Rural Domestic Landscape Changes: A survey of the residential practices of local and migrant populations

Along with the social recomposition of rural communities, the increase in residential use of the countryside appears a determining factor in landscape change. The extent to which urban and non-farming migrants are settling in rural areas is creating a 'rural renaissance', characterized by a demographic revival in these areas. While many studies focus on rural landscapes, few empirical works have explored the residential practices that may ultimately affect these landscapes. These changes are documented within a defined territory in southern Quebec at a scale where they are the most expressive, namely, that of domestic space. Seven clusters of residential practices are identified, and four domestic landscape scenarios are revealed: the non-farming residential lot, the farming lot, the landscape aesthetic lot and the declining lot.     

从绿色住区标准看住区生态存在的问题

近10年来，随着我国城市化进程的加快，形成了大量的新型住区，虽然这些住区在相当程度上缓解了住房紧张的矛盾，但各地在土地资源和能源耗费等许多方面也付出了巨大的代价，在不少小区美丽的景观后面往往是住区生态的严重退化和居住大环境的破坏。从绿色建筑和绿色住区的标准入手，在场地与朝向、公建配套与停车以及景观规划诸方面，通过大量正反两方面的实例探讨了我国绿色住区规划建设存在的几个主要问题，并提出了解决问题的办法和措施。     

德国农村住区更新实践的规划启示

从20世纪50年代开始,德国农村实施了土地整理、农村住区空间环境和既有建筑更新改造等一系列农村人居环境建设的实践。它对改良农业结构,对原有农村采矿土地的修复和生态重建,对保障基础设簏和公共事业用地,以及对加强整体生态环境保护等方面均起到了积极作用。这对我国当今农村人居环境建设规划具有重要启示：应进一步注重农村住区土地使用的合理配置,注重农村住区的整体景观品质与生态环境质量相结合,注重农村住区物质空间环境整体结构的完菩与提升,注重既有公共建筑和公共空间环境的再利用和功能提升,并注重农村住区既有建筑更新改造的适用技术支撑。     

Lock living: Urban sprawl in Mediterranean cities

“Lock living” refers to the importance of security design, consumed as a commodity, in the new suburban residential landscapes of Mediterranean cities. This article summarizes the process of urban sprawl that has developed in the cities of Southern Europe in recent decades. It presents the main consequences of this evolution, regarding changes in residential landscape. Mediterranean cities have been historically characterised by the archetypal image of density, urban complexity and social diversity. However, the increasing development of urban sprawl shows a very different urban scenario. Metropolitan spaces along the edges of the motorways and orbital ring roads are developing the type of residential landscape that was, until not so long ago, exclusively associated with the cities of the Anglo-Saxon urban tradition. New low-density residential areas show the proliferation of territories manifesting the same morphological criteria in different cities. From a cultural perspective, these standardised landscapes mean the production of residential areas designed on the basis of a thematization of the American suburb. This iconographic display dresses them up as private-urban-ecological-thematic paradises, as a residential landscape that becomes image more than territory and, in this sense, a commodity. This commodification process refers both to the residential space and the inhabitants’ lifestyles as the domestic landscape, created by private security, clearly shows.     

Analyses of urban landscape dynamics using multi-temporal satellite images: A comparison of two petroleum-oriented cities

Rapid urbanization, as a result of population growth and migration from rural to urban, has been recognized as a critical process in urban areas. This study analyzed the spatiotemporal landscape dynamics using multi-temporal satellite images in two petroleum-based cities: Houston, Texas in the United States and Daqing, Heilongjiang province in China. Both cities expanded rapidly on the basis of the petroleum industries during the last 50 years; however, under different socio-political contexts. Comparing the landscape pattern and dynamics in these two cities, we can identify how the urbanization in these two petroleum-based cities affects the landscape pattern, especially in the natural landscapes. A set of landscape indices with supplementary ecological meanings was chosen to facilitate our analyses of spatial dynamics over a span of 20 years. On the basis of the derived indices, a general trend of landscape change was revealed in these two cities: natural landscapes such as grassland and wetland were degraded or fragmented into a more heterogeneous pattern, while the human landscapes such as residential area expanded greatly by replacing other natural classes.     

二战后西方乡村景观风貌的研究脉络与启示

中国乡村建设历经改革开放后的快速城镇化阶段,其建设重点从乡村基础建设转向探索“美丽乡村”的建设模式.这与二战后西方乡村发展与转型过程极为相似,只是各发展阶段滞后于西方国家.因此,西方乡村景观风貌的研究成果对正面临转型的中国乡村研究有很强的参考价值.以ScienceDirect为主要数据源,将乡村景观风貌分为人工景观风貌、自然景观风貌和人文景观风貌,梳理其研究发展脉络,并提炼不同阶段的研究重点、研究方法及趋势特征.对比西方乡村景观风貌的发展经验和中国乡村的现状,中国乡村景观风貌建设应构建乡村景观空间数据库,为量化研究提供数据支持;发展绿色基础设施建设,设立乡村景观风貌的发展底线;促进跨学科合作,推动乡村景观风貌的交互性研究;完善公众参与机制,提升乡村景观风貌的人本性.     

基于古诗词语义解析的乡村景观认知 ——以成都平原为例

传统乡村景观与诗人情怀境界融合并符号化为古诗词,是传统乡村景观的诗化意象。基于乡村居住文明价值认同,针对当前乡村景观与诗意栖居理想相悖的建设现状,以及当代乡村景观规划理论诗意语境缺失的理论现状,从古诗词入手,运用语义分析方法,以成都平原为例运用符号学理论建立空间源词条-标准词条对照表,以此为参数结合文本挖掘技术对成都平原古诗词乡村景观信息进行词条挖掘、词频分析和聚类分析,从中析出成都平原乡村景观语义及诗意意象图谱,在此基础上构建与现实地域相对应的在地性诗意乡村景观意象特征,以探索优化乡村景观特征及乡村诗意栖居之可能。     

居住区的景观色彩

认为居住区色彩是构成居住区景观的重要因素,应关注居住区景观色彩的规划设计。在分析色彩所具有的物理、心理、识别、文化、美感五大功能的基础上,进一步分析了的居住区景观色彩的构成元素,居住区景观色彩设计应坚持整体和谐、尊重自然、人性化、文化四个原则。     

Evaluation of ornamental plant resources to urban biodiversity and cultural changing: A case study of residential landscapes in Trabzon city (Turkey)

The residential vegetation features in urban landscapes play an important role as indicators regarding urban biodiversity potential and cultural changing. They also include ornamental resources in the context to landscape appreciation for human environment. Therefore, this paper provides quantitative information on the distribution of plant species in urban residential landscape areas of Trabzon city (Turkey). In a total of 218 sampled areas, 274 plants species belonging to 70 families were surveyed with respect to residential use types of the city. The study results showed that among the species recorded in five residential type (traditional housing, detached housing, villa, apartment blocks and sites, mass housing for employees), non-native taxa frequency of a total species are much and dominantly represent residential landscape structure. Additionally, the species richness and diversity is positively related to new urban development areas. But, it was clearly determined that the vegetation structure has tended to ornamental purposes different from traditional residential gardens including fruit and other benefiting species. Consequently, it can be evidence that the residential vegetation is ornamental plant resources to urban biodiversity and that the distribution of the species in urban landscapes follows necessities of city and human quality.     

Analyzing public preferences concerning woodland development in rural landscapes in Scotland

This paper considers the decision-making aspects of a closer integration of woodlands with other land uses in rural landscapes in Scotland regarding their socio-economic components and in view of positive implications, which woodlands have for the environment. The research follows a semi-qualitative route and applies a quantitative method of Q-analysis to identify public attitudes towards landscapes by integrating ecological, socio-economic and aesthetic criteria. Some innovative perspectives on the areas of consensus and conflict between people, concerning the future development of rural areas are put forward. The research categorizes landscape preferences and preferences for woodlands, and shows that these preferences are complex. It arrives at a number of conclusions about the role of woodlands in landscape changes, adds to practical suggestions on policy and management decisions for transforming landscapes towards sustainability and suggests that woodland has an important role to play in the integration of aesthetic, ecological and socio-economic components in landscape management in Scotland.     

Spatiotemporal changes of landscape pattern in response to urbanization

The combined method of urban gradient analysis and landscape metrics in analyzing the changes of landscape pattern has been widely applied since its introduction by Luck and Wu (2002). In order to address the temporal dynamics of landscape change, this study integrated transect analysis with temporal trend analysis and specifically discussed how changes of residential pattern are related to forms of urban growth. Using Dane County, Wisconsin, USA as an example, a 60 km transect passing through the City of Madison was set up to represent a continuum of rural-urban-rural landscapes. Changes of landscape pattern from 1968 to 2000 were analyzed by FRAGSTATS with four metrics—percentage of landscape (PLAND), Shannon's evenness index (SHEI), patch density (PD), and mean patch size (MPS). Findings from metric analyses revealed that the degree of land-use diversity and landscape fragmentation is positively related to the degree of urbanization.Specifically, at the class-level, residential land-use type shows the strongest positive relationship to the degree of urbanization in all of the class-level metrics adopted. Changes in residential land-use pattern were further analyzed with the number of housing units. The analyses revealed that there are different patterns of residential development along the transect in the study area—with the core urban area expanding outward in a contiguous manner while the rural areas have scattered development. This study demonstrated the additional insights into landscape change by integrating the spatial and the temporal perspectives and by targeting the forms of residential developments.     

Sustainable Landscapes in an Enlarged Europe—the Landscape Research Group/Institute for Landscape Ecology symposium

This study focuses on the visual perception of agricultural cultivated landscapes by examining the role of five specific landscape components as predictors of visual preferences: field size, lot shape, land texture, crop texture and built elements. The Lower Galilee in northern Israel was chosen as the study area. The landscape was viewed by 90 participants using a photographic representation. Overall, the preference ratings indicated a relatively positive judgment of the agricultural cultivated landscapes. More specifically, the findings suggest that visual preferences regarding agricultural cultivated landscapes may be explained to a large extent by land textures, crop textures and lot shapes that are associated with complexity and fertility. Despite these findings, the intensification of agriculture over the last decades in many agricultural areas is still characterised by the removal of boundaries and the reduction of crop types. Increasing knowledge related to the visual perception of these landscapes may encourage the managers of agricultural areas to begin taking into account several crucial factors that influence the aesthetic quality of cultivated lands.     

The Heritage of the Productive Landscape: Landscape Design for Rural Areas in the Netherlands, 1954-1985

In the current debate about the future of the Dutch countryside, more and more attention is drawn to the role of landscape heritage. Spatial designers are asked to translate historic identities into spatial forms in order to bridge the gap between past and future. Special cultural heritage policies are developed to stimulate a shift in design practice and to increase awareness of the value of cultural landscapes. Because interpretation of the rural landscape is often rooted in nostalgia, most conservation efforts are directed at old historical landscapes and rural scenes. But what about modern rural landscapes? How do these landscapes relate to the emerging issue of heritage protection and development? To answer this question the historical significance of these landscapes was examined by analyzing their design in the slipstream of post-war reconstruction. Attention was also given to their possible future in a planning and management context that is increasingly influenced by a public and professional demand for landscape conservation and heritage. We argue that these landscapes are at odds with the values and core convictions of the current heritage policies and merit recognition in their own right.     

Living with and looking at landscape

Landscape is experienced in countless ways by all human beings, both individually and as members of communities, nations and humanity as a whole. Concern for rural locales as the loci of social, economic and domestic existence has, in recent centuries, often been seen in accord, but more usually in conflict, with attachment to the scenic qualities of landscape couched in aesthetic terms. Celebrated in art and in history, landscapes connote stability and security, but living with them is regarded as a virtue, looking at them condemned as shallow scenic appreciation. The stress between these two sets of values is exacerbated by the decline of rural economies throughout the developed world, the abandonment of agricultural landscapes and the loss of traditional countryside ties. Shifting landscape attachments reflect the timing, extent and current pace of rural depopulation. Whether despite or owing to their increasing remoteness from everyday life, landscapes are heavily freighted with moral and symbolic worth as ecological paradigms and as rightful common inheritances, while spurned as scenically frivolous.     

Landscape Planning for Biological Diversity in Europe

The European landscape reflects its agricultural legacy, but agriculture is losing its dominant position in the rural economy. The rural landscapes of Europe are in a process of polarization between intensive land use and naturalistic areas. In addition to this process, fragmentation of the landscape is also taking place. Regional distinctiveness is disappearing due to the impact of globalization on food production. If regional differences are not maintained and protected then the cultural landscapes of Europe and their biological diversity will decline and only remnants will remain. It is argued that regional differences can only be maintained through conscious environmental and ecological planning. Concepts for this, such as ecostabilization and ecological networks, have been developed in many European countries. The role of the landscape planner should be one of integrating knowledge and functions by designing new functions in existing landscapes and new landscapes with regional character.     

基于LPS的居住区案例研究——以南京香鸢美颂小区为例

景观绩效评价旨在针对建成项目进行景观绩效的可持续性量化,而居住区景观的独特性、综合性和复杂性为绩效评价创造了难度。文章尝试利用景观绩效对南京浦口香鸢美颂小区项目进行量化分析;通过遵循景观绩效计划的目标、方法和价值,探讨LPS在居住区景观类型应用中的适应性。     

Landscape Planning for Biological Diversity in Europe

The European landscape reflects its agricultural legacy, but agriculture is losing its dominant position in the rural economy. The rural landscapes of Europe are in a process of polarization between intensive land use and naturalistic areas. In addition to this process, fragmentation of the landscape is also taking place. Regional distinctiveness is disappearing due to the impact of globalization on food production. If regional differences are not maintained and protected then the cultural landscapes of Europe and their biological diversity will decline and only remnants will remain. It is argued that regional differences can only be maintained through conscious environmental and ecological planning. Concepts for this, such as ecostabilization and ecological networks, have been developed in many European countries. The role of the landscape planner should be one of integrating knowledge and functions by designing new functions in existing landscapes and new landscapes with regional character.     

Ecological and social evaluation of landscape in a rural area with terraced paddies in southwestern Japan

Since the 1960s, improving socio-economic conditions in rural Japan have led to the rise in man-made or man-shaped landscapes, which has in turn resulted in formerly abundant species becoming endangered. In order to conserve biodiversity in rural areas, former agricultural landscapes must be conserved. The problem is that ecologically appropriate landscapes are not always compatible with the needs of local residents or land owners. Prior to carrying out any particular conservation measures, regional landscape management must consider both ecological and social approaches and present acceptable approach-specific management goals in an open and transparent manner. This study, undertaken in the Ohaga district of southwestern Japan, a typical rural area with terraced paddy fields, sought to develop a framework for evaluating regional resources from a landscape ecology perspective. Monitoring the temporal change of landscape structures and vegetation revealed the presence of habitats, such as the pine forest and grasslands bordering the rice paddies, which harbour specific plant species or populations, some now endangered. From a social standpoint, questionnaires revealed that local inhabitants wanted landscape management options which would conserve the pine forest, paddy fields and levee grasslands. Local farmers thought that the landscape should be used and managed as a rural park, rather than for agricultural purposes. These desirable landscape element types can serve as targets for conservation, but ultimately a new system of agricultural management must be developed to sustain the rural landscape.     

Challenges for a shared European countryside of uncertain future. Towards a modern community-based landscape perspective

This paper addresses current changes in the highly diverse European landscape, and the way these transitions are being treated in policy and landscape management in the fragmented, heterogeneous and dynamic context of today’s Europe. It appears that intersecting driving forces are increasing the complexity of European landscapes and causing polarising developments in agricultural land use, biodiversity conservation and cultural landscape management. On the one hand, multifunctional rural landscapes, especially in peri-urban regions, provide services and functions that serve the citizens in their demand for identity, support their sense of belonging and offer opportunities for recreation and involvement in practical landscape management. On the other hand, industrial agricultural production on increasingly large farms produces food, feed, fibre and energy to serve expanding international markets with rural liveability and accessibility as a minor issue. The intermediate areas of traditionally dominant small and family farms in Europe seem to be gradually declining in profitability. The paper discusses the potential of a governance approach that can cope with the requirement of optimising land-sharing conditions and community-based landscape development, while adapting to global market conditions.     

居住区景观环境与老年人健康关系研究进展

居住区景观环境与老年人的身心健康之间存在密切联系。在老龄化趋势加剧的背景下，如何构建适老健康居住环境是当前需要研究的重要问题之一。采用CiteSpace等科学计量工具对相关文献进行网络结构分析，系统梳理居住区景观环境与老年人健康关系的研究趋势概况。结果表明：（1）国内外的研究数量近10年以来开始呈显著增长趋势，国外研究学科分布主要集中在公共健康与老年医学领域，国内则以建筑科学与体育领域为主；（2）影响老年人健康的居住区景观要素及其作用机制是目前国内外研究的重点，景观要素方面重点关注绿地、水体及感官环境，作用机制方面重点关注体力活动、自主需求及社会凝聚力；（3）已有研究主要采用问卷、健康量表、环境实测及生理指标测量等主观或客观测度方法，总体正逐渐呈现出由定性为主转向定性和定量结合方式转变。研究结果可为进一步开展适老健康居住区景观环境的研究和规划设计实践提供参考。