Morphology and mechanical properties of Nylon 6 toughened with waste poly(vinyl butyral) film

Phase morphology and mechanical properties of the blends of Nylon 6 with scrap poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) film and poly[styrene-block-(ethylene-co-butene)-block-styrene] (SEBS) have been investigated. Scanning electron microscopic photographs revealed that the spherical PVB particles are finely and uniformly dispersed in the Nylon 6 matrix without changing the shape of the particles. The average particle sizes in all over the blend compositions for Nylon 6/PVB were slightly increased with PVB content, but the dispersed phase is tightly adhered to the matrix phase, with PVB content in the range of 20–35 wt % PVB. Elongation at break and notched Izod impact strength of all the blends were enhanced, which implies good interfacial adhesion. The rubberlike PVB film adhering to the Nylon 6 phase is suggested to give an improved impact strength and toughness. In particular, the optimum PVB content for the best impact strength is found to be in the vicinity of 20–35 wt %, and this composition exhibits better moisture resistance than the other blend compositions. All of the blends up to 35 wt % PVB show higher mechanical properties than those of Nylon 6 blended with conventional impact modifier SEBS. Thus, plasticized PVB film, which is recycled from the process of automobile safety glasses, is applicable as an impact modifier or a toughening agent of Nylon 6. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 67:1531–1540, 1998     

Fabrication of Super Tough Polycarbonate/Styrene-Etylene-Butylene-Styrene Grafted Maleic Anhydride (SEBS-g-MA) Blends: Morphological,Short Term Static Mechanical and Fracture Performance Interpretation

Impact behaviours, tensile properties and fracture performance of polycarbonate (PC)/styrene ethylene-butylene-styrene-grafted-maleic anhydride (SEBS-g-MA) copolymer blends at SEBS-g-MA volume fraction Φ_d = 0–0.39 are evaluated. In presence of rubber a significant augmentation in notched Izod impact strength was observed while tensile modulus and strength decreased. Morphological studies reveal good interaction between the PC and the rubber particles showing homogeneous dispersion of SEBS-g-MA in the polycarbonate matrix. Interparticle distance of the dispersed phase evaluated from the morphology studies by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the impact strength dependence on the concentration of the blending rubber were analysed. The essential work of fracture approach is applied to study fracture properties of the blends. With increasing SEBS-g-MA concentration nonessential or plastic work increased which explained the enhancement of impact strength of blends.     

Blends of nylon with polyethylene: Effect of compatibilization on mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties

Blends of Nylon 6 with very low density polyethylene (VLDPE) have been studied. The blends exhibit two phase morphology wherein VLDPE is dispersed in the form of spherical domains in Nylon 6 matrix. The water absorption of the blends decreased with increasing VLDPE content. The mechanical properties of these blends show loss in tensile and impact strength due to poor adhesion at the interface. Addition of a compatibilizer containing MAH groups was found to result in improved properties. The tensile strength increased significantly whereas impact testing showed no break confirming better stress transfer across the interface. The dynamic mechanical analysis showed presence of microheterogeneity resulting into merging of tan delta peaks as a result of compatibilization. The observed results are ascribed to the possible reaction between reactive groups in Nylon 6 and the compatibilizer leading to compatibilization through copolymer formation. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 161–168, 1998     

聚苯醚接枝马来酸酐/聚酰胺66共混物的制备与性能

通过辐照法将马来酸酐(MAH)基团接枝到聚苯醚(PPE)上,制备了PPE-g-MAH,将其和聚酰胺(PA)66通过熔融共混挤出方法制备了PPE-g-MAH/PA66共混物。采用差示扫描量热、吸水性实验、维卡软化和热变形实验、拉伸和冲击性能测试及动态力学性能测试等对PPE-g-MAH/PA66共混物性能进行了研究。结果表明,与PPE/PA66共混物相比,PPE-g-MAH/PA66共混物的耐热性能、力学性能和吸水性能均得到改善;随PPE-g-MAH含量的增加,PPE-g-MAH/PA66共混物中PA66的熔融温度和玻璃化转变温度均向PPE方向移动,表明两者的相容性有所提升,且共混物的维卡软化温度、热变形温度、25℃之前的储能模量均升高,吸水率降低;当PPE-g-MAH含量较低时,共混物拉伸强度提升明显而冲击强度升幅较小,当PPE-g-MAH含量较高时,共混物冲击强度提升明显而拉伸强度基本不变。因此,可以根据实际的应用要求选择合适的PPE-g-MAH含量。     

Mechanical behaviors of ethylene/styrene interpolymer compatibilized polystyrene/polyethylene blends

In this study, ethylene/styrene interpolymer was used as a compatibilizer for the blends of polystyrene (PS) and high‐density polyethylene (HDPE). The mechanical properties including tensile and impact properties and morphology of the blends were investigated by means of uniaxial tension, instrumented falling‐weight impact measurements, and scanning electron microscopy. Tensile tests showed that the yield strength of the PS/HDPE/ESI blends decreases considerably with increasing HDPE content. However, the elongation at break of the blends tended to increase significantly with increasing HDPE content. The excellent tensile ductility of the HDPE‐rich blends resulted from shield yielding of the matrix. Izod and Charpy impact measurements indicated that the impact strength of the blends increases slowly with HDPE content up to 40 wt %; thereafter, it increases sharply with increasing HDPE content. The impact energy of the HDPE‐rich blends exceeded that of pure HDPE, implying that the HDPE polymer can be further toughened by the incorporation of brittle PS minor phase in the presence of ESI compatibilizer. The correlation between the impact property and morphology of the blends is discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 4001–4007, 2007     

Effect of maleic anhydride graft ratio on mechanical properties and morphology on nylon 11/ethylene‐octene copolymer blends

Mechanical properties and morphologies of nylon 11/ethylene‐octene copolymer blends have been investigated. The ethylene‐octene copolymer (POE) employed in this study was grafted with maleic anhydride (MAH) and thus has the potential to react with the amine group of nylon 11. Nylon 11/POE‐g‐MAH and nylon 11/POE/POE‐g‐MAH blends with varying MAH graft ratios were prepared. In this paper, the effect of MAH graft ratio on ductile‐brittle transition temperature (DBTT), mechanical properties, and morphology of blends was studied. The results showed that incorporation of POE‐g‐MAH could remarkably improve the compatibility between the nylon and POE elastomers, thus increasing the toughness of the resultant blends. The compatibilizing effect on impact strength became more pronounced with increasing MAH graft ration. DBTTs of blends were initially lowered dramatically with the increasing maleic anhydride graft ratio, but over 0.56% MAH content, DBTTs of blends did not drop further, while tensile strength and tensile modulus dropped slightly because of the decreased glass transition temperature (Tg) of nylon 11/POE blends, resulting from the increased compatibility between the two phases. The role of MAH graft ratio on the POE particle size and dispersion of POE on nylon 11 matrix was also studied.     

Alteration of the mechanical and thermal properties of nylon 6/nylon 6,6 blends by nanoclay

Nylon 6 [N(6)], nylon 6,6 [N(6,6)], and their blends at different clay loadings were prepared. The mix was melted and injected into strip‐shaped samples. Mechanical and thermal analyses were performed to investigate the effect of blending and the incorporated clay on the mechanical and thermal properties. Enhancements in the Young's modulus and hardness were obtained for all of the nanocomposites, with a 55% increase in Young's modulus after the addition of 6 wt % nanoclay, although the improvement in tensile strength depended on the blend ratio, with greatest effects on the 50% N(6)/50% N(6,6) blend with increases of 44 and 59% for 2 and 4% clay loadings, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis showed an enhancement in the thermal properties in the 50% N(6)/50% N(6,6) blend at 2% clay loading, and the blend exhibited ductile behavior at this loading. Increases in the crystallization peak temperatures of 10–15° in N(6,6) and the two blends 30% N(6)/70% N(6,6) and 50% N(6)/50% N(6,6) were observed after the addition of the clay. The nanoclay enhanced the γ‐/β‐form crystals in N(6) and N(6,6) neat polymers and also in the blends. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FT‐IR revealed the formation of hydrogen bonding and the possible formation of ionic bonds between the polymers and the nanoclay, which resulted in enhancements in the mechanical properties of the blends. The distribution of the nanoclay in the blend was well dispersed, as shown by X‐ray diffraction analysis. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Impact and tensile properties of SEBS copolymer compatibilized PS/HDPE blends

In this study, polystyrene–hydrogenated polybutadiene–polystyrene (SEBS) triblock copolymer was used as a compatibilizer for the blends of polystyrene (PS) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The morphology and static mechanical and impact properties of the blends were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy, uniaxial tension, and instrumented falling-weight impact measurements. Tensile tests showed that the yield strength of the PS/HDPE/SEBS blends decreases considerably with increasing HDPE content. However, the elongation at break of the blends tended to increase significantly with increasing HDPE content. The excellent tensile ductility of the HDPE-rich blends resulted from shield yielding of the matrix. Charpy impact measurements indicated that the impact strength of the blends increases slowly with HDPE content up to 50 wt %; thereafter, it increases sharply with increasing HDPE content. The impact energy of the HDPE-rich blends exceeded that of pure HDPE, implying that the HDPE polymer can be further toughened by the incorporation of brittle PS minor phase in the presence of SEBS compatibilizer. The correlation between the impact property and morphology of the blends is discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 68: 1099–1108, 1998     

多壁碳纳米管/聚乙烯醇缩丁醛复合相变纤维的制备与性能

利用微流控技术成功制备了以石蜡(RT27)为芯层、共混多壁碳纳米管(MWNT)的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)为鞘层的核-鞘型MWNT/PVB 复合相变纤维。系统研究了MWNT 的含量对复合相变纤维的形貌、力学性能、热性能、导热性能的影响。研究结果表明,MWNT 的加入显著提高了MWNT/PVB 复合相变纤维的力学性能和导热性能。随着MWNT 含量增加,MWNT/PVB 复合相变纤维的断裂强度先增大后减小。当MWNT 含量为0.5%时,复合相变纤维的断裂强度最大,比未添加MWNT 相变纤维的断裂强度提高了28.27%。在42℃高温下,比较缠绕MWNT 含量为4%的复合相变纤维和缠绕未添加MWNT 相变纤维的模型帽子的内部温度,前者从相同的初始温度17℃升温到达石蜡RT27 的相变温度(27℃)所用的时间比后者减少了25%。研究结果为制备具有良好导热性能、高强度和稳定、快速调温性能的相变纤维提供重要的实验参考和指导。     

Ternary polymer composites: PA6,6/maleated SEBS/glass beads

Polyamide 6,6 (PA6,6)/maleated styrene–hydrogenated butadiene–styrene (SEBS) blends filled with up to 20% spherical glass beads (GBs) were prepared by extrusion and subsequent injection molding. Tensile and impact tests were used to examine the effect of GB additions on the mechanical behavior of PA6,6/SEBS–g–MA 80/20 blend. Tensile measurements showed that the GB additions improve the stiffness of the PA6,6/SEBS–g–MA 80/20 blend but had little effect on its tensile ductility. The impact test revealed that the impact strength of PA6,6/SEBS–g–MA 80/20 blend tends to decrease with increasing GB content. Therefore, the GB additions were beneficial to maintain a stiffness-to-toughness balance of the PA6,6/SEBS–g–MA 80/20 blend. Finally, the correlation between the experimental tensile stiffness and strength with various theoretical models is discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 3231–3237, 2001     

PVC/ABS共混体系力学性能的研究

用冲击试验机、材料试验机和另外一些相关的仪器对PVC/ABS共混体系的力学性能进行了测试、研究,结果发现,PVC/ABS共混体系的性能是组分的函数。ABS的加入改善了PVC/ABS共混体系的力学性能,随着ABS的增加,体系的冲击强度和断裂伸长率明显地提高,而体系的拉伸强度、拉伸模量几乎是随ABS含量的增加而单调地下降。     

Mechanical and thermal properties of copoly(styrene/acrylonitrile) compatibilised Nylon–thermoplastic elastomer blends

Abstract

The effects of blend compositions on the mechanical and thermal properties of polymer blends containing Nylon 66 and a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), Santoprene^®, have been studied. A 5% styrene/acrylonitrile copolymer was added to neat Nylon, TPE, and their blends. The blends were injection moulded and the tensile and impact properties were investigated. The morphology and thermal properties of the blends were observed using scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry.

The presence of double melting temperatures showed that the Nylon 66 and TPE are immiscible. However, blending produced a modification of mechanical and thermal properties. At TPE/Nylon ratios above 50 : 50 the tensile properties of TPE improved. In addition the impact properties of Nylon improved above the 50 : 50 ratio, i.e. in the TPE rich region. Both the melting temperature and crystallinity were depressed in the region of 50 : 50 blend composition. The presence of two phases, which is evidence of immiscibility of the blends, was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy.     

Correlation of viscosity ratio,morphology, and mechanical properties of polyamide 12/natural rubber blends via reactive compatibilization

Natural rubber (NR)-modified polyamide 12 (Nylon12/NR) was produced by melt blending Nylon12 and NR in the presence of polystyrene/maleated natural rubber (PS/MNR) copolymer as a reactive compatibilizer. The influence of compatibilizer loading on viscosity ratio, morphology, and mechanical properties of the blends was investigated. As a consequence of the reactive blend between Nylon12 and maleated NR in PS/MNR, the formation of amide and succinimide linkages was set at rubber-Nylon12 interfaces. Thus the dispersion of rubber particles was improved, and the particle coalescence was prevented so that the fine morphology with good interfacial adhesion was stabilized. This also resulted to enhance the blend viscosity and to lower viscosity ratio. The data revealed strong correlation between low viscosity ratio and fine spherical morphology of the compatibilized blends. An optimum PS/MNR compatibilizer content was at 7 phr to produce good dispersion of small rubber domains (size ≤0.3 μm) in Nylon12 matrix. Thermal properties by DSC revealed that crystallization temperature of Nylon12 was lowered by the presence of NR and crystallinity of Nylon12 was slightly affected by the PS/MNR content. An enhancement of mechanical properties, especially the impact energy was observed without suffering the tensile and flexural properties. Compared to the neat Nylon12, the compatibilized blends showed an increase in impact energy by a factor of 5. This large enhancement is successfully interpreted in term of the toughening effect by rubber phase of suitable dispersed size and the interparticle distance.     

PTT/ABS合金的相形态及力学性能研究

采用双螺杆挤出机制备了聚对苯二甲酸丙二酯(PTT)/丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯塑料(ABS)合金,研究了合金组成及增容剂环氧树脂(EP)和苯乙烯-丁二烯-马来酸酐共聚物(SBM)对合金相形态及力学性能的影响.结果表明,未加增容剂的PTT/ABS合金相畴粗大,相界面清晰,合金的拉伸强度、弯曲强度随ABS含量的增加而逐渐降低,...     

Thermal and mechanical behavior of poly(vinyl butyral)‐modified novolac epoxy/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites

The effects of poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) and acid‐functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube modification on the thermal and mechanical properties of novolac epoxy nanocomposites were investigated. The nanocomposite containing 1.5 wt % PVB and 0.1 wt % functionalized carbon nanotubes showed an increment of about 15°C in the peak degradation temperature compared to the neat novolac epoxy. The glass‐transition temperature of the novolac epoxy decreased with increasing PVB content but increased with an increase in the functionalized carbon nanotube concentration. The nanocomposites showed a lower tensile strength compared to the neat novolac epoxy; however, the elongation at break improved gradually with increasing PVB content. Maximum elongation and impact strength values of 7.4% and 17.0 kJ/m² were achieved in the nanocomposite containing 1.5 wt % PVB and 0.25 wt % functionalized carbon nanotubes. The fractured surface morphology was examined with field emission scanning electron microscopy, and correlated with the mechanical properties. The functionalized carbon nanotubes showed preferential accumulation in the PVB phase beyond 0.25 wt % loading. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43333.     

SEBS-g-MAH对PPS性能的影响

通过熔融共混的方法制备了不同配比的聚苯硫醚(PPS)/马来酸酐接枝苯乙烯-乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物(SEBS-g-MAH)共混物,采用热失重方法,分析了SEBS-g-MAH对PPS热稳定性能的影响,并且通过差示扫描量热分析法研究了SEBS-g-MAH对PPS结晶性能的影响,同时研究了PPS/SEBS-g-MAH共混物的力学性能。结果表明,共混物的热稳定性较纯PPS有所下降;PPS结晶峰宽度随SEBS-g-MAH含量的增加先减小后增大,结晶速率和结晶度较纯PPS减小,但对熔点影响较小;SEBS-g-MAH的加入使共混物的缺口冲击强度和断裂伸长率增大,韧性增加。当SEBS-g-MAH含量为40%时,缺口冲击强度为13.1 k J/m2,断裂伸长率为13.7%,但拉伸强度较纯PPS下降,为54.2 MPa。     

PC/ABS回收料的改性研究

采用双螺杆熔融挤出的方法将不同含量相容剂(马来酸酐接枝苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物,BS-g-MAH)、ABS高胶粉(g-ABS)分别与PC/ABS回收料融熔共混,并对共混材料进行了力学性能表征,结果表明:添加2%相容剂能有效改善PC与ABS的相容性,提高ABS回收料的拉伸强度,但对材料的冲击强度作用不大;随着ABS高胶粉含量的增加,回收料的悬臂梁缺口冲击强度逐渐上升,拉伸强度及断裂伸长率则先上升后下降,当添加15%ABS高胶粉时,回收料的综合性能最佳。     

PLA/PBS共混物增黏改性的研究

采用熔融反应共混法,通过引入过氧化二苯甲酰(BPO),对聚乳酸/聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PLA/PBS)进行增黏改性。研究了该PLA/PBS反应共混物的流变性能、凝胶分数、热性能、力学性能和断面微观形貌。结果表明:随着BPO用量的增加,PLA/PBS反应共混物的转矩和凝胶分数均增大;PLA/PBS反应共混物的结晶性和熔点(Tm)随着BPO用量的增加而降低,且出现熔融双峰,当BPO用量增至1 phr时,熔融双峰消失,PLA和PBS间的相容性显著改善;随着BPO用量的增加,PLA/PBS反应共混物的断裂伸长率、拉伸强度、冲击强度均有所提高,而玻璃化转变温度(Tg)先降后升,体系的内耗则逐渐降低。     

Preparation and Characterization of Bioblends from Gelatin and Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) by Extrusion Method

Abstract

Bioblends are composites of at least one biodegradable polymer with a non-biodegradable polymer. Successful development of bioblends requires that the biodegradable polymers be compatible with other component biodegradable/synthetic (non-biodegradable) polymers. Bioblends from LLDPE and gelatin were prepared by extrusion and hydraulic heat press technique. The gelatin content in the bioblends was varied from 5 to 20 wt%. Various physico-mechanical properties such as tensile, bending, impact strength (IS), thermal ageing and soil degradation properties of the LLDPE/gelatin bioblends with different gelatin contents were evaluated. The effect of thermal ageing on mechanical properties was studied. The mechanical properties such as tensile modulus (TM), bending strength (BS), bending modulus (BM) were found to increase with increasing gelatin content up to 20 wt%, however tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (%E _b) were decreased with increasing gelatin content. Impact strength value increased with increasing gelatin content up to 10 wt% and then decreased slightly with increasing gelatin content. The blend containing 20 wt% gelatin showed relatively better mechanical properties than other blends. The values of TS, TM,%E _b, BS, BM and IS for the bioblend with 20 wt% gelatin content are 5.9MPa, 206.3MPa, 242.6%, 12.1MPa, 8 MPa and 13.7 J/cm², respectively. Water uptake increases with increasing soaking time in water and weight loss due to soil burial also increases with increasing gelatin content in the blends but both are significantly lower than that of pure gelatin sheet. Weight loss values after thermal ageing increase with time, temperature and increasing gelatin content in the blend but are much lower than pure gelatin. Mechanical properties such as TS, TM are increased and %E _b is decreased after thermal ageing at 60°C for 30 min. Consequently, among all of the bioblends prepared in this work the blend having 20% gelatin content yields properties such that it can be used as a semi-biodegradable material.     

Polymerization compounding composites of nylon‐6,6/short glass fiber

Nylon‐6,6 was grafted onto the surface of short glass fibers through the sequential reaction of adipoyl chloride and hexamethylenediamine onto the fiber surface. Grafted and unsized short glass fibers (USGF) were used to prepare composites with nylon‐6,6 via melt blending. The glass fibers were found to act as nucleating agents for the nylon‐6,6 matrix. Grafted glass fiber composites have higher crystallization temperatures than USGF composites, indicating that grafted nylon‐6,6 molecules further increase crystallization rate of composites. Grafted glass fiber composites were also found to have higher tensile strength, tensile modulus, dynamic storage modulus, and melt viscosity than USGF composites. Property enhancement is attributed to improved wetting and interactions between the nylon‐6,6 matrix and the modified surface of glass fibers, which is supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The glass transition (tan δ) temperatures extracted from dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) are found to be unchanged for USGF, while in the case of grafted glass fiber, tan δ increases with increasing glass fiber contents. Moreover, the peak values (i.e., intensity) of tan δ are slightly lower for grafted glass fiber composites than for USGF composites, further indicating improved interactions between the grafted glass fibers and nylon‐6,6 matrix. The Halpin‐Tsai and modified Kelly‐Tyson models were used to predict the tensile modulus and tensile strength, respectively.