Hydrological Drought Class Transition Using SPI and SRI Time Series by Loglinear Regression

Loglinear models for three-dimensional contingency tables was used with data from 21 rainfall stations and 7 hydrometric stations in the Luanhe river basin, northeast China, for short term prediction of drought severity class. Loglinear models were fitted to drought class transitions derived from standardized precipitation index (SPI) and standardized runoff index (SRI) time series to find which series was more suitable for hydrological drought class prediction 1 and 2 months ahead, respectively. Expected frequencies for two consecutive transitions between drought classes were first calculated, and based on this the predicted drought classes 1 and 2 months ahead were obtained. The results showed that despite the contingency tables of drought class transitions presented the maintenance of the precedent drought class, results of three-dimensional loglinear modeling presented good results when comparing predicted and observed drought classes. Only for a few cases predictions did not fully match the observed drought class, mainly for 2-month lead and when the SRI values are near the limit of the severity class predicted by SRI time series. Based on the correlation analysis of SPI and SRI, we presented the well-known method of hydrological drought class prediction by SPI time series. It was found that, using loglinear regression method, the accuracy of predictions for 2-month lead predicted by SPI time series was higher than those predicted by SRI time series. When we divided the SPI and SRI time series into 2 sub-periods (pre- and post-1980 where land cover changed), we got the same drought class prediction as that predicted by the entire SPI and SRI time series, which illustrated that changes in land use did not affect predictions of hydrological drought classes in the Luanhe river basin. It could be concluded that loglinear prediction of drought class transitions is a useful tool for short term hydrological drought warning, and the results could provide significant information for water resources managers and policy makers to mitigate drought effects.     

Future Hydrological Drought Analysis Considering Agricultural Water Withdrawal Under SSP Scenarios

Hydrological drought is assessed through river flow, which depends on river runoff and water withdrawal. This study proposed a framework to project future hydrological droughts considering agricultural water withdrawal (AWW) for shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios. The relationship between AWW and potential evapotranspiration (PET) was determined using a deep belief network (DBN) model and then applied to estimate future AWW using projections of the twelve global climate models (GCMs). 12 GCMs were bias-corrected using the quantile mapping method, climate variables were generated, and river flow was estimated using the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model. The standardized runoff index (SRI) was used to project the changes in hydrological drought characteristics. The results revealed a higher occurrence of severe droughts in the future. Droughts would be more frequent in the near future (2021–2060) than in the far future (2061–2100) and more severe when AWW is considered. Droughts would also be more severe for SSP5-8.5 than for SSP2-4.5. The study revealed that the increased PET due to rising temperatures is the primary cause of the increased drought frequency and severity. The AWW will accelerate the drought severities in the future in the Yeongsan River basin.

     

不同季节气象干旱向水文干旱的传播及其动态变化

研究变化环境下气象干旱向水文干旱的传播与影响机制,有利于揭示水文干旱的形成过程与机理,从而建立基于气象干旱的水文干旱预警。为揭示不同季节气象干旱向水文干旱的传播动态变化及其驱动因素,本研究以无定河、窟野河和沁河流域为研究区域,采用标准化降水指数(SPI)和标准化径流指数(SRI)分别表征气象干旱和水文干旱,分析气象、水文干旱的时程变化特征,计算不同季节气象干旱向水文干旱的传播时间,探究影响不同季节干旱传播的主要因子及物理机制。结果表明:(1)气象、水文干旱有加重的趋势,水文干旱对气象干旱的响应具有滞后关系;(2)除窟野河流域变慢外,研究区域不同季节干旱传播整体呈变快的趋势,表明这些区域水循环速率加快;(3)无定河和沁河流域传播时间加快与降水和气温不断变快有关;窟野河流域传播时间的变慢与煤炭开采和水库建造有关。     

基于动态权重系数法的区域综合干旱指标研究

为揭示区域总体干旱程度及其变化特征,以长株潭地区为研究区,在标准化降水指数(SPI)、标准化水位指数(SZI)、标准化区域水资源短缺指数(SSDI)基础上,利用动态权重系数法构建区域干旱综合指标MIDI,结合历史受旱面积率、因旱减少供水量等旱情统计资料,对MIDI的适用性进行分析验证。以长株潭地区11个气象站、12个水文站近几十年实测资料为例,分别采用游程理论和Copula函数法识别干旱事件,并计算其发生频率,采用多尺度统计分析法,对区域综合干旱的演变特征进行分析。研究结果表明:SPI、SZI、SSDI对于不同水源、行业类型干旱评价各具优势,SPI、SSDI年干旱累积烈度与长株潭地区农业受旱面积率相关性相对较高;SZI年干旱累积烈度与城镇因旱减少供水量相关性较高,更适用于依靠地表径流为主要供水水源的城镇干旱地区评价。本研究提出的动态权重系数法,综合考虑了区域产业结构的年际变化、产业需水规律的季节性变化等因素,可反映不同阶段各单项指标干旱对于旱情的主导作用,适用于多种水源和产业类型的区域旱情综合评价;从月、季和年3种时间尺度,分析了长株潭地区MIDI综合干旱的变化特征,结果表明长株潭地区近20 a来极端干旱发生频次呈现波动增加趋势。     

基于分布式水文模型的怒江流域气象干旱和水文干旱分析

为了评估气候变化对怒江流域干旱演变的影响,本研究建立了GBHM-NJ分布式水文模型,利用实测站点资料率定参数并验证模型精度,模拟了1961—2010年长时间序列流域水文过程,并分别采用标准化降水指数(SPI)和标准化径流指数(SSI)分析了流域气象干旱和水文干旱的时空演变特点。结果表明:(1)GBHM-NJ模型能较好地模拟怒江流域的径流过程和水文响应的空间特征。(2)1961—2010年间,怒江流域发生气象干旱的频率、覆盖面积和强度呈增加趋势,其中1994年和2009年气象干旱最为严重。(3)在空间上,怒江流域的年度气象干旱频率约为28%,中游地区干旱频率比较高、主要分布在左贡站和八宿站附近,上游地区次之,下游地区相对较低。(4)水文干旱进入20世纪90年代和21世纪以后明显增强,年尺度干旱以轻旱为主,季尺度干旱特旱多发生在秋冬季。总之,气候变化环境下怒江流域干旱呈现增强趋势。     

抚河流域气象干旱向水文干旱传播的影响机制研究

气象干旱是水文干旱发生的前兆,探究影响气象干旱向水文干旱传播的主要因素对建立有效的基于气象干旱的水文干旱监测预警具有重要意义。以抚河流域为例,采用标准化降水指数和标准化径流指数分别评估气象干旱和水文干旱,并构建基于流域分布式二元水循环模型的干旱传播评估方法,采用多因素综合影响贡献量分解法量化气候变化和人类活动对干旱传播变化的贡献。结果表明：建立的抚河流域分布式二元水循环模型模拟流域出口断面流量的纳什效率系数大于0.85,相对误差在5%之内;气象干旱向水文干旱传播关系变化的时间是1980s—1990s。相对于1956—1990年,1991—2019年气象干旱向水文干旱的传播率降低了8.3%;在气象干旱向水文干旱传播的影响中,气候变化的减缓作用占主导地位,贡献量为-9.9%;其次是人类活动的加剧作用,贡献量为1.6%;降水作为干旱的主要致灾因子,变化期增加了144.3 mm,这对于减弱气象干旱向水文干旱传播的敏感性起到主要作用。     

Assessment of Hydrological Drought Revisited

A variety of indices for characterising hydrological drought have been devised which, in general, are data demanding and computationally intensive. On the contrary, for meteorological droughts very simple and effective indices such as the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) have been used. A methodology for characterising the severity of hydrological droughts is proposed which uses an index analogous to SPI, the Streamflow Drought Index (SDI). Cumulative streamflow is used for overlapping periods of 3, 6, 9 and 12 months within each hydrological year. Drought states are defined which form a non-stationary Markov chain. Prediction of hydrological drought based on precipitation is also investigated. The methodology is validated using reliable data from the Evinos river basin (Greece). It can be easily applied within a Drought Watch System in river basins with significant storage works and can cope with the lack of streamflow data.     

基于AWRI指数的汉江上游流域水资源量评估

为了科学评价汉江上游水资源量,提出了一个能够综合反映流域水资源量的指数——AWRI(Aggregate Water Resource Index)。该指数以流域月降水量、蒸发量、平均径流量以及水库平均蓄水量作为输入变量,运用主成分分析法(PCA)分别对每个月份系列进行计算,经标准化第一主成分分析计算后即可得到水资源量。在此基础上,对汉江流域上游进行了AWRI计算与分析。分析结果表明:AWRI指数综合考虑了气象、水文、人为因素对水资源量的影响,能够较全面和准确地反映水资源量的年际变化情况,有利于对流域水资源量改变情况进行评估。     

Multivariate Drought Assessment Considering the Antecedent Drought Conditions

Several drought indices have been developed based on a single variable or multiple variables using very complex calculations. Antecedent conditions are quite significant for analyzing physical processes involved in the conceptual rainfall-runoff modeling and for proper assessment of drought. However, not much attention has been paid to these conditions in the development of drought indices. Hence, we developed an alternative index for drought assessment, i.e., the antecedent condition-based multivariate drought index (AMDI), by taking into consideration all of the forms of drought, including meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological drought, in combination with the antecedent drought conditions. By comparing the AMDI with the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and reconnaissance drought index (RDI), it was revealed that in most cases, the drought trend was more or less the same. However, some discrepancies were also observed. Moreover, by considering additional factors, i.e., the antecedent soil moisture conditions and balance, an approximately 6 % difference in the drought frequency was observed compared to that of the SPI and RDI results, leading to a significant and proper drought assessment. The AMDI was also identified as a multi-scalar, multivariate index, which aggregates the effects of multiple drought forms by maintaining the continuity during month-to-month transitions. Hence, we concluded that the AMDI could be considered as an alternative tool for significant drought assessment.     

基于Copula函数的新型综合干旱指数构建与应用

干旱指数是研究干旱的重要工具,构建综合干旱指数是目前干旱监测、风险评估的前沿和趋势。本文基于阿基米德Copula函数,联合降雨(气象)、径流(水文)两种要素,构建了一种能够综合表征气象干旱和水文干旱的新型综合干旱指数MSDI_p,并用其表征渭河流域的干旱演变特征,且进一步对其背后的驱动力进行了探究。结果表明:(1)MSDI_p指数既能像标准化降水指数(SPI)一样敏锐地捕捉干旱的发生,也能像标准化径流指数(SRI)一样很好地刻画干旱的持续时间和结束,同时具备气象和水文两种干旱指数表征不同类型干旱的优势,能综合表征干旱演变特征;(2)受气候变化和人类活动影响,渭河流域过去50余年综合干旱呈显著增强趋势;(3)渭河流域综合干旱指数序列存在变异点(1994年),且未来流域干旱情势有加剧趋势;(4)太阳黑子和大气环流异常因子等对渭河流域综合干旱的发生有较大影响,其中太阳黑子活动的影响最强。且除直接影响外,太阳黑子还能通过影响大气环流异常因子进而对综合干旱的发生造成间接影响。     

A New Method of Change Point Detection Using Variable Fuzzy Sets Under Environmental Change

Change point detection is an effective tool to identity whether the hydrological data are of consistency. In this paper, Pettitt test was first used to detect change point for annual rainfall and runoff time series in 6 selected sub-watersheds of Luanhe river basin in Northeast part of China. Then we presented a method to detect change point according to the law of mutual change of quality and quantity in variable fuzzy sets. We chose the mean of time series as assessment index as in other change point detection methods, and defined 95 and 5 % quantiles of the time series as the supremum and infimum respectively. We selected a reference period (for example, the first 10 points of the time series) as the stationary period, and after the reference period, we checked the mean value of the time series point by point. We used this method in the 6 sub-watersheds of Luanhe river basin. The results of the 2 methods showed that most annual rainfall time series had no change point, and some annual runoff time series had change point in 1979 or 1981. Comparison of the 2 methods was made, and it indicated that Pettitt test provided reference for variable fuzzy sets method, but the latter provided more reasonable results than Pettitt test in this study. This method can also be used in other natural time series.     

水土保持措施对黄河水沙影响评价模型及效益评价研究

黄河水沙变化研究是黄河水、沙资源合理利用的前提，水土保持措施对水沙影响评价模型及效益评价是黄河治理开发的基础。本文对第三期黄河水土保持科研基金项目第三专题研究成果进行了总结：综合分析了现有水沙评价模型和孤山川流域水沙变化研究成果，探讨了水土保持措施对产流产沙机制的影响，遴选了用于研究的水沙评价模型，并对研究区的水土保持措施对水沙的影响做了定量分析评价。     

Improvement to the Thornthwaite Method to Study the Runoff at a Basin Scale Using Temporal Remote Sensing Data

Most of the popular hydrological models are intensive data driven hence, it has become a constraint in computing runoff of river basins where the meteorological data availability is scant. Studying environmental impact assessment on runoff has also become complex in many basins due to non-availability of sufficient historic meteorological data. Directly or indirectly, major components of hydrological cycle such as evapotranspiration and soil moisture are dependent on land use pattern at basin scale. Keeping in view of this, in this paper, an attempt was made to propose modification to simple monthly water balance model by integrating potential evapotranspiration with land use coefficients that were derived from the temporal satellite remote sensing data to compute runoff at basin scale. Godavari Basin, India was selected as study basin to demonstrate the approach. Monthly land use coefficients of all land use classes were computed during the calibration process of the model by matching the computed runoff with field runoff. Runoff during the last 18 years (1990–91 to 2007–08) was computed using the developed methodology. Four years datasets were used for model calibration and the rest of the data for model validation. Spatial annual groundwater flux, reservoir flux and domestic water consumption grids were computed using the field data and integrated with the model in computing runoff. From the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient, it is found that computed runoff is very well matching the field runoff. The demonstrated approach is found to be more accurate and simple in computing runoff at basin scale in absence of high intensity meteorological data.     

标准化径流指数在阿克苏河水文干旱特征识别中的应用

阿克苏河位于丝绸之路经济带重要通道,是典型的中亚跨境河流,阿克苏丰富的水资源成为沿岸各国争夺的焦点。针对阿克苏河未来水资源评估和管理的迫切需要,以阿克苏河干流月径流为数据基础,结合径流距平百分比,采用标准化径流指数(Standardized Runoff Index,SRI)辨识阿克苏河水文干旱事件,并验证了水文干旱识别的合理性。结果表明:SRI丰枯等级划分临界值在阿克苏河能够有效地识别水文干旱事件及其干旱等级,SRI趋势分析发现未来阿克苏河春、夏季洪水和冬旱现象的可能性在逐渐增大,水资源季节差异将越来越明显,这将是未来水资源合理利用和管理的一个新挑战。     

改进河流压力指数法及在河流健康评估中的应用

水文情势是河流生态系统的基本属性及重要驱动力,其年内及年际变化会影响河流生态系统的正常结构与功能。当前水文变化评估已被国内外学者列为河流健康评估的重要内容。河流压力指数(FSR)法以受干扰前后连续月径流系列为基础,采用10项指标评估人类干扰下河流水文情势的变化特征,但对河流水文变化生态过程的表征存在一定局限性。针对闸坝工程建设、水电资源开发等对河流调节的不稳定性及无规律性,从河流径流系列、指标算法以及指标优选等对FSR进行一系列优化改进。在南方某流域河流健康的评估应用中发现,改进型河流压力指数法适用于日径流系列并可如实反映河流受干扰的实际情况,使得河流健康评估更符合实际;优选后的5项指标充分代表了原10项指标的生态学意义及评分结果,更有利于FSR法的应用与推广。     

Drought variability and its connection with large-scale atmospheric circulations in Haihe River Basin

Drought is one of the most widespread and devastating extreme climate events when water availability is significantly below normal levels for a long period. In recent years, the Haihe River Basin has been threatened by intensified droughts. Therefore, characterization of droughts in the basin is of great importance for sustainable water resources management. In this study, two multi-scalar drought indices, the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index(SPEI) with potential evapotranspiration calculated by the Penmane Monteith equation and the standardized precipitation index(SPI), were used to evaluate the spatiotemporal variations of drought characteristics from 1961 to 2017 in the Haihe River Basin. In addition, the large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns were used to further explore the potential links between drought trends and climatic anomalies. An increasing tendency in drought duration was detected over the Haihe River Basin with frequent drought events occurring in the period from 1997 to 2003. The results derived from both SPEI and SPI demonstrated that summer droughts were significantly intensified. The analysis of large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns indicated that the intensified summer droughts could be attributed to the positive geopotential height anomalies in Asian mid-high latitudes and the insufficient water vapor fluxes transported from the south.     

基于水文-作物耦合模型和CWAPI指数的农业干旱评估

基于模拟土壤含水量构建的干旱指数可反映农业干旱的时空发展过程,已被广泛用于大范围农业干旱评估中。当前模拟用于干旱评估的土壤含水量时,常采用水文模型进行模拟。然而,水文模型常过于简化作物模块甚至缺少作物模拟方案,无法模拟作物需水量,因此仅基于土壤含水量构建的土壤干旱指数因忽略作物需水而难以准确评估实际的农业干旱情况。研究构建了考虑灌溉过程影响的水文-作物耦合模型VIC-EPIC（Variable Infiltration Capacity-Environmental Policy Integrated Climate）,提出了基于VIC-EPIC模拟作物需耗水过程的作物缺水距平指数CWAPI（Crop Water Anomaly Percentage Index）,在青口河流域开展了区域农业干旱评估方法研究。验证分析表明,构建的CWAPI因考虑作物需水影响可直接反映作物的缺水状态和缺水对作物生长的累积影响;由于在干旱评估中引入了作物种植比例、轮作类型和灌溉的影响,CWAPI能够较SMAPI（Soil Moisture Anomaly Percentage Index）更客观地反映区域作物旱情。因此评估农业干旱时,需要考虑作物种植比例、轮作和灌溉过程的影响。     

基于VIC模型的滦河流域综合干旱指数的构建与应用

干旱频发已成为严重制约社会经济可持续发展的重要因素,但由于干旱形成机理复杂,影响因素众多,目前尚无公认普遍适用的干旱指数,因此寻找并构建适用于研究区的综合干旱指数成为当前研究的热点和重点。本文以滦河流域为研究对象,选取1960-1979年为研究期,通过对降水距平百分数、相对湿润度和由VIC模型的中间变量-土壤含水量计算得到的土壤相对湿度指数进行主成分分析,构建了适用于该流域的综合干旱指数,对研究期的旱情进行了评价,并与标准化降水指数(SPI)、帕默尔指数(PDSI)的评价结果进行比较,验证其适用性。结果表明:基于VIC模型的综合干旱指数能较好地评价滦河流域历史旱情。该研究在提升海河流域干旱监测和评价能力方面具有一定的理论与实用价值,也为其它流域的干旱评价具有参考价值。     

干旱指数在辽河流域的应用分析

由于农业用水增加、工业污染严重,造成辽河流域干旱程度加重,利用2010—2015年辽河流域昌图县、康平县、法库县逐月降水量资料及年降雨量数据,通过降水距平百分率、标准化降水指数(SPI)、降水Z指数合理评价了辽河流域干旱情况,并比较3种干旱指数的评价效果。分析了三个地方的干旱情况,研究并比较了降水距平百分率、 SPI、降水Z指数的评价效果。结果表明：降水距平百分率反映干旱程度较轻;与降水Z指数相比,SPI指数能较客观地反映辽河流域干旱程度。为辽河流域定量研究干旱事件提供合理的指标依据,为不同研究区根据自身特点选择适合的干旱指标奠定理论基础。     

南盘江流域水文干旱对气象干旱的响应特征研究

选取南盘江流域3个站点40年(1970年-2009年)的逐月径流资料和20个站点同期逐月降水资料,计算标准化径流指数(SSFI)和不同时间尺度的标准化降水指数(SPI),从中选取水文干旱样本和同期的SPI进行统计分析,研究水文干旱对气象干旱的响应特征。结果表明:南盘江流域SSFI对SPI具有良好的响应关系;SSFI对SPI的响应关系随时间尺度的不同相关性不同;总体来看,流域内水文干旱对气象干旱的响应时间约为6个月。