微通道内R152a的流动冷凝换热特性的实验研究

在饱和温度为30～50℃,质量流量为200～600 kg/(m~2·s),干度为0～1.0的工况范围内,对制冷剂R152a在微通道内的流动冷凝换热特性进行了实验研究,主要分析了冷凝温度、管型尺寸、质量流量、干度等参数对微通道内换热系数、压降的影响。实验结果显示:换热系数及压降均随着制冷剂干度、质量流量的增加而增大,随着冷凝温度的增大而减小;管型尺寸对压降的影响不大,但对换热系数具有较大影响。     

矩形微通道中流体流动阻力和换热特性实验研究

以去离子水为流体工质,对其在矩形微尺度通道中的流动阻力和传热特性进行了实验研究。通过测量流量、进出口压力和温度等参数,获得了流体流过微通道时的摩擦阻力系数、对流换热过程中的热流通量和N u等。微尺度通道中流体流动的摩擦阻力系数较常规尺度通道中的摩擦阻力系数小,仅是常规尺度通道中摩擦阻力系数的20%~30%;且流动状态由层流向湍流转捩的临界R e也远小于常规尺度通道的。微尺度通道中对流换热的N u与常规尺度通道的显著不同。流量较小时,N u较常规尺度通道中充分发展段的小;随着水流量的增加,微通道的N u迅速增加,并很快超过常规尺度通道的N u,表现出微尺度效应。热流通量对微尺度通道中对流换热N u存在影响,其影响规律在不同流速条件下呈不同趋势,流速较小时,N u基本保持不变;而在流速较大时,N u随热流通量增加而呈增加趋势。     

半圆形微通道内纳米流体流动与传热特性

为了研究流体流经半圆形微通道的传热与流动特性,对去离子水、Cu-水纳米流体及Al-水纳米流体在21个当量直径为612μm的平行半圆形微通道热沉(微型散热片)中的流动与对流换热特性进行了实验研究。研究发现:与截面为矩形的常规形状相比,半圆形微通道也具有很好的换热效果,与去离子水相比,添加Al和Cu纳米颗粒的纳米流体压降损失增大。当纳米流体的质量浓度为0.5%时,在微通道换热器中的纳米流体效应由于粘度过大等原因发生了恶化,并且这种恶化在高流速下也出现了。根据实验数据得到了半圆形微通道内低浓度纳米流体的层流对流换热以及摩擦阻力系数关联式,对热性能系数的分布曲线进行了综合分析,研究结果对于集成高效芯片散热系统设计具有重要意义。     

疏水表面对微通道换热和压降性能的影响

通过搭建的微通道两相沸腾流换热实验台,利用高速摄像仪拍摄其工质两相流流型,研究了接触角分别为48.2°、140°的普通微通道和疏水微通道的压降特性、换热性能,并结合工质流型图阐述其变化规律机理。实验采用的微通道尺寸为0.55 mm×0.55 mm×80 mm,工质质量流量范围为1983～3636 kg/(m~2·s),两相流进口干度为0～0.45。研究结果表明,疏水微通道的压降在所有实验干度区间均显著大于普通微通道的压降,在低干度区间,疏水微通道的换热性能高于普通微通道的换热性能。     

泡沫铝通道内瞬态流动的平均换热系数

针对泡沫铝金属填充矩形通道内的对流换热开展了瞬态实验研究,分析了泡沫铝孔径(孔隙率)、流体流量(流速)等关键参数的影响。为了有效地处理实验数据,重新定义并推导了平均换热系数的计算公式,得到了泡沫铝通道内流动的平均换热系数,并引入了基于渗透率的雷诺数和达西数,确定了相关换热、流动准则数关系。实验研究表明,流速的增大有利于对流换热的强化:而平均换热系数对泡沫金属孔径较敏感;对于低孔隙率泡沫金属,渗透率成为影响换热强度的主要因素,相同或接近的孔隙率下,孔径越大,渗透率和达西数越大,越有利于换热,且压损减小。     

两种用于HCPV/T的水冷换热器传热特性的对比实验研究

本文对两种适用于高倍聚光发电供热（HCPV/T）系统的多槽道和微通道水冷换热器进行了实验研究。利用模拟热源模拟了HCPV/T系统中光伏电池工作时的热流密度,分别研究了流量、壁面温度和输入电压对两种换热器传热特性的影响,并利用传热学理论对两种换热器的特点进行分析,获得了两种换热器努赛尔数Nu与雷诺数Re的拟合经验公式。实验结果表明,微通道换热器在低流量下有较强的换热能力,但在高流量下,换热能力无法随流量增大继续提高;多槽道换热器在低流量下换热能力不佳,但在高流量下仍可随流量增大继续提高。     

微通道轴向导热的拉曼测温实验研究及数值模拟

建立了使用共焦显微拉曼光谱图的微尺度水温测量方法,并用于单相水的对流传热实验。将实验与数值模拟相结合,研究了微通道内轴向导热对流体的传热影响。研究发现,通道入口处壁面热通量最大、液温和壁温均呈非线性发展;局部Nu数曲线出现奇异点,且奇异点位置随着雷诺数的增大往出口处移动;努塞尔数随着雷诺数的增大而增大。     

垂直矩形窄通道流动沸腾换热特性实验研究

流动沸腾换热是典型的两相流问题。窄通道与常规通道相比较,其流动沸腾换热系数有较大提高,换热机理也更加复杂。针对截面为250 mm×5 mm的竖直矩形窄缝通道,在低压、入口温度过冷、不同质量流速及加热功率密度的条件下,对水流动沸腾换热特性进行实验研究。通过实验分析可知:入口温度27～60℃、质量流速2.22～3.49 kg/(m2.s)及加热功率密度0～12 kW/m2对饱和沸腾起始点和过冷段长度有重要影响;高的空泡份额和通道结构的限制使汽液两相流动不稳定而影响换热系数,换热系数随着功率的增大而减小,流体进入完全对流沸腾阶段;由于实验段通道顶部结构的限制,干度的增加不会出现干涸点,换热不会得到恶化,换热系数随着功率的增大基本不变。     

基于格子Boltzmann方法的微通道传热特性数值研究

应用格子Boltzmann方法研究单相流体流过矩形和三角形微通道结构的对流换热特性。数值模拟结果展示出流体在不同微通道中的速度场和温度场。从温度场结果可发现,流体流经微通道时会在热壁面附近形成热边界层,并且热边界层的厚度随雷诺数Re的增大而变薄。另外,通过出口温度和努塞尔数Nu等物理量定量研究两种微通道结构的换热特性。数值结果表明,矩形微通道结构的换热性能优于三角形微通道结构。在场协同原理基础上,进一步分析造成两种微通道换热性能不同的原因。     

不同材质花瓣形扁通道内翅换热管的实验研究

通过实验的方法研究了一种花瓣形扁通道内翅换热管的对流换热和阻力特性,拟合了所测Re范围内对流换热和阻力实验关联式,并运用相同质量流量、相同泵功率和相同阻力降这3种准则比较了采用不同材质时翅片管与普通光管之间的传热效果。结果表明,翅片材质对换热强化效果有较大影响,无论采用哪种材质,花瓣形扁通道内翅管均有较强的换热效果,特别是在低盅条件下,强化效果更加明显。     

Numerical simulation of fluid flow and heat transfer in a microchannel heat sink with offset fan-shaped reentrant cavities in sidewall

The paper is focused on the investigation of fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics in a microchannel heat sink with offset fan-shaped reentrant cavities in sidewall. In contrast to the new microchannel heat sink, the corresponding conventional rectangular microchannel heat sink is chosen. The computational fluid dynamics is used to simulate the flow and heat transfer in the heat sinks. The steady, laminar flow and heat transfer equations are solved in a finite-volume method. The SIMPLEX method is used for the computations. The effects of flow rate and heat flux on pressure drop and heat transfer are presented. The results indicate that the microchannel heat sink with offset fan-shaped reentrant cavities in sidewall improved heat transfer performance with an acceptable pressure drop. The fluid flow and heat transfer mechanism of the new microchannel heat sink can attribute to the interaction of the increased heat transfer surface area, the redeveloping of the hydraulic and thermal boundary layers, the jet and throttling effects and the slipping over the reentrant cavities. The increased heat transfer surface area and the periodic thermal developing flow are responsible for the significant heat transfer enhancement. The jet and throttling effects enhance heat transfer, simultaneously increasing pressure drop. The slipping over the reentrant cavities reduces pressure drop, but drastically decreases heat transfer.     

Fully developed natural convection heat and mass transfer in a vertical annular porous medium with asymmetric wall temperatures and concentrations

This work examines the effects of the modified Darcy number, the buoyancy ratio and the inner radius-gap ratio on the fully developed natural convection heat and mass transfer in a vertical annular non-Darcy porous medium with asymmetric wall temperatures and concentrations. The exact solutions for the important characteristics of fluid flow, heat transfer, and mass transfer are derived by using a non-Darcy flow model. The modified Darcy number is related to the flow resistance of the porous matrix. For the free convection heat and mass transfer in an annular duct filled with porous media, increasing the modified Darcy number tends to increase the volume flow rate, total heat rate added to the fluid, and the total species rate added to the fluid. Moreover, an increase in the buoyancy ratio or in the inner radius-gap ratio leads to an increase in the volume flow rate, the total heat rate added to the fluid, and the total species rate added to the fluid.     

A Numerical Study on the Forced Convection of Laminar Nanofluid in a Microchannel with Both Slip and No-Slip Conditions

This article provides numerically study of the thermal performance of a microchannel, cooled with either pure water or a Cu-water nanofluid, while considering the effects of both slip and no-slip boundary conditions on the flow field and heat transfer. The microchannel is partially heated at a constant temperature and cooled by forced convection of a laminar flow at a relatively lower temperature. The effects of pertinent parameters such as Reynolds number, solid volume fraction, and slip velocity coefficient on the thermal performance of the microchannel are studied. The results of the numerical simulation indicate that the heat transfer rate is significantly affected by the solid volume fraction and slip velocity coefficient at high Reynolds numbers.     

Numerical simulation of the magnetic field and Joule heating effects on force convection flow through parallel-plate microchannel in the presence of viscous dissipation effect

The effects of Joule heating, Hartman, Brinkman, and Reynolds numbers on the flow pattern and thermal characteristics of force convection flow through a parallel-plate microchannel are investigated in various nanoparticles volume fraction. Water–Al₂O₃ is considered as the working nanofluid while taking viscous dissipation effect (VDE) into account. The mid-section of the microchannel is heated with a constant uniform heat flux and influenced by a magnetic field with a uniform strength. The effective thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluid are calculated through a new correlation in which the influence of Brownian motion is considered. A control volume finite different scheme, along with the SIMPLE algorithm, is adopted to conduct the numerical analyses and solve the discrete equations. Contour plots of streamlines and isotherms are presented to graphically display the impact of the investigated variables. Furthermore, the values of the Nusselt number for the minimum temperature and maximum velocity are calculated and presented through figures. The results show that all of the Brinkman, Joule, nanofluid concentration, and Hartmann numbers have decreasing effect on the heat transfer. The conclusion is supported by the fact that all the aforementioned factors increase the temperature throughout the flow field. The higher the flow field temperature, the lower the heat transfer from the wall. Higher Brinkman number leads to the friction intensification between flow layers due to considering VDE. It can be said about the Joule heating that, since this term has an inverse relation with the squared velocity, increase in Joule number is followed by a reduction of heat transfer from the walls. Also, an increase in the nanofluid concentration increases the temperature throughout the microchannel leading to heat transfer deterioration.     

Numerical Investigation on Conjugate Heat Transfer Performance of Microchannel Using Sphericity-Based Gold and Carbon Nanoparticles

Numerical study has been carried out on the laminar forced convection flow of nanofluids in a wide rectangular microchannel. The flow and heat transfer characteristics of gold and of single-walled carbon (SWCNT) nanofluids are investigated in order to find an efficient and cost-effective heat transfer fluid. The effects of nanoparticle volume concentration and of spherical and cylindrical particulate sizes on the conjugate heat transfer performance of the microchannel are reported. The effective thermal conductivity of a nanofluid is evaluated on the basis of particle sphericity by considering the volume and surface area of the nanoparticles. The average convective heat transfer coefficient increases with increase in Reynolds number and volume concentration. Moreover, sphericity-based thermal conductivity evaluation showed that increasing the length of the SWCNT nanoparticle has significant effect on the heat transfer performance, concluding that axial heat conduction dominates the radial heat conduction within the nanoparticle. The carbon nanofluid is identified as an optimized heat transfer fluid with better heat transfer characteristics in comparison with the gold nanofluid. It also reduces the cost of the working fluid. The variations in the interface temperature between solid and fluid regions are reported for nanofluids with different concentrations at different Reynolds numbers. The diameter and length of the SWCNT nanoparticle show a significant effect on heat transfer characteristics.     

Numerical study of flow and heat transfer characteristics of alumina-water nanofluids in a microchannel using the lattice Boltzmann method

In the present study, mathematical modeling is performed to simulate force d convection flow of Al₂O₃/water nanofluids in a microchannel using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). Simulations are conducted at low Reynolds numbers (Re ≦ 16). Results indicate that the average Nusselt number increases with the increase of Reynolds number and particle volume concentration. The fluid temperature distribution is more uniform with the use of nanofluid than that of pure water. Furthermore, great deviations of computed Nusselt numbers using different models associated with the physical properties of a nanofluid are revealed. The results of LBM agree well with the classical CFD method for predictions of flow and heat transfer in a single channel and a microchannel heat sink concerning the conjugate heat transfer problem, and consequently LBM is robust and promising for practical applications.     

矩形微槽群换热器换热特性的数值研究

设计了一种矩形微槽群换热器,分别对单个槽和整个换热器传热过程进行了数值模拟。对不同流量以及不同热流下的流场和温度场进行模拟,并与理论分析结果比较,两者相吻合。分析结果表明,微换热器的热阻随着流量的增大而变小,温度变低。当流量为200 mg/s时,微换热器最高温升为47 K,表明当达到一定流量的时候,微换热器温升能控制在有效地范围内,能很好地保证微器件的工作状态。     

Thermal–fluid behavior of the hydriding and dehydriding processes in a metal hydride hydrogen storage canister

A study of the hydrogen absorption and desorption processes using LaNi₅ metal hydride is presented for investigation on the influences of expansion volume and heat convection. The hydrogen storage canister comprises a cylindrical metal bed and a void of expansion volume atop the metal. The expansion volume is considered as a domain of pure hydrogen gas. The gas motion in the metal hydride bed is treated as porous medium flow. Concepts of mass and energy conservation are incorporated in the model to depict the thermally coupled hydrogen absorption and desorption reactions. Simulation results show the expansion volume reduces the reaction rates by increasing thermal resistance to the heat transfer from the outside cooling/heating bath. The assumption usually adopted in simulating heat transfer in a metal hydride tank that heat convection in the reaction bed may be ignored is not valid when expansion volume is used because heat convection dominates the heat transfer through the expansion volume as well as the metal bed. The details of the thermal flow pattern are demonstrated. It is found that, due to the action of thermal buoyancy, circulations are likely to happen in the expansion volume. The hydrogen gas accordingly, instead of going directly between the inlet/outlet and the metal bed, tends to move with the circulation along the boundary of the expansion volume.     

Research on the hydrogen production performance of methanol reforming microchannels with multi-scale structures

Methanol microreactors are of much application value in mobile hydrogen production (HP) thanks to their tiny volume, flexibility and safety and all that. Microchannels, the core of a reactor, provide a site and heat supply for the reaction. In this paper, a microchannel with multi-scale structures, i.e. submicro structure, corrugated structure, fin structure and matrix structure, is designed. Then the influence mechanism of these structures on the hydrogen production of methanol reforming is studied. Specifically, the influences of microstructures like submicro and corrugated structures on the performance of the catalyst in the microchannel as well as the influence of fin structure and matrix structure on the heat and mass transfer performance of the channel are studied. From the experimental research on the methanol conversion rate and H₂ flow rate of the microchannel with multi-scale structures, the influence rule of different structures on the HP performance of the channel is summarized. The experimental results show that these multi-scale structures not only improve the loading of the catalyst of the microchannel, but also its heat and mass transfer, which increases the methanol conversion rate of the microchannel with multi-scale structures by 33% and its H₂ flow rate by 0.266 mol/h.     

Drag reduction and heat transfer enhancement over a heated wall of a vertical annular microchannel

An analysis for the effect of wall-surface curvature on gas microflow is performed to study the natural convection in an open-ended vertical annular microchannel with an isothermally heated inside wall. The fully developed solutions of the velocity, temperature, flow rate, shear stress, and heat flux are derived analytically and presented for air and various surfaces at the standard reference state. Results show that wall-surface curvature has a significant effect. This results in a nonlinear behavior in the temperature, which seems difficult to appear in a parallel-plate microchannel. Under certain rarefaction and fluid–wall interaction conditions, by decreasing the value of the curvature radius ratio, it is possible to obtain both reduced flow drag and enhanced heat transfer.