水生态文明视角下的小流域景观规划设计探讨

正一、小流域景观规划设计概述随着我国对水生态文明建设的加快推进,人水和谐的理念逐渐被人们所接受,并融入城市规划和水利建设的各个方面,而对于流域的开发利用也随之从一味注重流域的水利功能转变为兼顾流域的景观功能。好的流域景观规划设计能够提升生态环境水平,改善人民生活质量,促进周边城市可持续健康发展,是社会发展和历史演变的必然选择。     

基于云模型的滨海小流域水生态文明评价

针对滨海小流域完整的水系特征及其洪旱灾害频繁、水生态、水环境问题突出的特点,构建了函括防洪安全、供水安全、水环境、水生态、水管理、水文化6个方面、29个单项指标的滨海小流域水生态文明综合评价指标体系,提出了基于云模型的滨海小流域水生态文明综合评价方法。利用该方法对翔鹤潭江流域进行水生态文明现状综合评价,结果表明该方法能够有效甄别滨海小流域水生态文明建设中存在的突出问题。     

江西小流域综合治理与水生态文明村建设整合研究

随着我国生态文明建设的不断深入,水生态文明建设作为生态文明建设的重要组成和基础保障,受到社会各界的高度重视,水生态文明村建设实践纷纷开展。同时,小流域综合治理工作的相关研究和实践也不断拓展,逐渐发展成生态清洁小流域综合治理,主要通过水土保持综合治理来改善流域内生态环境和生产生活条件,实现"生态发展、村容整洁、环境优美",与水生态文明村建设关联性高。小流域综合治理与水生态文明村建设相结合是有效促进小流域生态保护和农村乡村振兴的新途径与新方法。通过对小流域综合治理与水生态文明村建设之间关系的探讨,提出两者有机结合的初步措施和设想,并以宁都县小布镇钩刀咀、安远县官溪、上犹县园村等三条生态清洁小流域综合治理与水生态文明村建设为例,在技术、管理方面探索有效的整合模式,为小流域综合治理与水生态文明村建设研究提供重要参考,对加快推进国家生态文明试验区(江西)建设具有重要意义。     

松辽流域推进水生态文明建设的认识和思考

本文基于水利部对生态文明建设的高度重视和战略部署,细致梳理了松辽流域水生态文明建设的重点及已取得的成就,深入思考了松辽流域水生态文明建设的职责,提出了加强流域水生态文明建设应着力从落实最严格水资源管理制度、强化节水用水管理、构建江河湖库水系连通格局、加大水污染治理力度等方面开展实施,为加快松辽流域城乡水生态文明建设,实现建设美丽流域,美丽中国奠定基础。     

坚持绿色发展理念 推进流域水生态环境治理工作

水生态文明建设是生态文明建设的重要组成部分,流域水生态环境治理是当前流域水生态文明建设的主阵地和根本措施。根据党的十八大以来我国生态文明建设和绿色发展的新理念,明确了流域水生态环境治理体系建设的基本思路,提出了流域水生态环境治理的8项任务。     

环境、文化、旅游相协调的水景观规划途径——以安庆市破罡湖流域为例

通过对破罡湖流域水景观规划的分析、解读,阐述一个以维护滨水区生态、保护提升文化、丰富发展旅游为目标的水景观规划模式,促使生态环境保护与水资源有序开发、促进宜城环境与经济和谐发展,达到构建"生态宜城、文化宜城、旅游宜城"的目标。     

基于大湖视野的鄱阳湖流域水生态文明内涵及特性分析

水生态文明建设是当前经济社会可持续发展的现实需求。基于水生态文明发生的过程和要素,从自然环境、水利活动和社会经济文化层面及其相互关系,对鄱阳湖流域水生态文明内涵进行解析,提出水生态文明的具体性、整体性和发展性特点。从鄱阳湖流域特点、历史发展等角度分析了流域水生态文明特征,提出应从自然、水利、社会三个层面构建水生态文明建设评价指标体系,建立生态环境—水利行为—社会经济三方面的动态平衡。     

流域水生态文明建设技术与方法探索——以桂江流域为例

以流域为单元的水生态文明建设,为实现流域生态系统健康、自然与社会和谐发展提供新思路。从综合评价、建设分区、科技支撑和保障制度等角度出发,探讨了流域水生态文明建设的方法;以桂江流域为示范区,提出了基于自然属性和人类活动属性的水生态文明分区方法,凝练了流域水生态文明分区建设模式,并提出流域水生态文明建设方案和保障制度。研究成果可为实现流域综合管理与行政管理的结合提供借鉴。     

淄博市太河镇峨庄支流生态水系规划研究

以山东省淄博市淄川区太河镇峨庄支流全流域为研究单元,通过统筹梳理流域内的水系情况提出构建"一轴、两翼、三区、多点"的生态水系布局,并将水安全、水资源、水环境、水生态、水文化、水景观等多个水系建设内容融入其中,实现峨庄支流人水和谐的水生态环境目标,以期为同类小流域生态水系规划提供参考。     

我国生态清洁小流域建设问题与对策研究

生态清洁小流域是水生态文明建设的重要内容。在全面深化水利改革的背景下,生态清洁小流域建设面临着前所未有的新机遇。文章在阐述生态清洁小流域建设重要意义的基础上,总结了生态清洁小流域建设推进过程中所面临的主要问题,并提出了相关对策建议,为进一步推动生态清洁小流域改革与发展提供支撑。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.