骨架锌Zn-HZSM-5分子筛催化剂上甲醇制汽油反应动力学（英文）

通过水热晶化法,合成含有骨架杂原子Zn的Zn-HZSM-5分子筛催化剂,采用XRD、BET、NH3-TPD表征催化剂结构和物化性能,在微型固定床反应器中测定催化剂的甲醇制汽油反应性能和反应动力学数据,研究Zn-HZSM-5分子筛催化剂的甲醇制汽油本征反应动力学。结果表明,杂原子Zn引入ZSM-5分子筛骨架后增加对产物汽油选择性有利的弱酸量。采用Chen and Reagan建立的甲醇制汽油三集总动力学模型,通过四阶龙格库塔法和最小二乘法对实验数据的回归,计算反应速率常数为k_1=1. 154×10~(12)exp (-97600/RT),k_2=0. 687×10~(12)exp (-105200/RT)和k_3=1. 739×10~7exp (-84700/RT)。以目标残差函数OF参数值为检验模型的标准,模拟值和实验值的相关系数R~2均在0. 993以上。因此Chen and Reagan建立的甲醇制汽油三集总动力学模型可以准确描述Zn-HZSM-5分子筛催化剂的甲醇制汽油反应动力学行为。     

Fe-HZSM-5分子筛催化剂的甲醇制汽油动力学研究

通过水热晶化法,合成含有骨架杂原子Fe的Fe-HZSM-5分子筛催化剂,采用XRD、BET和NH3-TPD对催化剂进行表征,在微型固定床反应器中测定催化剂的甲醇制汽油的反应性能和反应动力学数据,对Fe-HZSM-5分子筛催化剂的甲醇制汽油本征动力学进行研究。结果表明,ZSM-5分子筛骨架引入杂原子Fe,可以增加对产物汽油选择性有利的弱酸量。采用Chen and Reagan建立的甲醇制汽油三集总动力学模型,通过Runge-Kutta法和最小二乘法对实验数据的回归计算,获得反应速率常数为k1=0.921×1012exp(-108 600/RT)、k2=0.155×1012exp(-116 400/RT)和k3=1.008×107exp(-96 130/RT)。以目标残差函数OF参数值为检验模型的标准,模拟值和实验值的相关系数R2均超过0.99。因此,Chen and Reagan建立的甲醇制汽油三集总动力学模型可以准确描述Fe-HZSM-5分子筛催化剂的甲醇制汽油反应动力学行为。     

（C5H7N2O2）4（SiMo12O40）的合成、结构及催化氧化碘离子研究

采用常规水溶液法合成了一种新型的有机-无机杂化多金属氧酸盐（C₅H₇N₂O₂）₄（SiMo₁₂O₄₀）（简称SiMo-12）。采用红外光谱（IR）、热重分析（TG）、单晶和粉末X射线衍射（XRD）、元素分析等对SiMo-12进行了表征。以过氧化氢为氧化剂,运用SiMo-12催化碘离子氧化,考察了催化剂用量、氧化剂用量、pH、温度等因素对反应速率的影响。结果表明：该化合物属三斜晶系,P-1空间群,晶胞参数a=1.097 58（4） nm、b=1.144 88（4） nm、c=1.252 66（4） nm、α=64.665（1）°、β=64.804（1）°、γ=83.441（1）°、V=1.282 89（8） nm³、Z=1、R=0.034 0、wR₂=0.079 9。化合物由4个1-咪唑乙酸和一个经典的Keggin型[SiMo₁₂O₄₀]^4-单元组成,有机配体和多金属氧酸阴离子之间通过静电作用、质子转移以及氢键作用沿x轴形成一维链,链与链之间相互平行形成平行于xy面的二维层,层与层之间再通过氢键连接而得到三维网状结构。SiMo-12在催化碘离子氧化中表现出较为优异的催化活性,在c（SiMo-12）=2.0×10^-4 mol/L、c（过氧化氢）=2.0×10^-3 mol/L、pH=1.4、50 ℃条件下反应速率达到2.641 6×10^-5 mol/（L·s）,比未加催化剂时的反应速率提高了1 565倍。     

Fe2O3-CuO/ZSM-5催化剂催化低浓度瓦斯制甲醇

采用催化氧化的方法,将煤矿抽采瓦斯制成高价值的化学品或液体燃料甲醇是其综合利用的一个发展方向。寻找对瓦斯转化具有较好的催化效果,且能替代贵金属催化剂的普通催化剂是瓦斯催化氧化制甲醇的研究重点。本文以硝酸铁、硝酸铜和ZSM-5分子筛为原料,采用离子交换法制备了Fe₂O₃/ZSM-5、CuO/ZSM-5和Fe₂O₃-CuO/ZSM-5催化剂,并在乙酸溶剂中考察了3种催化剂催化低浓度瓦斯部分氧化合成甲醇的性能。结果表明,Fe₂O₃/ZSM-5、CuO/ZSM-5和Fe₂O₃-CuO/ZSM-5对瓦斯部分氧化制甲醇反应均有催化活性,但Fe₂O₃-CuO/ZSM-5的催化效果最明显,且Fe、Cu负载量对催化剂的催化活性影响较为显著,Fe和Cu的最佳理论负载量分别为4.21%和3.22%。在Fe₂O₃-CuO/ZSM-5(x_Fe=4.21%,x_Cu=3.22%)添加量为0.1g、乙酸溶剂用量30mL的条件下,Fe₂O₃-CuO/ZSM-5催化甲烷体积分数为20%配制瓦斯制甲醇的最佳反应条件为初始反应压力4.0MPa、反应温度200℃、反应时间3h。     

CO/CO2加氢高选择性合成化学品和液体燃料

一氧化碳/二氧化碳（CO/CO₂）转化利用是碳一化学与CO₂捕集利用中的重要环节,也是当今碳资源的非石油路线利用最具挑战性的方向之一。CO₂的高效活化与定向转化是CO₂利用过程中的关键问题,而CO加氢转化最大的瓶颈问题为如何有效控制C-O键的活化、C—C键的形成、碳链增长及终止。本文主要综述 CO/CO₂加氢高选择性合成重要化工原料低碳烯烃（C₂ ⁼～C₄ ⁼）以及一步高效合成汽油馏分（C₅～C₁₁）等方面取得的突破性进展。目前,CO/CO₂加氢主要经过费托合成与氧化物/分子筛双功能两条路线合成低碳烯烃与汽油燃料。针对费托合成C₂ ⁼～C₄ ⁼,分析表明棱柱状碳化钴得到的烃类产物分布可以显著突破Anderson-Schulz-Flory（ASF）分布的限制,而分子筛已被广泛用于构建双功能费托催化剂,由于酸性分子筛具有加氢裂化、低聚与异构化等功能,使得CO/CO₂还可以直接高选择性地转化为C₅～C₁₁烃类。另一方面,将可以活化CO或CO₂到甲醇的可还原型氧化物与具有C—C偶联功能的SAPO-34或HZSM-5分子筛进行耦合,也可以实现CO/CO₂加氢一步合成低碳烯烃或汽油且具有非常优异的选择性和高转化率。今后,借鉴纳米合成领域新方法,使产物分布打破经典ASF限制,最大限度地提高目标烃类化合物的选择性并显著减少甲烷的生成是研究关键。     

nMnOx·HZSM-5催化正丁烷裂解增产乙烯丙烯性能研究

采用等体积浸渍法制备nMnO_x·HZSM-5 系列催化剂,用XRD 、NH₃-TPD 、Py-IR 、BET 和SEM 等表征催化剂物相结构和表面性质。在固定床微型反应装置中,对nMnO_x·HZSM-5催化剂进行正丁烷裂解性能评价。结果表明,活性组分Mn借助固相反应以MnO_x 簇形式定位于HZSM-5 分子筛的直形和Z形孔道交叉处,并与其骨架氧结合形成nMnO_x·HZSM-5单相复合体,引起分子筛骨架收缩,晶胞参数及晶胞体积减小;nMnO_x·HZSM-5 催化剂样品总酸量和强酸中心酸量随活性组分Mn用量的增大逐渐减小,B酸/L酸逐渐下降;在反应温度625 ℃和空速5 600 h^-1条件下,Mn质量分数0.5%制备的nMnO_x·HZSM-5-0.5催化剂催化正丁烷裂解反应,正丁烷转化率为76.26%,略低于HZSM-5 分子筛,但乙烯和丙烯收率分别为13.68%和18.93%,分别提高 0.76 个百分点和 1.09 个百分点,表现出较好的增产乙烯和丙烯效果。     

改性HZSM-5对甲醇制汽油反应性能的影响

对HZSM-5分子筛改性是提高甲醇制汽油反应催化性能的有效方式,分别用非金属、稀土金属及水热处理对HZSM-5分子筛催化剂进行改性,考察改性方法对HZSM-5分子筛酸性、孔径和比表面积等性质的影响,同时对改性HZSM-5分子筛催化剂催化甲醇制汽油的汽油收率和芳烃含量等指标进行比较。结果表明,经La改性的催化剂可明显提高汽油收率,水热处理的催化剂反应产物汽油中的均四甲苯含量大幅增加。改性催化剂对反应的影响可一定程度验证相关理论。     

Co3O4/HY选择性催化苯甲醇氧化合成苯甲醛的研究

以HY分子筛为载体,采用水热法合成了系列Co₃O₄/HY复合分子筛催化剂,通过XRD、SEM、EDS、FT-IR、BET等手段对Co₃O₄/HY进行表征,并对Co₃O₄/HY分子筛催化氧气液相氧化苯甲醇合成苯甲醛的性能进行研究。结果表明,Co₃O₄的引入未破坏分子筛的骨架结构,且Co₃O₄在HY晶体表面形成片层蜂窝状多孔结构,可有效增加催化剂样品的介孔孔容和外表面积,增加催化活性。但Co₃O₄负载过量易出现堆叠现象,使得介孔孔容和外表面积降低,不利于氧化反应进行。以1.0-Co₃O₄/HY为催化剂,在适宜的反应条件下苯甲醇的转化率和苯甲醛的选择性分别达到73.2%和95.8%;催化剂重复使用5次,依然表现出较好的催化活性。     

助剂对ZnO/ZrO2物化性质及催化性能的影响

CO₂加氢制甲醇是实现碳中和目标的有效途径。尽管已报道的ZnO/ZrO₂催化剂具有高活性和稳定性,但其催化性能仍有望进一步提高。采用浸渍法制备得到一系列不同元素掺杂的Ma-ZnO_x/ZrO₂催化剂,并通过评价发现只有Ga促进了ZnO/ZrO₂催化剂催化CO₂加氢制甲醇。其中,5%Ga-ZnO_x/ZrO₂催化剂表现出优异的催化性能,在反应条件：P=3 MPa、T=320℃、V(H₂)∶V(CO₂)=4∶1、气体质量空速(WHSV)=24 000 mL/(g·h)时CO₂转化率为7.2%,甲醇选择性为81.0%,甲醇时空产率可达410 mg/(g·h),是ZnO/ZrO₂的1.26倍,且在反应100 h内催化性能无明显衰减。X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和电子顺磁共振(EPR)表征发现,适量Ga助剂的掺入可以促进催化剂中氧空位的形成。...     

甲醇气相脱水制二甲醚催化剂研究进展

甲醇气相脱水制二甲醚反应为固体酸催化反应,常用的固体酸催化剂有γ-Al₂O₃和分子筛类。γ-Al₂O₃表面存在弱酸中心或中等强度酸中心,催化剂有较好的初始催化活性,但活化所需的反应温度较高,耐水稳定性差;分子筛类催化剂表面有许多强酸性位,低温下催化活性较高,但在高温反应条件下易产生烃类副产物和积炭,热稳定性差。为改善这两类催化剂的催化性能,对催化剂进行了各种改性研究,改性后催化剂的活性、选择性和稳定性均有一定程度提高。综述了近年来在γ-Al₂O₃和分子筛催化剂上进行的改性研究,总结并展望了甲醇脱水催化剂的发展方向。     

Hydrogenation of carbon dioxide over copper-pyrochlore/zeolite composite catalysts

The hydrogenation of CO₂ was studied over composite catalysts obtained by mixing Cu-based methanol synthesis catalyst and HY zeolite. A mechanism associating methanol synthesis and MTG (methanol to gasoline) reaction allowed the formation of C₁-C₄ hydrocarbons. It was found that the catalytic behaviors of the composite catalysts were favorably influenced by the characteristics of the methanol synthesis catalysts. The Cu-La₂Zr₂O₇ catalyst we recently developed associated with HY zeolite exhibited interesting performances in hydrocarbon synthesis. The addition of ZrO₂ to Cu---La₂Zr₂O₇/HY enhanced the ability to produce hydrocarbons. Comparing composite catalyst systems prepared with different Cu-based methanol synthesis catalysts, the effect of Na contamination on methanol and hydrocarbon formation over composite catalysts were also discussed.     

HZSM-5催化剂在MTG反应中的积炭失活

在固定床不锈钢反应器中进行了HZSM-5分子筛催化甲醇制汽油(MTG)反应的催化性能和失活实验。采用热重、X射线衍射、FT-IR、低温氮吸附-脱附、色谱-质谱联用仪等方法对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,在反应进行到336 h时,甲醇转化率为40%,汽油收率低至12.6%,催化剂严重失活,但在700℃有氧再生后活性恢复,且保持了完整的MFI结构。积炭是催化剂失活的主要原因,大部分积炭沉积在分子筛微孔中,积炭物种主要是带有双键的聚合态化合物和稠环芳烃。     

Ce修饰Na Y分子筛负载PdO纳米晶催化剂用于苯的催化氧化反应

以CeO_2修饰多孔NaY分子筛作为载体,采用高温液相还原法制备纳米晶PdO催化剂,用于低浓度苯催化氧化反应。采用XRD、N2吸附-脱附、透射电镜-能谱(HRTEM-EDS)、H2程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)、O_2程序升温脱附(O_2-TPD)和程序升温表面反应(TPSR)等对载体和催化剂进行表征。结果表明,NaY分子筛结构稳定,比表面积651 m~2·g~(-1)和孔容0. 326 cm~3·g~(-1),纳米晶PdO能够较均匀地分散在NaY载体上,颗粒尺寸约(3～5) nm。加入一定量CeO_2后,Pd O以较小的纳米晶颗粒形式分散在CeO_2周围,活性组分与助剂协同作用促进了催化剂中晶格氧的流动性,明显改善了0. 2%Pd/NaY的氧化性能。0. 2%Pd/8%Ce/NaY表现出最佳催化活性和良好稳定性,250℃可完全催化降解1000×10~(-6)的苯,并且230℃连续反应100 h,催化剂转化率稳定在86%。     

Co-conversion of methanol and n-hexane into aromatics using intergrown ZSM-5/ZSM-11 as a catalyst

The conversion of n-hexane and methanol into value-added aromatic compounds is a promising method for their industrially relevant utilization. In this study, intergrown ZSM-5/ZSM-11 crystals were synthesized and their resulting catalytic performance was investigated and compared to those of the isolated ZSM-5 and ZSM-11 zeolites. The physicochemical properties of ZSM-5/ZSM-11 intergrown zeolite were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, N₂ isothermal adsorption-desorption, the temperature-programmed desorption of ammonium, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra of adsorbed pyridine, and nuclear magnetic resonance of ²⁷Al , and compared with those of the ZSM-5 and ZSM-11 zeolites. The catalytic performances of the materials were evaluated during the co-feeding reaction of methanol and n-hexane under the fixed bed conditions of 400°C, 0.5 MPa (N₂), methanol:꞉n-hexane=7꞉:3 (mass ratio), and weight hourly space velocity=1 h^–1 (methanol). Compared to the ZSM-5 and ZSM-11 zeolites, the ZSM-5/ZSM-11 zeolite exhibited the largest specific surface area, a unique crystal structure, moderate acidity, and suitable Brønsted/Lewis acid ratio. The evaluation results showed that ZSM-5/ZSM-11 catalyst exhibited better catalytic reactivity than the ZSM-5 and ZSM-11 catalysts in terms of methanol conversion rate, n-hexane conversion rate, and aromatic selectivity. The outstanding catalytic property of the intergrown ZSM-5/ZSM-11 was attributed to the enhanced diffusion associated with its unique crystal structure. The benefit of using zeolite intergrowth in the co-conversion of methanol and alkanes offers a novel route for future catalyst development.     

甲烷直接催化氧化制甲醇催化剂及反应机理

研究甲烷合成甲醇的催化剂及催化机理是甲烷直接催化氧化制甲醇的关键。本文综述了甲烷合成甲醇的Pt系催化剂、Pd系催化剂、Rh系催化剂、Fe改性沸石催化剂、Cu改性沸石催化剂、改性金属有机框架材料催化剂以及相应的催化机理。结果表明,Pt系催化剂中K₂PtCl₄、Pt(bpym)Cl₂、Pt(bipy)Cl₂催化甲烷制甲醇机理为亲电取代反应。Pd系催化剂中Pd(OAc)₂在CF₃COOH水溶液中通过多步电子传递链将甲烷转化为甲醇;Pd/C在乙酸水溶液中催化甲烷合成甲醇是亲电取代和活性氧物种氧化两种机理共同作用的结果。Rh系催化剂中的Rh/ZSM-5、Rh/TiO₂通过锚定在载体孔道内的一价Rh与CO、H₂O和O₂作用将甲烷转化为甲醇。Fe、Cu改性沸石催化剂及改性金属有机框架材料催化剂通过均裂、异裂等自由基反应转化甲烷得到甲醇。指出研究高效活化甲烷分子和抑制甲醇深度氧化催化剂的设计、制备及深入探究其催化机理仍然是今后的研究重点。     

Structures and catalysis of new Nb dimers on SiO2

New Nb dimers on four kinds of SiO₂, which were prepared by the reaction between [Nb(η⁵-C₅H₅H- μ -(η⁵, η¹-C₅H₄)]₂ and surface OH groups of SiO₂, followed by chemical treatments, were found to have different structures with different bond distances and coordination numbers of Nb-Nb characterized by extended X-ray fine structure (EXAFS). These Nb dimers were active and selective for the dehydration of ethanol. The rate constant for ethene formation was affected by adsorbate-adsorbate or Nb-Nb interaction. The ratio of the rate constants for intra- and inter-molecular dehydration was also controlled by changing the Nb structures. On a SiO₂ the direct Nb-Nb bond was not observed, while the dimeric structure with bridging oxygen was formed after exposure to ethanol at 523 K. It was suggested that on this catalyst ethanol dehydration proceeds in conjunction with the formation-breaking cycle of Nb-Nb bond.     

Use of isotopic labeling for mechanistic studies of the methanol-to-hydrocarbons reaction. Methylation of toluene with methanol over H-ZSM-5, H-mordenite and H-beta

Methylation of toluene (in one case benzene) with methanol has been investigated over four different zeolites: Small and large crystal ZSM-5, dealuminated mordenite and zeolite beta. The feed ratio methanol/arene was varied over a wide range, mostly >1, using nitrogen or helium as carrier gas. A rather high space velocity was employed (WHSV (methanol + arene): 5–35 h⁻¹). The reaction temperature was 350°C or 375°C. A parallel set of experiments was performed using ¹³C methanol (99% ¹³C). The products were analyzed by on-line gas chromatography using a GC–MS system allowing determination of isotopic composition of the more important products, i.e., ethene, propene and the arenes when ¹³C methanol was employed, otherwise a FID was used. The goal was to obtain mechanistic information, and no attempt has been made to optimize for any particular reaction product.

The experiments showed that ethene and propene were isotopically mixed, containing 50–75% ¹³C. The 25–50% ¹²C atoms coming from the reactant arene. Over all catalysts the arene was, when fed alone, essentially inert with 0.5% or less conversion, giving neither ethene nor propene in measurable quantities. The isotopic distribution in ethene was indistinguishable from a random distribution. Propene, although being close to, displayed some deviation from randomness. The ¹²C/¹³C isotopic ratio in propene was equal to that in ethene, and they both varied with the methanol/arene ratio in the feed, but much less so than the variation in feed composition.

The results support a pool mechanism where the catalytic activity for converting methanol to hydrocarbons is connected with the presence of adsorbates in the zeolite cavities which add methanol and split off product molecules, notably ethene and propene. Formation of ethene by reaction between C₁ species is at best a minor reaction. While formation of propene may take place by a homologation/cracking mechanism, this route was of minor importance here.

Polymethylbenzenes which were formed in many cases displayed a pronounced isotopic scrambling, containing up to six ¹³C atoms in the benzene ring. Molecules with fewer ¹³C atoms than the number of added methyl groups were also identified.     

甲醇制对二甲苯联产低碳烯烃改性ZSM-5催化剂在流化床中的反应性能

在流化床反应器中，对Zn、Si和P改性的ZSM-5催化剂的甲醇制对二甲苯联产低碳烯烃的反应性能进行了研究。采用X射线衍射（XRD）、BET比表面积、扫描电镜（SEM）、NH₃-程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）等手段进行表征分析。结果表明，Zn改性使得催化剂酸强度降低，中强酸酸量增加，对二甲苯和低碳烯烃选择性都随之提高；一定量的硅沉积改性在降低催化剂外表面酸量的同时缩小孔口，浸渍适量P能够调变分子筛的酸中心强度和酸量，这都能够提高对二甲苯选择性。在流化床反应器中甲醇制对二甲苯联产低碳烯烃反应结果表明，3Zn-3Si-3P/ZSM-5催化剂在温度425℃、常压、反应时间40min、空速1h^-1的条件下，对二甲苯在二甲苯中的选择性为76.0%，C₂~C₄低碳烯烃选择性为24.4%，特别是芳烃和C₂~C₄低碳烯烃的总选择性高达92.2%。     

Synergisms between matrices and ZSM-5 in FCC gasoline non-hydrogenating upgrading catalysts

This article describes a novel non-hydrogenating FCC gasoline upgrading catalyst system consisting of a kaolin/γ-Al₂O₃ binary-matrix and an active component zeolite HZSM-5. Different catalysts made from the different combinations of HZSM-5 with the three matrices (two kaolins and γ-Al₂O₃) or their binary mixtures were prepared and their catalytic performances were assessed in a continuously flowing fixed-bed reactor using FCC gasoline as feedstock. The results showed that compared with the single-matrix based HZSM-5 catalysts, the binary-matrix based HZSM-5 catalysts had much better catalytic performance. The characterization results of the acidity, specific area and pore structure properties of the catalysts revealed that the synergisms between the matrices and HZSM-5 in the acidity and pore distribution of the binary-matrix based catalysts accounted for their improved catalytic performance. Our results demonstrated that the non-hydrogenating catalyst system developed in the present investigation can convert olefins in FCC gasoline into aromatics that have higher research octane number (RON) and thus has potential application for FCC gasoline upgrading because of its excellent olefin reduction ability and RON preservability.