Al-Zn合金热成形本构模型

目的 表征Al-Zn合金在预时效强化温热成形工艺下的流动行为。方法 利用MMS200热模拟机对Al-Zn合金进行热拉伸试验,变形参数分别为变形温度180~220 ℃、应变速率0.01~1 s^?1。通过对试验值进行修正,可得到不同变形条件下的真应力-应变曲线,并建立应变补偿的含Z参数本构模型和PSO-BP人工神经网络本构模型。结果 Al-Zn合金热变形过程中呈现正的应变速率敏感性和热软化效应;应变补偿的含Z参数本构模型的R值和EAARE值分别为0.961和8.761%;而PSO-BP人工神经网络本构模型的R值和EAARE值分别为0.993 5和2.51%。结论 PSO-BP人工神经网络本构模型的预测值和试验值高度吻合,拥有更准确、更快速的数据采集和分析能力,对铝合金及其他合金材料的热变形行为预测有着重要意义。     

热变形参数对Ti-6554合金流动软化行为的影响

目的 研究不同热变形参数下Ti-6554合金对应变速率敏感指数m、应变硬化指数n的影响。方法 采用Gleeble-3500热模拟实验机,在变形温度为810~930 ℃、应变速率为0.001~10 s⁻¹条件下,对Ti-6554合金进行等温恒应变速率热压缩实验。结果 应变速率敏感指数m随应变速率的升高和变形温度的降低而减小,当真应变为0.9时,m在变形温度为930 ℃、应变速率为0.001 s⁻¹的条件下达到峰值,为0.43。应变硬化指数n随应变速率的升高呈先升高后降低的趋势,在高温区间(870~930 ℃)的软化程度较大。结论 Ti-6554合金对变形温度、应变速率等热变形参数十分敏感,该合金的流动应力随着应变速率的升高和变形温度的降低而增大。分析微观组织可知,从应变速率敏感指数m角度考虑,该合金发生软化行为的最佳区域是变形温度为870~930 ℃、应变速率为0.001 s⁻¹。从应变硬化指数n的角度考虑,在变形温度为870~930 ℃条件下,Ti-6554合金在低应变速率区间(0.001~0.01 s⁻¹)的软化行为以动态再结晶(DRX)为主,在高应变速率区间(0.1~10 s⁻¹)的软化行为以动态回复(DRV)为主。     

铸态30CrMnSiNi2A钢的热变形行为与热加工图

目的 研究铸态30CrMnSiNi2A钢的热变形行为,并建立热加工图评估出合适的热变形参数。方法 在变形温度900~1 200 ℃和应变速率0.01~10 s⁻¹条件下开展热压缩实验,分别构建应变0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8下的热加工图,结合扫描电镜对变形后的微观组织进行分析。结果 30CrMnSiNi2A钢在压缩过程中真应力的变化是加工硬化和动态软化协同作用的结果;在低应变速率时(0.01、0.1 s⁻¹),流动曲线在应力值达到峰值应力(σp)后都表现出流动软化现象,而在高应变速率下流动曲线则表现出连续的加工硬化现象。结论 根据变形试样的微观组织和塑性流动是否稳定,可将热加工图分为3个区:流动失稳区、不完全动态再结晶区、完全动态再结晶区,在完全动态再结晶区内的晶粒细小均匀,所以将变形温度1 100~1 180 ℃、应变速率0.01~0.5 s⁻¹确定为适合于30CrMnSiNi2A钢的加工窗口。     

考虑摩擦效应的工业纯钛TA2热压缩变形本构方程及热加工图

目的 研究工业纯钛TA2在变形温度为800~950 ℃、应变速率为0.001~1 s^?1、压下量为50%条件下的热压缩变形行为,构建材料高温本构方程及热加工图。方法 利用Gleeble–3500热模拟试验机进行热压缩试验,对实测流变曲线进行摩擦修正,通过线性回归拟合等方法建立本构方程,基于动态材料模型构建工业纯钛TA2热加工图,确定材料最佳热变形区域。结果 工业纯钛TA2热变形激活能Q为473.491 kJ/mol,应力指数n为3.876 6;最佳热变形参数为变形温度850~950 ℃、应变速率0.02~0.35 s^?1。结论 工业纯钛TA2摩擦修正后的流变应力值均低于实测值,流动应力随变形温度的升高和应变速率的减小而降低。所建立的Arrhenius本构模型可较为准确地描述工业纯钛高温流变行为。工业纯钛TA2在中高温中等应变速率条件下加工性能良好,该区域材料发生了动态再结晶组织转变。     

2195铝锂合金热变形流变行为与热加工图研究

目的 研究2195铝锂合金在实验温度360~510 ℃、应变速率0.01~10 s⁻¹条件下的热压缩变形行为,建立其本构模型及热加工图,获取该合金的安全加工工艺参数。方法 采用Gleeble−3500热模拟试验机进行热变形实验,分析合金的流变行为及热加工图,结合微观组织阐述其热变形机理,并对所得最优参数进行热挤压实验验证。结果 2195铝锂合金的流变应力随变形温度增加而减小,随应变速率增加而增加;其热激活能Q为203.643 9 kJ/mol、结构因子A为1.943 9×10¹⁴、应力因子α为0.013、应变硬化指数n为5.883 9。确定合金的主要失稳区工艺参数区间为379~420 ℃、0.75~10 s^–1和480~510 ℃、1～10 s⁻¹,安全加工区间为440~510 ℃、0.01~0.25 s⁻¹。铸态2195铝锂合金的屈服和抗拉强度分别仅为(179±6)MPa和(239±11)MPa,经热挤压实验后分别达到(605±6)、(633±3)MPa,分别提高了3.5和2.6倍;铸态合金的显微硬度仅为(115±1)HV,热加工后型材达到(178±4)HV,相较于铸态合金增加了54%。结论 2195铝锂合金的流变行为符合正应变速率敏感特征,其安全加工区域集中在高温低应变速率区,主要发生了动态再结晶,实验型材在此区域表现出卓越的力学性能。     

Nb-Ti微合金高强钢动态再结晶动力学及临界条件

在Gleeble-3500 热模拟试验机上对Nb-Ti微合金高强钢进行了热模拟压缩试验,研究了其在变形温度为900~1 100 ℃、应变速率为0. 01~5 s-1 、最大变形量为70%条件下的动态再结晶行为。对流变曲线的分析及微观组织观察结果表明,低温高应变速率下流变曲线未显现出典型动态再结晶特征,但此条件下已发生动态再结晶。使用双曲正弦形Arrhenius关系计算的Nb-Ti微合金钢变形激活能为404 kJ/mol。利用加工硬化原理和Cingara-McQueen模型确定了动态再结晶初始临界应力和应变,分析了由Cingara-McQueen模型计算临界应力值偏高的原因,建立了临界应力、应变和Z参数之间的定量关系,得到了动态再结晶临界应力和应变方程:σ_c=0.335Z0.144,εc=0.005 9Z0.079。通过对θ-ε曲线进行分析,建立了最大软化速率处应变(εm)和变形条件的关系。在此基础上使用Avrami型动态再结晶动力学模型计算了不同变形条件下的再结晶体积分数,结果表明此模型可准确预测Nb-Ti微合金高强钢动力学。     

铸态Mg−2Sc−2Y−0.5Zr合金热压缩行为及热加工图

目的 研究铸态合金Mg?2Sc?2Y?0.5Zr合金热压缩行为及热加工图,根据合金的用途和再结晶程度,确定最佳热加工艺参数,为合金后续变形提供参考。方法 通过实验设计合金成分,称取一定质量的纯镁锭和二元中间合金,在真空熔炼炉中加热至760 ℃,保温至熔化,搅拌,静止,然后在钢磨具中空冷,得到合金锭。实际成分通过电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定;切取合适大小的铸锭进行X射线衍射实验。用于热压缩的铸态样品为圆柱形试样(?10 mm×15 mm) ,在进行热压缩实验前,对所有样品表面进行抛光。使用Gleeble?3800热压缩模拟试验机对铸态Mg?2Sc?2Y?0.5Zr合金进行热压缩试验,变形温度为573~723 K,应变速率为0.001~1 s^?1。经热压缩后将各试样立即进行水淬,以保持压缩变形组织。将压缩样品沿着纵轴切割压缩样品,然后抛光、蚀刻,并使用扫描显微镜进行检查,以观察微观结构的演变,计算该合金的变形激活能,并构建合金高温变形的本构方程,建立真应变为0.5时的热加工图。结果 得到了铸态Mg?2Sc?2Y?0.5Zr合金热变形本构方程及真应变为0.5时的热加工图,合金热变形发生了动态回复和动态再结晶,合金的热变形激活能Q为198.58 kJ/mol。结论 根据用途和再结晶程度,铸态Mg?2Sc?2Y?0.5Zr合金的最佳加工参数为变形温度623~673 K、应变速率0.001~0.01 s^?1,以及变形温度723 K、应变速率0.001~1 s^?1。     

稀土镁合金热变形行为和组织演变研究

目的 通过热模拟试验研究Mg-3.94Gd-2.0Y-0.78Zn-0.56Mn(质量分数)合金的高温变形特性,建立合金的本构方程,并分析变形条件对显微组织的影响。方法 在Gleeble3500热模拟机上进行单向压缩试验,变形温度为350~500 ℃,变形速率为0.0005~0.5 s^?1,变形量为60%。结果 流变应力受到应变速率与变形温度的共同影响,计算得到了合金的本构方程。当变形速率一定时,随着变形温度的升高,动态再结晶比例逐渐提高,而再结晶晶粒尺寸也逐渐增大,在变形速率为0.0005 s^?1时,当变形温度从350 ℃增大到500 ℃时,动态再结晶晶粒尺寸从1.2 µm增大到51.3 µm;当变形温度一定时,随着变形速率的升高,再结晶比例逐渐降低,而再结晶晶粒尺寸也逐渐减小,在变形温度为500 ℃时,当变形速率从0.0005 s^?1增大到0.5 s^?1时,动态再结晶晶粒尺寸从51.3 µm减少到11.0 µm。结论 得到了合金的本构方程,再结晶晶粒尺寸随温度的升高而逐渐增大,随变形速率的升高而逐渐减小。     

GH3028镍基合金的热变形动态再结晶及微观组织演变

目的 研究GH3028镍基合金动态再结晶过程中的晶粒尺寸变化情况,明晰微观组织形貌的演变规律。方法 利用DST3000PC型动态热模拟实验机,在温度为1 050~1 300 ℃、应变速率为1×10^?3~1×10^?1 s^?1、最大应变量为58%的条件下对GH3028镍基合金进行热压缩实验,通过构建动态再结晶和晶粒尺寸演变数值计算模型并结合实验进行验证。结果 峰值应力随温度的上升而有所下降,在1 050~1 300 ℃温度范围内,温度越高,合金试样越容易趋于稳态,动态再结晶特点越为明显。通过对实验数据进行优化和拟合,根据峰值应力值计算出热变形激活能Q为516 kJ/mol,进而求解出热变形方程。建立动态再结晶模型及晶粒尺寸模型,观察动态再结晶过程中的微观组织,发现当温度、应变速率不变时,动态再结晶的体积分数随应变量的增大而增大。温度的提升会显著增大动态再结晶体积分数和动态再结晶晶粒尺寸。晶粒尺寸受温度和应变速率的双重影响逐渐趋于稳态变化。结论 通过对模型预测值与实际实验数据进行对比,发现该模型可以实现对晶粒尺寸变化的预测,模型预测平均晶粒尺寸与实验平均晶粒尺寸的相对误差为2.36%,说明该模型对动态再结晶晶粒尺寸的控制具有指导意义。     

冷拔态GH4738合金热变形本构方程及热加工图

目的 研究紧固件用冷拔态GH4738合金棒材在不同工艺参数下的热变形行为,为紧固件热加工工艺参数优化提供理论指导。方法 采用Gleeble-3500热模拟实验机对冷拔态GH4738合金棒材在变形温度1 000~1 080 ℃、应变速率1~10 s⁻¹条件下进行了热压缩实验,变形量为50%。计算了该合金的材料常数和变形激活能Q,建立了基于峰值应力的冷拔态GH4738合金的本构方程,根据动态材料模型理论绘制了冷拔态GH4738合金的能量耗散图和失稳图,获得了合金在不同应变下的热加工图,并讨论了显微组织演变情况。结果 冷拔态GH4738合金的流变应力随着变形温度的增加或应变速率的减小而降低。线性回归的相关系数证实了描述该材料热变形行为的本构方程的准确性。基于冷拔态GH4738合金的热加工图及显微组织验证结果可得,冷拔态GH4738合金的主要失稳区工艺参数区间为1 000~1 035℃/0.12~3 s⁻¹,1 030~1 072℃/ 0.25~10 s⁻¹和1 075~1 080 ℃/2.72~10 s⁻¹。热加工较佳工艺条件为1 000~1 028 ℃/0.02~0.14 s⁻¹和1 040~1 080 ℃/ 0.06~0.74 s⁻¹。结论 通过对冷拔态GH4738合金热变形本构方程和热加工图进行研究,获得了冷拔态GH4738合金优化的热变形工艺参数,可用于指导冷拔态GH4738合金的紧固件热加工成形。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.