVM) is proposed to identify bearing fault. The performance of the methodology involving CWT and CTKSVM (CWT–CTKSVM) is evaluated by cross validation and independent test. The results show that the CWT–CTKSVM totally is superior to other SVM methods with common kernels. Therefore, it is a prospective technique for detection and identification of rolling element bearing fault.     

New method for feature extraction based on fractal behavior

In this paper, a novel approach to feature extraction based on fractal theory is presented as a powerful technique in pattern recognition. This paper presents a new fractal feature that can be applied to extract the feature of two-dimensional objects. It is constructed by a hybrid feature extraction combining wavelet analysis, central projection transformation and fractal theory. New fractal feature and fractal signatures are reported. A multiresolution family of the wavelets is also used to compute information conserving micro-features. We employed a central projection method to reduce the dimensionality of the original input pattern. A wavelet transformation technique to transform the derived pattern into a set of sub-patterns. Its fractal dimension can readily be computed, and to use the fractal dimension as the feature vectors. Moreover, a modified fractal signature is also used to distinguish the distinct handwritten signatures. We expect that the proposed fractal method can also be used for improving the extraction and classification of features in pattern recognition.     

Accurate diagnosis of induction machine faults using optimal time–frequency representations

This paper presents a new diagnosis method of induction motor faults based on time–frequency classification of the current waveforms. This method is composed of two sequential processes: a feature extraction and a rule decision. In the process of feature extraction, the time–frequency representation (TFR) has been designed for maximizing the separability between classes representing different faults. The diagnosis is realised in two levels; the first one allows the detection of different faults—bearing fault, stator fault and rotor fault. The second one refines this detection by the determination of severity degree of faults, which are already identified on the previous level. The diagnosis is independent of the level of load. This method is validated on a 5.5 kW induction motor test bench.     

Data-driven diagnosis of PEM fuel cell: A comparative study

This paper is dedicated to data-driven diagnosis for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). More precisely, it deals with water related faults (flooding and membrane drying) by using pattern classification methodologies. Firstly, a method based on physical considerations is defined to label the training data. Secondly, a feature extraction procedure is carried out to pick up the significant features from vectors constructed by individual cell voltages. Finally, a classification is adopted in the feature space to realize the fault diagnosis. Various feature extraction and classification methodologies are employed on a 20-cell PEMFC stack. The performances of these methodologies are compared.     

Semiconormed possibility integrals and multi-feature pattern classification

The semiconormed possibility integrals are proposed as a multi-feature pattern classification model. A semiconormed possibility integral is a nonlinear integration of a function and its corresponding non-normalized possibility measures over feature space. The function of an object's feature vector represents the possibilities with uncertainty that the object belongs to a class. The uncertainty is due to the similar characteristics of objects from different classes and the distortion of the original characteristic information caused by feature data acquisition systems. The uncertainty is assessed by the non-normalized possibility measures, a possibility measure of a feature is considered as the credibility of the feature to provide reliable information for pattern classification. Integration of a function and the possibility measures effectively reduces the uncertainty and improves the pattern classification results. A pattern classification algorithm based on the semiconormed possibility integrals was used to classify a set of “ellipse data” and the well-known IRIS data, the classification results were compared with those obtained by using Bayes classifier.     

基于粒子群优化支持向量机的电梯故障诊断

电梯故障时,具有故障特征提取困难和故障类型识别率低的问题。因此,拟提取其振动信号并进行分析,找到故障特征。然而,鉴于其振动信号为非平稳、非高斯且背景噪声较大的信号,给有效辨识造成很大困难,所以,提出应用最优小波包分解和最小二乘支持向量机相结合进行电梯智能故障诊断的方法。借助最优小波包理论,首先提取电梯故障振动信号的能量分布;然后将其能量分布与时域指标相结合,构造故障特征向量;最后,将故障特征向量作为粒子群算法优化最小二乘支持向量机的输入对电梯故障类型进行识别。仿真结果表明,最优小波包理论与最小二乘支持向量机相结合的故障诊断技术发挥了两者的优势,证明了该方法的有效性和实用性。     

基于优选小波基和模糊SOM网络的模拟电路故障诊断

为了解决模拟电路故障诊断中的特征提取困难并实现对模拟电路故障模式准确的分类,提出一种优选小波基、模糊理论和自组织特征映射网络(SOM,self-organizing feature map)相结合的模拟电路故障诊断方法.该方法首先对模拟电路故障响应信号进行小波分解、提取能量值、均值和方差组成输入特征向量,同时采用余弦分离度评价小波变换在不同小波基函数下获取故障特征的有效性,据此选择余弦分离度最小的小波基分解的特征向量输入到自组织特征映射网络进行故障分类.仿真实验表明,利用余弦分离度选择的最优小波基能有效提高模拟电路故障特征提取,模糊神经网络能对故障模式进行精确分类.     

基于模式识别的传感器故障诊断

为满足模式识别故障诊断算法的鲁棒性要求，在小波包分解提取特征向量的基础上，提出了有监督模式分类与无监督模式分类相结合的故障诊断方法．利用小波包分解提取各个频带的能量作为特征向量；采用LVQ神经网络作为有监督的模式分类器进行故障诊断；运用无监督的减法聚类方法对新型故障模式进行辨识．最后，通过动力系统管路流量传感器数据对算法进行检验，验证了所提出方法的实用性和有效性．     

基于多小波熵灰色理论的故障诊断应用研究

为了有效地对其进行故障诊断,提出了一种基于多小波熵特征提取与灰色理论相结合的故障分类方法,小波熵测度由于结合了小波变换和信息熵理论的优势,能快速准确地提取电流信号故障特征,但由于设备故障的不确定性和多样性,依靠单一的小波熵测度诊断故障可能出现诊断困难或诊断失真等问题,对多种小波熵进行了特征提取,并结合灰色理论进行故障关联,以飞机液压试验台上采集的压力信号进行故障分类,试验结果表明该方法能提高对故障诊断结果的支持度及故障诊断的准确性和实时性,为设备故障诊断提供了一种可行的新方法。     

A new feature extraction approach based on one dimensional gray level co-occurrence matrices for bearing fault classification

ABSTRACT

Recently, precise and deterministic feature extraction is one of the current research topics for bearing fault diagnosis. For this aim, an experimental bearing test setup was created in this study. In this setup, vibration signals were obtained from the bearings on which artificial faults were generated in specific sizes. A new feature extraction method based on co-occurrence matrices for bearing vibration signals was proposed instead of the conventional feature extraction methods, as in the literature. The One (1) Dimensional–Local Binary Patterns (1D-LBP) method was first applied to bearing vibration signals, and a new signal whose values ranged between 0–255 was obtained. Then, co-occurrence matrices were obtained from these signals. The correlation, energy, homogeneity, and contrast features were extracted from these matrices. Different machine learning methods were employed with these features to carry out the classification process. Three different data sets were used to test the proposed approach. As a result of analysing the signals with the proposed model, the success rate is 87.50% for dataset1 (different speed), 96.5% for dataset2 (fault size (mm)) and 99.30% for dataset3 (fault type – inner ring, outer ring, ball) was found, respectively.     

Structure damage diagnosis using neural network and feature fusion

A structure damage diagnosis method combining the wavelet packet decomposition, multi-sensor feature fusion theory and neural network pattern classification was presented. Firstly, vibration signals gathered from sensors were decomposed using orthogonal wavelet. Secondly, the relative energy of decomposed frequency band was calculated. Thirdly, the input feature vectors of neural network classifier were built by fusing wavelet packet relative energy distribution of these sensors. Finally, with the trained classifier, damage diagnosis and assessment was realized. The result indicates that, a much more precise and reliable diagnosis information is obtained and the diagnosis accuracy is improved as well.     

基于DHMM的航空发动机故障诊断方法研究

在航空发动机的各式故障中,由振动引发的故障占有很大的比重。航空发动机的振动信号中蕴藏了大量的状态及故障信息,因此有必要寻找一种有效的特征提取和故障诊断方法。基于ICA和DHMM的理论方法,形成了ICA-DHMM故障诊断方法。其中ICA用于源信号分离以及特征提取;DHMM作为模式识别工具。通过与ICA-SVM故障诊断方法和传统的DHMM故障诊断方法进行比较,表明本方法有更好的识别效果。     

主成分分析和超限学习机的模拟电路故障诊断

为提高模拟电路故障诊断特征信息提取的完整性,实现故障模式分类的准确性,达到网络训练测试的快速性,提出了一种基于主成分分析（Principal Components Analysis,PCA）和极限学习机（ELM）相结合的模拟电路故障诊断新方法。在OrCAD16.3中通过设置仿真模拟电路元器件参数及其容差,获得电路各状态的MonteCarlo样本数据,经PCA降维提取特征信息以获得最优的特征模式,继而采用ELM对故障进行分类识别。以Sallen-Key带通滤波器电路为实例进行仿真研究,结果表明该方法具有特征提取效果好,神经网络训练学习速度快,故障诊断效率高,泛化性能好等特点。     

Off-line diagnosis of deterministic faults in continuous dynamic multivariable processes using speech recognition methods

Faults or special events which occur occasionally in continuous processes generate dynamic patterns in a large number of process variables. However, the patterns arising from the same fault can exhibit different time durations (depending on the operating conditions), magnitudes and directions. Any robust fault diagnosis method must be able to correctly classify these faults under these different conditions. This paper presents an off-line fault diagnosis method based on pattern recognition principles for multivariate dynamic data. The method consist of a filtering and scaling step, where the magnitude dependent information is removed, and a similarity assessment step via dynamic time warping (DTW). DTW is a flexible pattern matching method used in the area of speech recognition. The method presented in this paper is designed to classify faults independently of their magnitude, duration, direction and plant production level. As a further feature extraction step, principal component analysis is used to reduce the dimension of the multivariate problem and enhance the distance-based classification. Case studies from the Tennessee-Eastman plant are used to test the method and to illustrate its advantages and limitations.     

Combination of independent component analysis and support vector machines for intelligent faults diagnosis of induction motors

This paper studies the application of independent component analysis (ICA) and support vector machines (SVMs) to detect and diagnose of induction motor faults. The ICA is used for feature extraction and data reduction from original features. The principal components analysis is also applied in feature extraction process for comparison with ICA does. In this paper, the training of the SVMs is carried out using the sequential minimal optimization algorithm and the strategy of multi-class SVMs-based classification is applied to perform the faults identification. Also, the performance of classification process due to the choice of kernel function is presented to show the excellent of characteristic of kernel function. Various scenarios are examined using data sets of vibration and stator current signals from experiments, and the results are compared to get the best performance of classification process.