HFC-125气相声速和理想气体比定压热容的研究

分析了气相声速与理想气体比定压热容的热力学关系,用超声变程干涉仪测定了HFC-125的49组气相声速值,温度范围273-313K,压力范围32-479kPa.根据这些实验数据,获得了HFC-125的理想气体比定压热容和声速第二维里系数,并分别拟合得到了理想气体比定压热容和声速第二维里系数与温度的函数关系.使用方阱势能模型导出了HFC-125的第二维里系数,并与文献值进行了比较.     

超临界态二氧化碳流体热力学性质的分子动力学模拟北大核心CSCD

采用恒温恒压(NPT)系综分子动力学模拟方法,模拟预测了超临界态区间内(温度600—900 K,压力30—100 MPa)CO_(2)流体的热力学特性(密度和比定压热容),同时对比研究了4种典型的半经验型力场的预测性能。结果表明:4种力场在超临界态热力区间内对CO_(2)流体的密度和比定压热容特性均具有较好的预测精度,其中密度的预测偏差在3%以内,而比定压热容的预测偏差在1%以内。相比单点粗粒化SAFT-γ力场,具有更多参数自由度的全原子力场对超临界区间内流体热物性的预测并不具有显著优势,这表明其力场参数对于超临界态物性的预测而言并非最优解。EPM2和Zhang力场对CO_(2)流体密度和比定压热容的预测偏差均随温度的升高而减小,表明此两种力场可用于更高温度工况下热力学特性的模拟预测。     

闭式水系统气囊罐对泵启停瞬态作用研究

探讨以乙二醇溶液为流动介质的闭式水系统的定压装置中气囊罐在离心泵开机和关机时对定压点的压力作用情况,以某大型闭式冷却水系统为实验平台,分别对设计工况下有无气囊罐作用时进行离心泵的开关机操作,气囊罐作用时,能满足水系统稳定运行时定压点的压力需求,在四种不同稳定运行工况点下的离心泵进行开关机操作,定压点压力变化趋势和波动幅值大致一致,在四种不同加速时间下进行离心泵的开机操作,气囊罐均能对定压点压力有较好的响应变化。     

低温恒温器绝热性能对平衡氢三相点复现的影响研究

平衡氢三相点(13.803 3 K)是ITS-90规定的最低温度固定点,常用于标准套管铂电阻温度计的检定或校准。改进后的国家温度基准使用基于闭循环制冷机的低温恒温器提供准绝热环境,采用量热法进行密封式平衡氢三相点的复现实验。由平衡氢转化催化剂引起的三相点容器的预熔化现象以及实验组装的差异均会导致组件热容或系统热阻的变化,从而影响复现水平。建立了系统的传热模型,通过2次绝热条件不同的复现实验,测量了低温恒温器三相点组件的热容、绝热屏与三相点组件的热阻等参数,分析了低温恒温器绝热性能对平衡氢三相点复现的影响规律。结果显示,在复现开始前通过测量热阻并确认系统绝热性能良好,复现4个平衡氢三相点温坪的标准偏差优于0.1 mK。     

热耦合二级Stirling型脉管制冷机的性能研究

建立热耦合二级Stirling型脉管制冷机实验装置.通过实验,系统研究了交变流动工质的工作频率和平均工作压力对热耦合二级Stirling型脉管制冷机性能的影响,详细报道并分析讨论了实验结果.以氦气作为工质,在优化工作频率和平均工作压力条件下,热耦合二级Stirling型脉管制冷机获得了13.52 K的无负荷制冷温度.     

填料物性对热声器件谐振频率的影响

利用热声网络理论,对热声器件谐振频率进行了分析计算,揭示了热声器件的谐振频率与其填料物性的关系,利用数值计算分析了填料物性对热声器件谐振频率的影响.结论表明在声压一定的情况下,热声器件谐振频率分别随着其填料物性:横截面积、比定压热容以及密度的增大而增大;随着声压的增大,谐振频率分别随填料的横截面积、比定压热容以及密度的增大而增大得更快.     

车载LNG气瓶绝热性能便携式测试方法研究

基于车载LNG气瓶结构原理、现有检测方法和经济成本,采用定压方法进行了LNG气瓶绝热性能快速测试的实验研究。结果表明,在气瓶运行压力下,采用层流式质量流量计和压力控制器通过特定算法可以有效地反映气瓶的绝热性能,显著提高检测效率。     

一种新型近β型Ti-5.5Mo-6V-7Cr-4Al-2Sn-1Fe合金热变形行为

采用Gleeble-3800型热模拟试验机对一种新型近β型Ti-5.5Mo-6V-7Cr-4Al-2Sn-1Fe(质量分数/%)钛合金进行等温恒应变速率压缩实验。变形温度范围为:655~855℃,应变速率范围为:0.001~10s^-1 ,最大真应变为0.8。根据实验数据,建立了该合金的高温流变应力模型,计算出热变形激活能约为255kJ/mol,并绘制出热加工图。结合热加工图与材料的显微组织分析可知,在高应变速率(1~10s^-1 )条件下变形时,在热加工图上表现为材料的功率耗散值(η)低,为失稳区域,易产生绝热剪切带与局部塑性流动、开裂等现象。在应变速率小于0.01s^-1 和相变点( T β)温度以下(655~755℃)进行热变形时,组织变化主要以动态回复为主;在应变速率小于0.01s^-1 和 T β以上(755~855℃)进行热变形时,组织发生动态再结晶,且随着温度的升高,新产生的再结晶晶粒逐渐长大。在相变点附近(755~770℃),变形速率为0.001~0.003s^-1 区域内变形时,功率耗散值达到最大值,组织发生动态再结晶,该区域为合金热变形的“安全区”。     

三维针刺C/SiC刹车材料的热物理性能

通过化学气相渗透(CVI)法结合反应熔体浸渗(RMI)法制备了三维针刺C/SiC刹车材料, 系统研究了三维针刺C/SiC刹车材料的热物理性能。结果表明: C/SiC刹车材料的热膨胀系数随温度升高总体呈增大趋势, 但呈规律性波动; 在相同温度下, 垂直于摩擦面方向的热膨胀系数远大于平行方向的。从室温至1300 ℃, 平行和垂直于摩擦面方向的平均热膨胀系数分别为1.75×10-6K-1和4.41×10-6K-1; C/SiC刹车材料的比定压热容随温度的升高而增大, 但增大速率逐渐减小。温度从100 ℃升到1400 ℃, 其比定压热容从1.41 J/(g·K) 增大到1.92 J/(g·K); C/SiC刹车材料的热扩散率随温度的升高而降低, 并趋于常量。平行于摩擦面方向的热扩散率明显大于垂直于摩擦面方向的热扩散率。      

热真空低温环境实验台研制

为满足低温实验的环境要求,建设了液氮温度级别(80 K)的热真空冷阱低温环境实验台,可进行低温实验中压力与压差、温度与温差、流量与热负荷的测量.该实验台采用附加液氮冷阱的真空多层绝热结构,冷阱温度最低可达80 K,无负载时冷箱真空度可达0.000 03 Pa;在采用外循环工质时,测试压力范围为0-1 MPa、压差范围为...     

A Small-Volume Apparatus for the Measurement of Phase Equilibria

An apparatus has been designed and constructed for the measurement of vapor-liquid equilibrium properties. The main components of the apparatus consist of an equilibrium cell and a vapor circulation pump. The cell and all of the system valves are housed inside a temperature controlled, insulated aluminum block. The temperature range of the apparatus is 260 K to 380 K to pressures of 6 MPa. The uncertainty of the temperature measurement is 0.03 K, and the uncertainty in the pressure measurement is 9.8 × 10⁻⁴ MPa. An automated data acquisition system is used to measure temperature and pressure at equilibrium. The apparatus has been performance tested by measuring the vapor pressures of propane, butane, and a standard mixture of propane + butane.     

高精度单浮子磁悬浮密度测量系统研制

研制了一套高精度的流体压力-密度-温度(p,ρ,T)测量系统,其适用温度、压力和密度范围分别为90—290 K,0—3 MPa,0—2 000 kg/m3。该系统基于阿基米德原理,采用单浮子磁选耦合力传递方法,实现密度的高精度测量。该系统的温度、压力测量标准不确定度分别为5 mK、250 Pa(1.5 MPa量程)/390 Pa(3 MPa量程),密度测量最大相对标准不确定度为0.1%。用新研制的密度测量系统,对190—276 K温度区间和0—3 MPa压力区间的甲烷气体密度进行了测量,实验结果与REFPROP密度值有较好的一致性,验证了该系统的可靠性。     

Thermophysical Properties of Gaseous Tungsten Hexafluoride from Speed-of-Sound Measurements

The speed of sound was measured in gaseous WF₆ using a highly precise acoustic resonance technique. The data span the temperature range from 290 to 420 K and the pressure range from 50 kPa to the lesser of 300 kPa or 80% of the sample's vapor pressure. At 360 K and higher temperatures, the data were corrected for a slow chemical reaction of the WF₆ within the apparatus. The speed-of-sound data have a relative standard uncertainty of 0.005%. The data were analyzed to obtain the ideal-gas heat capacity as a function of the temperature with a relative standard uncertainty of 0.1%. These heat capacities are in reasonable agreement with those determined from spectroscopic data. The speed-of-sound data were fitted by virial equations of state to obtain the temperature dependent density virial coefficients. Two virial coefficient models were employed, one based on square-well intermolecular potentials and the second based on a hard-core Lennard–Jones intermolecular potential. The resulting virial equations reproduced the sound-speed data to within ±0.005% and may be used to calculate vapor densities with relative standard uncertainties of 0.1% or less. The hard-core Lennard–Jones potential was used to estimate the viscosity and the thermal conductivity of dilute WF₆. The predicted viscosities agree with published data to within 5% and can be extrapolated reliably to higher temperatures.     

第四代光谱辐射度和色温度国家基准装置的研制

基于高温黑体辐射源BB3500M研究并建立了第四代光谱辐射度和色温度国家基准装置。采用稳流和稳温相结合的反馈工作模式,开启后3 h即达到温度稳定。3 016 K时,1 h内的温度变化小于0.59 K。温度测量直接溯源至Pt-C和Re-C高温共晶点黑体,2 980 K时的测量不确定度为0.64 K(k=1)。光谱辐射亮度和光谱辐射照度的波长范围向短波分别扩展至220 nm、230 nm,长波扩展至2 550 nm,达到全波段光谱辐射亮度CCPR-S1比对的能力。新基准增加了分布温度参数的测量能力,2 353 K和2 856 K的测量不确定度(k=1)分别改善为1.6 K和2.1 K。对基准装置入射光学系统的辐照不均匀性以及短波紫外大气传输过程所带来的散射和吸收进行了数值计算,提出理论修正方法,将辐照不均匀性测量误差减小0.3%,大气传输误差减小0.29%。     

Cold storage characteristics of mobile HTS magnet

A cold storage system specialized in mobile high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnets (e.g. for magnetically levitated (maglev) vehicles) has been proposed. In this system, a cooling source is detachable and a HTS coil is capable of maintaining superconducting state with its heat capacity. This system allows a considerably lightweight HTS magnet.An apparatus was constructed to evaluate the possibility of using cold storage systems in maglev vehicles. The thermal characteristic of this apparatus was based on a magnet for previous maglev test vehicles [1]. The operational temperature range of the magnet was assumed from 20 K to 50 K. Some experiments indicated that heat conduction by residual gas was not negligible. Especially over 30 K, gas conduction took a large part of heat input. This phenomenon is attributable to reduction of cryopumping effect. However, activated carbon in the apparatus compensates cryopumping effect. A unique heat capacitor was also used to enhance the cold storage effect. Water ice was chosen as a heat capacitor because water ice has a higher heat capacity than metallic materials at cryogenic temperatures. A small amount of water ice also prolonged cryogenic temperature condition. These results indicate 1 day of cold storage is probable in a magnet for maglev vehicles.     

A Thermodynamic Property Model for Fluid Phase Hydrogen Sulfide

A Helmholtz free energy equation of state for the fluid phase of hydrogen sulfide has been developed as a function of reduced temperature and density with 23 terms on the basis of selected measurements of pressure–density–temperature (P, , T), isobaric heat capacity, and saturation properties. Based on a comparison with available experimental data, it is recognized that the model represents most of the reliable experimental data accurately in the range of validity covering temperatures from the triple point temperature (187.67 K) to 760 K at pressures up to 170 MPa. The uncertainty in density calculation of the present equation of state is 0.7% in the liquid phase, and that in pressure calculation is 0.3% in the vapor phase. The uncertainty in saturated vapor pressure calculation is 0.2%, and that in isobaric heat capacity calculation is 1% in the liquid phase. The behavior of the isobaric heat capacity, isochoric heat capacity, speed of sound, and Joule–Thomson coefficients calculated by the present model shows physically reasonable behavior and those of the calculated ideal curves also illustrate the capability of extending the range of validity. Graphical and statistical comparisons between experimental data and the available thermodynamic models are also discussed.     

Measurement of the Specific Enthalpy of Vaporization on 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane in the Temperature Range from 180 to 240 K

An apparatus is described which is capable of measuring the enthalpy of vaporization in the temperature range from 100 to 250 K. The sample (R134a; purity, at least 99.999%) is located in the measuring cell at the saturated vapor pressure, p = p _s. A control circuit allows p to be kept constant by opening a motor-operated valve to a weighing cylinder after having switched on the electrical measuring cell heater. During the experiment, the temperature is kept constant within a 10mK. In the range 180 to 230 K, the data for R134a are compared with calculated values from the fundamental equation given by Tillner-Roth and Baehr, which is recommended by Annex 18 of the International Energy Agency (IEA) as an international standard. Good agreement within a standard uncertainty of 1.6×10^–3 is obtained. At temperatures of only 10 K above the triple-point temperature, the enthalpy of vaporization calculated from the Clausius–Clapeyron equation shows considerable uncertainty due to the determination of the small vapor pressure. It is chiefly in this range that it is advantageous to have the new apparatus.     

Thermal Conductivity of Binary Refrigerant Mixtures of HFC-32/125 and HFC-32/134a in the Liquid Phase

The liquid thermal conductivity of mixtures of HFC-32/125 and HFC-32/134a was measured using the transient hot-wire apparatus in the temperature ranges from 213 to 293 K and from 193 to 313 K, respectively, in the pressure range from 2 to 30 MPa and with HFC-32 mass fractions of 0.249, 0.500, and 0.750 for each system. The uncertainty of the thermal conductivity was estimated to be ±0.7%. For practical applications, the thermal conductivity data for the two mixtures were represented by a polynomial in temperature, pressure, and mass fraction of HFC-32 with a standard deviation of 1.0%.