基于不同状态方程预测气体水合物相平衡条件

气相逸度的计算结果会直接影响气体水合物相平衡条件的预测精度。基于Chen-Guo模型,选取RK、SRK、PR以及PT四种状态方程计算逸度,分别对甲烷、乙烷以及二氧化碳三种不同气体水合物在不同温度范围内的相平衡条件进行计算。结果表明:纯水条件下,RK方程最适合预测甲烷水合物相平衡条件,而PR方程更适合预测乙烷及二氧化碳水合物相平衡条件;对于冰中,SRK方程适合预测甲烷水合物的相平衡条件,PR方程适合预测乙烷水合物的,而RK方程更适合二氧化碳水合物的;对于甲烷水合物,低于218.2 K的预测是导致模型预测精度偏低的原因;对于乙烷水合物,需要提高低于230.2 K的预测精度;对二氧化碳水合物而言,提高对低于270.7K的预测可以进一步提高模型预测精度。     

运用立方型方程预测超高压下气体的压缩因子

通过vdW方程、RK方程、SRK方程和PR方程预测氮气、二氧化碳和甲烷气体在超高压情况下的压缩因子,此外进一步运用PR方程预测空气在压强为1000~2000 MPa的压缩因子,并与文献值进行比较,发现PR方程在超高压下计算气体压缩因子时有较宽的适应范围和较好的精度。     

状态方程在气固相平衡计算中的应用

状态方程法是研究气固平衡的一种常用方法,但是目前仅有SRK和PR方程运用于元素硫沉积机理的研究。采用RK、SRK、PR、PT和LHSS状态方程对含硫天然气气固相平衡进行了计算,并且比较了不同状态方程对计算结果的影响。通过算例分析可知,对含硫天然气气固相平衡进行计算时每种状态方程都会存在误差,而误差主要来源于实验过程中的误差、状态方程参数设置的误差、数值计算方法的误差等。计算结果表明,采用RK和SRK方程计算误差较大,PR和PT方程两者计算误差差别不大,LHSS方程更适合描述含硫天然气的气固相平衡。     

盐水体系中环戊烷-甲烷水合物的相平衡及分解热

利用可视化水合物相平衡实验装置,采用恒温压力搜索法,测定了284～303K内环戊烷(CP)-甲烷在NaCl溶液中的水合物相平衡数据,并采用Clausius-Clapeyron方程计算了其生成/分解热数据。实验结果表明,CP-甲烷水合物生成条件远低于纯甲烷水合物;采用甲烷辅助气体可使CP在高于其纯水合物四相点的更高温度范围内生成CP-甲烷水合物;CP-甲烷水合物相平衡压力随温度增大而升高;随着NaCl浓度的增大,相平衡压力线性升高,且温度越高,温度和NaCl浓度对相平衡压力的影响越大。CP-甲烷水合物的生成/分解热随着温度的升高而逐渐减小,随NaCl浓度的增加而减小。     

水逸度模型预测THF添加剂体系下气体水合物相平衡

加入添加剂降低水合物生成压力是当前水合物法分离混合气体研究热点。本研究以水的逸度模型为基础, 结合PRSV2 状态方程研究了CH₄、O₂、N₂ 及其混合气体水合物在纯水体系下的相平衡条件;通过UNIFAC 基团 贡献法对添加剂四氢呋喃(THF)水溶液进行基团划分,计算该体系下液相各组分的活度,理论研究了添加剂 THF 对气体水合物相平衡条件的影响;结果表明在相应的温度范围内,与其他模型相比,在纯水体系下该模型 预测精度较高,在THF 水溶液体系下该模型对单组分和双组分气体的预测精度平均相对误差在7%左右,随着 THF 浓度增加,气体水合物相平衡压力的降低幅度减小;当THF 摩尔分数达到6%时,对气体水合物相平衡影 响达到最大。相关研究结果为混合气体的大规模工业提纯分离提供了理论基础。     

甲烷水合物分解热计算新方法

针对气体压缩因子计算精度制约了甲烷水合物分解热计算准确程度,从提高压缩因子计算精度和简单可行性出发,通过对复杂气体状态方程编程计算求取气体压缩因子,经与美国标准局数据对比发现Setzmann方程计算精度最高,应用于Clausius-Clapeyron方程计算水合物分解热,更接近于传统实验的量热法测试结果。同时,为了明确加入SDS对甲烷水合物分解热的影响,进行了室内合成实验,利用改进后的Clausius-Clapeyron方程计算了纯水条件下和含0.3%SDS甲烷水合物的分解热,结果表明,在285K下,含0.3%SDS条件下与纯水条件下合成的甲烷水合物分解热误差约为1.92%。     

基于多种状态方程模型的冷凝法油气回收对比

冷凝法回收油气过程的模拟计算采用何种状态方程尚无定论,建立油气混合物相平衡模型和组分热物理参数模型,进行油气回收过程模拟的对比。相平衡模型主要由状态方程、物质的量平衡方程、热力学平衡条件方程和模型迭代步骤组成,状态方程包括SRK方程、PR方程、TJS方程和理想气体方程。模拟结果表明：状态方程选用SRK、PR和TJS方程,经实验数据验证,满足精度要求;将油气视为理想气体时,计算结果与实际气体状态方程的模拟结果相差较大,冷凝温度越高,偏差越大,油气混合物在冷凝过程中不能视为理想气体;SRK、PR、TJS和Aspen Plus的模拟结果比较一致,相平衡计算应优先选用SRK或TJS方程。     

基于多种状态方程模型的冷凝法油气回收对比

冷凝法回收油气过程的模拟计算采用何种状态方程尚无定论,建立油气混合物相平衡模型和组分热物理参数模型,进行油气回收过程模拟的对比。相平衡模型主要由状态方程、物质的量平衡方程、热力学平衡条件方程和模型迭代步骤组成,状态方程包括SRK方程、PR方程、TJS方程和理想气体方程。模拟结果表明:状态方程选用SRK、PR和TJS方程,经实验数据验证,满足精度要求;将油气视为理想气体时,计算结果与实际气体状态方程的模拟结果相差较大,冷凝温度越高,偏差越大,油气混合物在冷凝过程中不能视为理想气体;SRK、PR、TJS和Aspen Plus的模拟结果比较一致,相平衡计算应优先选用SRK或TJS方程。     

盐水体系中环戊烷-甲烷水合物相平衡测定与模拟

利用恒温搜索法测定了温度284.4~303.8 K、NaCl质量浓度0~9.978%水溶液中环戊烷-甲烷水合物(II型)的相平衡条件. 结果表明,该体系水合物相平衡压力远低于纯甲烷水合物,且随温度升高和盐度增大逐渐升高. 在Van der Waals-Platteeuw等温吸附模型和Pitzer活度模型的基础上建立了环戊烷-甲烷水合物在盐水体系中的相平衡理论模型,模拟预测值与实验测定值的吻合度较好,平均相对误差为4.07%,能较好地预测盐水体系中环戊烷-甲烷水合物(II型)的相平衡条件.     

用SRK方程与PR方程求算双组分混合气体热力学性质

流体热力学性质的计算是化工热力学中的一类重要计算,立方型方程经常用于这类计算中。SRK方程与PR方程是在RK方程基础上发展而来的,具有比RK方程更好的计算精度。但现有教材中没有给出PR方程和SRK方程的剩余焓、剩余熵的计算公式,缺失了流体热力学性质计算的系统性。本文通过立方型状态方程的一般形式推导出PR方程和SRK方程的剩余焓、剩余熵的计算公式,利用Excel电子表格计算双组分混合气体的热力学性质。计算过程简捷明了,利于学生更好地理解混合物热力学性质的计算过程。     

状态方程法计算气体PVT性质的准确性研究

利用经典的状态方程RKEOS、SRKEOS、PREOS和普遍化EOS对氨气、氨气、甲烷、乙烯和丁烷在不同压力状态下的压缩因子进行了计算。并将理论计算得到的压缩因子与试验结果进行了对比分析,发现气体的压力对各类状态方程的影响较大,压力较低时,各状态方程的计算精度都相对较高,其中PREOS在100MPa以下的预测精度最高。此外,文章对影响状态方程预测精度的其它几个重要因素也进行了探讨。     

Thermodynamic Model for Prediction of Phase Equilibria of Clathrate Hydrates in the Presence of Water-Insoluble Organic Compounds

A thermodynamic model for the prediction of pressure–temperature phase diagrams of structures II and H clathrate hydrates of methane, carbon dioxide, or hydrogen sulfide in the presence of “water-insoluble” organic componds is presented. The model is based on the equality of water fugacity in the aqueous and hydrate phases. The solid solution theory of van der Waals–Platteeuw (vdW–P) is used for calculation of the fugacity of water in the hydrate phase. The Peng–Robinson (PR) equation of state (EoS) is employed to calculate the fugacity of the components in the gas phase. It is assumed that the gas phase is water and promoter free and the organic compounds do not have marked effects on water activity in the aqueous phase. The results of this model are compared to existing experimental data from the literature. Acceptable agreement is found between the model predictions and the investigated experimental data.     

Density and phase equilibrium for ice and structure I hydrates using the Gibbs–Helmholtz constrained equation of state

A new, rigorous framework centered around the multi-scale GHC equation of state is presented for predicting bulk density and phase equilibrium for light gas–water mixtures at conditions where hexagonal ice and structure I hydrate phases can exist. The novel aspects of this new framework include (1) the use of internal energies of departure for ice and empty hydrate respectively to determine densities, (2) contributions to the standard state fugacity of water in ice and empty hydrate from lattice structure, (3) computation of these structural contributions to standard state fugacity from compressibility factors and EOS parameters alone, and (4) the direct calculation of gas occupancy from phase equilibrium. Numerical results for densities and equilibrium for systems involving ice and/or gas hydrates predicted by this GHC-based framework are compared to predictions of other equations of state, density correlations, and experimental data where available. Results show that this new GHC-based EOS framework accurately predicts the densities of hexagonal water ice and structure I gas hydrates as well as phase equilibrium for methane–water and CO₂–water mixtures.     

THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS TYPES OF EQUATIONS OF STATE ON DRIVING FORCE CALCULATION AND GAS CONSUMPTION PREDICTION IN SIMPLE AND DOUBLE HYDRATE FORMATION WITH OR WITHOUT THE PRESENCE OF KINETIC INHIBITORS IN BATCH SYSTEMS

This article compares the effects of using various types of equations of state (Peng-Robinson, PR; Soave-Redlich-Kwong, SRK; Esmaeilzadeh-Roshanfekr, ER; Patel-Teja, PT; and Valderrama-Patel-Teja, VPT) on the calculated driving force and rate of gas consumption based on the Kashchiev model in simple and double-gas hydrate formation for methane, ethane, and their mixtures with 1130 experimental published data points with or without the presence of kinetic inhibitors at various pressures and temperatures. For the prediction of gas consumption rate in double-gas hydrate formation, the rate equation based on the Kashchiev model for simple gas hydrate formation was developed using the calculation of gas mole fraction in hydrate phase and then prediction of gas hydrate formation rate for each component in gaseous mixture. The total average absolute deviation was found to be 8.72%, 10.34%, 8.84%, 11.04%, and 14.16% for the PR, ER, SRK, VPT, and PT equations of state for calculating gas consumption in simple and double hydrate formation, respectively.     

PREDICTION OF MOLAR VOLUMES, VAPOR PRESSURES AND SUPERCRITICAL SOLUBILITIES OF ALKANES BY EQUATIONS OF STATE

A generalized cubic equation of state which can represent all the cubic equations is introduced and thermodynamic property relations for it are presented. Five cubic equations of states with respective mixing rules are used to predict molar volumes and vapor pressures of pure alkanes (from methane till n-tritriacontane) and solubilities of solid wax components (high molecular weight alkanes) in supercritical solvents. They are the RK (Redlich-Kwong), MMM (Mohsennia-Modarress-Mansoori), RM (Riazi-Mansoori), PR (Peng-Robinson), and SRK (Soave-Redlich-Kwon) equations of state. The experimental data necessary to compare the equations of state are taken from the literature. It is demonstrated that the SRK equation of state is more accurate for predicting vapor pressures of alkanes. The RM equation of state is shown to be more accurate for predicting molar volumes of saturated and sub-cooled liquid alkanes as well as molar volumes of alkanes in their supercritical condition. For the solubility of wax components in supercritical solvents it is shown that the MMM equation of state gives the least AAD% for the 270 data points of 10 binary systems studied consisting of a high molecular weight alkane and supercritical ethane and carbon dioxide.     

初始压力对冰冻石英砂中CO2水合物生成特性的影响

利用冰冻石英砂模拟冻土水合物的赋存条件，研究了压力对二氧化碳水合物生成特性的影响，在300 mL高压水合物反应釜中于271 K下进行了多组CO2液化压力以上及以下的霰状冰粉包裹的石英砂中水合物生成实验。结果表明，充入的CO2未液化时，初始压力越大，水合反应速率越快，压力越早达稳定状态；充入压力达液化压力后，注入的CO2越多，水合反应速率越快。压力作为水合反应的驱动力，压力越高水合物生成越多，冰的最终转化率越高。采用CO2置换冻土区中甲烷水合物时，控制压力低于液化压力或注入过量的CO2，置换效果更好。     

Phase equilibria of binary clathrate hydrates of nitrogen+cyclopentane/cyclohexane/methyl cyclohexane and ethane+cyclopentane/cyclohexane/methyl cyclohexane

In this communication, we first report hydrate dissociation conditions for the nitrogen+cyclopentane, cyclohexane or methyl cyclohexane+water and ethane+cyclopentane, cyclohexane or methyl cyclohexane+water systems at various temperatures. The experimental data were generated using an isochoric pressure-search method. The hydrate dissociation data for the aforementioned systems along with the hydrate dissociation data for the methane, carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide+cyclopentane, cyclohexane or methyl cyclohexane+water systems collected from the literature are compared with the corresponding literature data in the absence of the aforementioned heavy hydrocarbons in order to study the hydrate promotion effects of cyclopentane, cyclohexane or methyl cyclohexane. It is shown that these effects on ethane simple hydrate are not considerable unlike the corresponding effects on nitrogen, methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide simple hydrates.     

油藏流体中H型水合物生成条件的计算

1 INTRODUCTION Gas hydrates are serious problems in the petroleum and petrochemical industries since it may cause the plugging of production facilities and trans- portation pipelines during gas and oil production. It is known to all that gas hydrates have three poten- tial hydrate formation structures: structure- structure- and structure-H (SH). The two for- mer structures have been studied extensively and their phase equilibrium conditions are well characterized. For a long time, molecu…     

Phase equilibria of hydrates from ternary mixtures of methane + ethane + propane and methane + propane + carbon dioxide

Hydrate–liquid–vapour (HLV) equilibrium of aqueous clathrates formed from gas mixtures can be complex compared to hydrates formed with single guests. Typically, pressure and temperature are controlled to obtain these data, but for multicomponent systems, it is necessary to control/report more intensive variables, namely, composition. Metastability, manifested as impractically long experimental times, has been reported to be a challenge with some multicomponent systems. We present HLV equilibrium conditions of two ternary gas mixtures: methane + ethane + propane (90:7:3 molar ratio) and methane + propane + carbon dioxide (55:5:40 molar ratio). Conditions varied in the temperature range of 275–285 K and the pressure range of 1.24–4.75 MPa. Experimental standard uncertainties were on average 0.10 K and 0.005 MPa for methane + ethane + propane and 0.19 K and 0.005 MPa for methane + propane + carbon dioxide. Our technique allowed us to bypass the limitations reported in the literature and provided fast, reproducible HLV equilibria for gas-dominated systems.     

CO_2-C_4H_9OH-H_2O体系的立方型状态方程研究

利用 Ｐ Ｒ、 Ｓ Ｒ Ｋ、 Ｈ Ｋ、 Ｐ Ｔ 状态方程（ Ｅ Ｏ Ｓ）计算 Ｃ Ｏ２ 、 Ｃ４ Ｈ９ Ｏ Ｈ、 Ｈ２ Ｏ 纯组份的饱和性质及 Ｃ Ｏ２ 的压缩因子。结果表明, Ｐ Ｔ 方程对水、二氧化碳的蒸汽压及密度预测较佳。对丁醇的密度推算, Ｐ Ｔ 方程最佳, Ｐ Ｔ 方程对丁醇的饱和蒸汽压预测一般。考察了 Ｐ Ｔ 方程参数的影响,指出应根据相平衡的温度范围选取相应的 Ｐ Ｔ 方程参数。对 Ｃ Ｏ２  Ｃ４ Ｈ９ Ｏ Ｈ Ｈ２ Ｏ 体系相平衡的研究宜选用 Ｐ Ｔ 方程。