Social dilemmas in built-heritage policy: the role of social considerations in decisions of planning inspectors

This paper addresses an underrated aspect of historic preservation policy: the role played by social factors in conflicts over proposals to develop heritage properties. After reviewing existing literature, we develop a theoretical framework and apply it to heritage-related decisions made by planning inspectors in the English planning system. Specifically, the research focuses on planning appeals pertaining to development in conservation areas. We focus on conflicts in Greater London Area and analyse the content of 105 sampled case studies. The findings show that social considerations are present, to some extent, in almost half of the decisions, and that inspectors are often cognizant of the positive and negative social aspects of heritage protection policies. Although heritage policy in England has been acknowledged for its physical and architectural emphasis, in fact, the analysis reveals that, during planning processes, decision-makers also focus attention on the social implications of historic protection. The recognition of the social implications suggests that there are multidimensional perspectives in heritage policy. Indeed, in a large share of conflicts, the inspectors viewed historic preservation in a critical manner, emphasizing the social benefits attributed to demolitions and alterations rather than to preservation. In those cases, planning inspectors stressed better and more affordable housing as public interests which justify why heritage could not be strictly protected. By studying the trajectories of heritage disputes, the paper points out the underlying dimensions of conflicts and concludes that if policymakers are to devise socially inclusive heritage policies, they must first acknowledge their deep and often complex social implications.     

Conservation of historical landscapes: What signifies ‘successful’ management?

This paper focuses on the management of an industrial heritage site in Sweden, which local stakeholders and heritage planners have claimed to be successful. This status of excellence is investigated in relation to the general, county-wide applied heritage planning. The results show that key factors for successful management of the industrial heritage site are not related only to conservation work, but also to personal engagement, sense of responsibility, and well-being among participants. However, heritage planners generally lack methods to address immaterial values and socio-economic benefits of engaging in heritage activities, resulting in a separation between physical and communal aspects of heritage planning. The results highlight the issue of professional legitimacy and the challenges for heritage planners to address regional policy objectives, such as finding ways to utilise historic landscapes in destination-driven strategies and to simultaneously support civil engagement in heritage-related issues.     

基于CVM的上海豫园非使用价值评估

建筑遗产是人类文化遗产中的一种重要文化资源,它具有使用价值和非使用价值.以上海豫园为例,采用条件价值法对其非使用价值进行评估,得到上海豫园每年的非使用价值为4 969.84万元.这从一定程度上反映了建筑遗产作使用价值的货币化结果,由此提醒人们在建筑遗产保护与利用过程中应注重其内在价值,不要片面追求建筑遗产的使用价值,同时也为建筑遗产保护与利用决策提供一定的参考.     

Cultural Heritage of Roads and Road Landscapes: Classification and Insights on Valuation

Over time roads and their surroundings gained historic and cultural significance. This significance is oftentimes acknowledged and numerous roads and road infrastructure objects with their surrounding environment are listed and protected. Notwithstanding this, it is necessary to note that the ways in which roads, their surrounding environment, and adjacent objects can manifest heritage values, can be complex, and are not limited to historic roads or historic road landscapes. Different categories of these ways can be distinguished: road landscape can be recognized as cultural heritage, cultural heritage objects functionally related or unrelated to the road can exist in its surrounding environment, and roads can also be treated as cultural heritage objects in landscape. Understanding the dimensions of the cultural heritage of roads and road landscapes and analysing its values can be important not only to the environmental, technological, and cultural history, but also to the future-oriented heritage management and territorial planning fields. The article is aimed to present a framework for analysing the cultural heritage of the automobile roads and road landscapes consisting of the system for its classification and of identification of factors determining its cultural value and the categories of economic value it can provide. Assessment possibilities of these values are also shortly discussed.     

历史文化村镇评价指标体系的再研究——以第二批中国历史文化名镇(名村)为例

结合我国历史文化名镇(名村)的评选,从价值特色和保护措施两方面进一步构建了历史文化村镇评价指标体系。为公布中国历史文化名镇(名村)提供了技术和方法依据,在文化遗产定量评价方面进行了有益探索。     

Using economic asset valuation to meet rehabilitation priority needs in the water sector

ABSTRACT

The current study aims at economic asset valuation of water and wastewater infrastructures to prioritize rehabilitation interventions using the infrastructure value index (IVI) as a key performance indicator. The proposed methodology follows a three-step procedure: (1) identification, characterization and site inspection of existing assets; (2) estimation of the current replacement cost and the current value; and (3) establishment of the priority needs. Data from a utility in the Algarve region of Portugal are used as a case study. The specific objectives are to illustrate the methodology and highlight the inherent challenges and complexities associated with economic asset valuation. Results include the IVI calculation for different assets using scenarios of service lives. Different strategic interventions of rehabilitation in the long term were studied, allowing to assess the evolution of IVI, rehabilitation cost and increased risk assets. Asset valuation is important to establish short-term rehabilitation priorities and to analyse long-term strategies of rehabilitation.     

后现代图景下的批判性保护 —— 美国当代建成遗产保护动向

20世纪五六十年代的保护运动极大地促进了美国的建成遗产保护,并促使其走向了与欧洲传统不同的发展道路。20世纪60年代起至今,后现代主义在哲学、艺术、文学和政治等诸多方面深刻影响了美国社会,其理论和实践也影响了美国的遗产保护。本文从遗产价值多样性的再认知、遗产保护与经济社会发展的整合、遗产的文化意义与身份认同、更具批判性的保护方法四个维度,结合案例对后现代图景下美国遗产保护的理论与实践进行了分析,并对当代美国的遗产保护教育进行了探讨。     

Conservation Under Occupation: Conflictual Powers and Cultural Heritage Meanings

This article investigates the influence of power struggles on conservation interventions. It looks at the effect that conflict over meaning-making in representations of cultural heritage can have on an inhabited historic environment. Narratives of particular interventions and historically developed discourses are analysed to explore how they become socially appropriated. An analytical framework is developed to unfold the narrative and heritage dimensions of interventions in the historic city of Nablus. Focusing on the periods of “peace” and “Second Intifada”, the conclusions show how actual conservations in occupied societies are not only influenced by direct violence, but are also enmeshed with discursive control over heritage questions relating to identity and superiority.     

The sustainability cycle of historic houses and cultural memory: Controversy between historic preservation and heritage conservation

Historic preservation and heritage conservation are two mainstream concepts related to the sustainability and renewal of historic houses. With the aim of enhancing the sustainability of historic houses, this article criticizes the view of historic preservation that insists on preserving historic houses with their old appearances, which does not fully develop their sustainability. In contrast, the article provides support for the view of heritage conservation that aims to promote the sustainability of historic houses and related legislation. In the second and third parts, this article examines the theoretical origin of historic preservation, which emphasizes and summarizes the one-way protection of cultural memory via historic houses. In the fourth part, the article turns to heritage conservation, highlights the sustainable cycle between historic houses and cultural memory, and underlines the advantages of this sustainable cycle. In the fifth part, this article presents a sustainable approach to heritage conservation and related legal safeguards by taking the renewal of historic houses in China's Bagua Village (or “Eight Diagrams Village”) as an example. In the last part, this paper summarizes the theoretical value, practical value and limitations of this article. The findings can facilitate the UN's sustainable development of social inclusion, economic growth, and environmental protection to promote the heritage legislation and policy of present and future generations.     

Protection value and functional service life of heritage timber buildings

ABSTRACT

The development of objective methodologies for the preventive conservation of historic buildings is extremely relevant to mitigate the deterioration of buildings and sites with exceptional cultural value. In this sense, there is a growing need to develop comprehensive, coherent plans to manage, preserve and protect heritage buildings in areas that are extremely susceptible to natural disasters, such as the case of the Pacific coast of South America. Two methodologies are presented in this study to assess the functional service life and protection level of cultural heritage in Chile. This research intends to establish a correlation between the functional performance of heritage buildings and the Chilean code related to the definition of the preservation of historic heritage buildings. This study applies both methodologies to 25 heritage buildings (timber housing) located in the city of Valdivia, Chile. A multiple linear regression analysis is applied in order to rank the influence of the variables used to define the protection level, according to the Chilean standard, in the functionality index of timber heritage constructions. The information obtained in this study is exceptionally relevant for the researchers and stakeholders responsible for the definition and implementation of maintenance programmes in building stocks.     

重庆历史街区分级保护策略

历史街区是城市遗产的重要类型,其价值和保存状况具有较大差异,然而我国目前采用的是同一性的认定标准和保护方法,难以适应历史街区的有效保护和科学发展。在当前快速城市化的现实条件下,对历史街区采取分级保护的策略是协调历史街区保护和城市社会经济发展的有效途径。运用历史遗产保护的基本理论,通过对重庆主城19个历史街区深入调查,提炼出历史街区的评价指标,建立历史街区评价体系;在此基础上确定历史街区分级标准,并对重庆历史街区进行分级,探讨各级历史街区的保护方法。     

Learning in a programme context: An exploratory investigation of drivers and constraints

There is little guidance in the literature on programme-based learning and knowledge transfer. We framed our research question as ‘What are the mechanisms for, drivers of, and barriers to programme-based learning?’ and investigated both within- and cross-programme learning at multiple levels. Our exploratory qualitative investigation of senior managers (primarily at the Programme Director/Delivery Director level) in a large UK-based telecommunications and network services provider revealed a number of interesting and important insights. Participants interviewed tended to call upon their own tacit knowledge and experience to understand their programmes in the first instance. Knowledge acquisition and sharing was largely through social contacts and peer-to-peer connections rather than the formal processes. Explicit organisational knowledge in this instance served mainly for reference but could be ‘signposted’ by trusted colleagues. Learning effects varied over the lifecycle of the programme and, in the case organisation, the enterprise programme office was not viewed as being conducive to effective learning. The findings have practical implications for understanding within- and cross-programme learning.     

浅谈文物建筑与历史地段保护

探讨了对待历史遗产的态度已经成为社会文化的焦点，通过对文物建筑与历史地段保护问题的分析，指出其在经济发展中存在的误区，以给我国的历史遗产保护工作一些启示。     

国外历史园林复建研究系统综述

作为兼具自然生命力与人工艺术魅力的遗产类型,历史园林保护与复建在全世界范围内受到关注。为全面了解历史园林复建研究的发展情况,对1983年以来国外历史园林复建文献进行系统综述,对历史园林复建的定义与内涵、历史园林面临的问题与挑战、复建的标准与依据、复建方法,以及复建效果5个主要研究领域进行了分析。基于历史园林遗产特征,从价值评判、活态特征、整体视角和动态变化4个方面探讨了历史园林复建原则,以期为中国历史园林传承发展提供借鉴。     

历史古都扬州的发展思考

从审视扬州历史的繁荣和历史遗产在现代生活的存在现状,对比扬州在江苏省的经济发展地位,思考历史遗产在现代生活中所起的重要作用,并切实提出了有利于扬州历史文化名城今后经济发展的保护与发展措施。     

Using economic valuation techniques to inform water resources management: a survey and critical appraisal of available techniques and an application

The need for economic analysis for the design and implementation of efficient water resources management policies is well documented in the economics literature. This need is also emphasised in the European Union's recent Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC), and is relevant to the objectives of Euro-limpacs, an EU funded project which inter alia, aims to provide a decision-support system for valuing the effects of future global change on Europe's freshwater ecosystems. The purpose of this paper is to define the role of economic valuation techniques in assisting in the design of efficient, equitable and sustainable policies for water resources management in the face of environmental problems such as pollution, intensive land use in agriculture and climate change. The paper begins with a discussion of the conceptual economic framework that can be used to inform water policy-making. An inventory of the available economic valuation methods is presented and the scope and suitability of each for studying various aspects of water resources are critically discussed. Recent studies that apply these methods to water resources are reviewed. Finally, an application of one of the economic valuation methods, namely the contingent valuation method, is presented using a case study of the Cheimaditida wetland in Greece.     

Heritage amid an urban crisis: Historic preservation in Cleveland,Ohio's Slavic Village neighborhood

Cleveland, Ohio's Slavic Village is a shrinking neighborhood within a shrinking city that, in recent years, garnered national attention as an epicenter of the foreclosure crisis. High vacancy rates, deferred maintenance, vandalism, and low market-values present challenges to neighborhood leaders and policymakers. While demolition has dominated policy discourses in shrinking cities, Slavic Village's built environment is the tangible manifestation of the community's rich working-class and immigrant heritage. Thus, this research asks: In an era of urban shrinkage, what role do heritage and historic preservation play in stabilizing or revitalizing shrinking neighborhoods? Drawing on a qualitative case study of Slavic Village, the findings show that neighborhood leaders value heritage, yet historic fabric is in peril as traditional preservation regulations and incentives are insufficient given the scale of devastation. For historic preservation to retain relevance in places like Slavic Village, the profession needs to consider new, creative, even radical approaches that respond to the challenges of urban shrinkage.     

New Trajectories in Historic Preservation: The Rise of Built‐Heritage Protection in Israel

Current research into Israeli historic preservation policy tends to focus on the ideological and socioeconomic factors that mold preservation of the built heritage. However, few attempts have been made to measure preservation policy, to inquire whether it is a growing phenomenon, or to clearly identify economic and political factors which may have an impact on its assimilation in the planners’ toolkit. To remedy that, this article studies preservation policies in Israel by looking at hundreds of development plans inclusive of heritage‐protection mechanisms. A learning curve is identified indicating how gradually more plans were introduced through the years by localities and especially by major Israeli cities. The increase in preservation efforts clearly suggests that fiscal constraints, contested pasts, and existing heritage dissonances have not prevented continuous preservation efforts. These efforts can be explained by looking at economic boons in the form of statutory incentives, the location of protected historic properties, and the types of heritage being protected.     

Environmental Influences on Company Valuations

The benefits accruing from good environmental management of companies are most often linked to economic benefit and the concept of moving towards sustainable development. However, the link between environmental liabilities, assets, or performance, and the financial valuation of a company remains obscure at best. Operational improvements, for example from implementing a waste minimization programme, can give a clear short-term reduction in costs, and impact immediately on profits. Many environmental risk management programmes also need to deal with long-term issues such as historical land contamination and changes in manufacturing technology. These have a much more protracted and ultimately fundamental impact on the perceived capital value and future prospects of a company. This paper seeks to describe how the relationship between environmental and financial risk management is becoming clearer, and uses examples to show how this is brought into focus during merger and acquisition activities.     

河南近现代工业遗产保护研究

通过对河南近现代工业遗产的现存状况、特点价值、保护与更新现状的总结分析,从普查认定、分级保护、保护与再利用相结合三个方面提出了对河南近现代工业遗产保护的措施,以期构建完整的河南历史文化体系,使河南的历史文化源远流长。