煤灰成分与灰熔融性关系研究进展

从定性和定量两个角度,介绍了煤灰成分与灰熔融性关系的国内外研究进展,分析了煤灰成分对灰熔融性温度的影响。煤灰中氧化物分为酸性氧化物和碱性氧化物,煤灰中酸碱比的变化对煤灰熔融性温度会产生影响,并提出了基于灰成分预测煤灰熔融性温度的方法,以起到对实际工作的指导作用。     

配煤对降低高灰熔融性煤的三元相图分析

采用2种低灰熔融性温度煤对一种高灰熔融性温度煤进行配煤降低煤灰熔融性温度的研究。依据相平衡理论分析了配煤降低高灰熔融性温度煤的熔融特性。研究表明:配煤可以有效的降低高灰熔融性温度煤的灰熔融性温度,其灰熔融性温度变化并不与配煤比例成线性关系,而与相应的三元相图液相线温度具有很好的相似性,三元相图同样适用于混煤灰的熔融特性研究。在相图的三元低温共晶点和二元共晶线附近灰的熔融温度随灰成分的变化比较显著,且低于周围灰成分的灰熔融性温度,相图理论可以很好的对配煤降低高灰熔融性温度煤的灰熔融性温度进行理论分析。     

宁东矿区煤灰黏温特性研究

以宁东矿区12个不同灰成分、酸碱比的煤灰作为研究对象,利用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、煤灰熔融性测试仪、高温炉、煤灰高温旋转粘度计等考察了煤灰成分、煤灰熔融性、预熔后形态以及煤灰的黏温特性等指标,研究了煤灰酸碱比与煤灰熔融性、预熔后的表观形态及黏温特性的关系,建立了一种简单快捷的煤灰黏温特性预判方法,并通过对干煤粉气化用煤与水煤浆气化用煤炉渣煤灰黏温特性进行了验证。     

煤灰成分对灰熔融性影响研究

通过对154个煤样的灰成分进行分析,探讨了煤灰主要成分及煤灰中酸碱比对灰熔融性的影响,并回归出了酸碱比与灰熔融性的关系式,预测结果与实测值具有较好的一致性。     

煤灰成分对灰熔融特性影响的多角度分析

以实际煤气化生产用原料煤为例,基于生产中煤灰成分与灰熔融特性的检测数据,对煤灰中总酸、总碱、酸碱比以及SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、CaO含量对灰熔点的影响进行分析,对熔融指数FI、灰渣形式与灰熔点的关系进行探讨,旨在从灰成分的不同角度研究煤灰灰成分对灰熔点的影响.结果表明,煤灰中单一化学成分含量多少与煤灰熔融特征温度间没有绝对的规律,且目前不同的学术研究观点也对煤灰成分与灰熔融特性的关系有不同的见解,没有普遍和万能的理论规律,因此需要对二者的关系有一个辩证客观的认识.     

煤灰熔融性的研究现状与分析

介绍了国内外有关煤灰熔融性研究的现状，并对研究重点进行了分析煤灰熔融 不但与煤灰化学组成有关，还与灰成分的矿物形态有关。研究表明，煤灰熔融温度与相平衡性有良好的相关性，这为研究煤灰熔融温度的控制方法，探索煤灰在高温下的变化要理提供了理论指导。     

准东煤灰熔融性与灰成分相关性分析

灰熔融性是判别结渣的主要依据之一,但部分准东煤灰熔融温度高,仍具有严重结渣倾向。为了分析准东煤灰熔融性与结渣倾向不吻合的原因,采用煤质数据对比分析法,研究了准东煤灰熔融性与煤灰成分的相关性,说明部分准东煤灰熔融性高主要是煤灰中碱性氧化物含量高引起,得出了准东煤的软化温度与煤灰中的碱性氧化物成分相关性较好,可用碱性氧化物含量/(碱性氧化物含量+酸性氧化物含量)或者当量碱性氧化物含量进行灰熔融性的初步判别,可为准东高钠煤的灰熔融性检测、锅炉设计及电厂的安全燃用提供参考和依据。     

不同处理方式对霍林河褐煤灰熔融特性的影响

煤灰熔融特性对预测煤灰的结渣、改变煤灰熔融特性适应不同的排渣方式具有重要意义。对霍林河褐煤和它水洗、酸洗、浮选煤的灰熔点进行了测定,并采用煤灰成分和XRD谱图分析了不同处理方式对煤灰熔融流动特性的影响。结果表明,三种处理方式引起灰熔点变化是由于灰成分的变化引起的,其变化趋势与XRD谱图的预测结果密切相关。灰熔点的高低主要取决于煤中矿物质所的种类和其相对含量以及随温度而形成的新矿物相。莫来石含量的变化是引起煤灰熔融特性变化的原因。     

影响煤灰熔融性温度的控制因素

论述了煤灰熔融性温度与测试气氛、煤灰成分、矿物组成等因素之间的关系。结果表明,不同测试气氛下的煤灰熔融性温度变化规律是不同的,煤灰的化学组成和矿物质类别明显影响着煤灰的熔融特性。利用煤灰熔融性温度的变化规律,采用配煤、添加耐熔剂或添加助熔剂等方法可以改变和控制煤的灰熔融性温度,以期适应不同排渣方式和气化工艺的选择。     

新疆高钙煤混烧对灰中含钙矿物熔融特性影响

选用一种高钙和一种高硅铝新疆煤，在沉降炉中进行不同比例的混煤和单煤燃烧实验。采用计算机控制扫描电镜（CCSEM）分别对燃烧后总灰矿物成分和粒径分布进行分析。基于CCSEM分析获取单颗粒灰成分数据，采用热力学平衡方法对灰中矿物液相比例进行计算，分析混煤燃烧对灰中含钙矿物熔融特性影响。结果表明，煤中有机结合态Ca极易与煤中其他矿物元素发生交互反应，交互反应后含钙矿物种类取决于煤中内在矿种类。混煤燃烧会促进灰中含钙硅铝酸盐向含钙复杂硅铝酸盐转化，同时促进含钙矿物的熔融。在低温条件下，混烧煤灰中熔融含钙矿物粒径分布受碱金属粒径分布影响；但是高温条件下，混烧促进熔融含钙矿物向大粒径煤灰迁移。     

Coal blend combustion: fusibility ranking from mineral matter composition☆

Although coal blends are increasingly utilized at power plants, ash slagging propensity is a non-additive property of the pure coals and hence difficult to predict. Coal ash tendency to slag is related to its bulk chemistry and ash fusion temperatures, and the present study aims to compare the results obtained from thermodynamic simulation with characterization of samples obtained as outcomes of plant-based coal-blend combustion trials at three utilities located in the Centre and North of Chile. Pulverized coal and plant residues samples from five families of binary blends tested in an experimental program were characterized for chemistry, mineralogy and maceral composition. The slagging was evaluated by determination of fusion curves using the MTDATA software and NPLOX3 database for the main coal ash oxides. The ranking obtained was approximately the same as obtained from carbon in the fly ashes and from plant residues observations. The thermodynamic modeling was a valid option to predict the fusibility during the combustion of blends.     

Effect of Chemical Compositions on Ash Fusibility Characterization of a Jincheng Anthracite during Combustion and Gasification

The ash melting temperature of coal ash has an important effect during the fluidized bed combustion and gasification process, which affects the slagging and deposition characteristics of the boiler. Experiments on the effects of chemical components on the ash fusion behaviors have been completed on the ash fusion temperatures (AFTs) analyzer under typical gasification and combustion atmospheres. Meanwhile, calculations on the variation of minerals in ash with ash composition were conducted using the FactSage software. The results indicated that the AFTs under gasification were a little higher than those under the combustion atmosphere. On increasing the Fe₂O₃, CaO, and Na₂O contents under the combustion and gasification atmospheres, the four temperatures deformation temperature (DT), softening temperature (ST), hemispherical temperature (HT), and flow temperature (FT) decreased dramatically and the generation and transformation of minerals occurred. The iron-containing minerals, such as hercynite and fayalite, formed with increase in the content of Fe₂O₃; the Ca-bearing feldspar minerals, like gehlenite and anorthite, started appearing on increasing the CaO content, and the Na-containing feldspar minerals, like carnegieite, were detected as the Na₂O was increased. These three minerals can form low-temperature eutectics, decreasing the fusion temperature.     

晋城矿区“三高”劣质煤资源开发与利用探讨

介绍了晋城矿区"三高"劣质煤资源的基本特征及开发利用现状;分析了"三高"劣质煤的燃烧及气化特性,剖析了灰熔聚气化技术在生产运行中存在的一些深层次问题;提出了"三高"劣质煤资源规模化开发利用的相关对策措施。     

煤中矿物质与气化工艺的选择

考察了煤中矿物质对气化工艺选择的影响关系,介绍了国内外有关的研究进展。研究表明,煤灰的熔融特性及粘－温特性是气化工艺排渣方式选择的决定因素。煤的灰熔点及灰粘度不但与煤灰的化学组成有关,而且与煤灰的矿物形态有关,且与相平衡性质有较好的相关性。这为研究控制煤灰熔点、扩大气化工艺选择提供了较好的理论基础。     

合成煤中钠对煤燃烧及灰特性影响

准东煤中钠含量高，燃用时锅炉会出现严重结渣问题。通过向准东煤为原料制取的超纯煤中添加灰的模型化合物，得到合成煤。并在此基础上利用热重-差示扫描量热分析法（TG/DTG/DSC）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）和灰熔融温度测定分析手段，研究Na₂O含量对煤燃烧特性和灰熔融性的影响。结果表明：钠主要影响合成煤的着火温度（T_i）与焦炭燃烧阶段，钠含量增加使T_i升高，并且Na₂O在灰中质量分数由5%升高至8%后，钠含量增加使焦炭燃烧速率先减小后加快，并能够改善煤粉燃尽特性。钠能够降低灰熔融温度，并在Na₂O质量分数高于5%后，温度下降更加明显。在三元相图中钠对莫来石的助熔作用是造成灰熔融温度降低的重要原因。XRD分析表明Na₂O含量增加，充当骨架作用的石英在钠的助熔作用下与难熔矿物硅钙石、MgO等生成低熔点长石类矿物，这类矿物在高温下有助熔作用，能够降低灰熔融温度。同时还生成助熔性含钠矿物霞石，加剧了灰熔融。     

煤灰渣熔融特性的研究进展

煤灰的熔融特性不仅与煤灰的化学组成有关,还与灰成分的矿物形态有关,其中酸性氧化物可提高煤灰熔融温度,碱性氧化物却呈现降低煤灰熔融温度与助熔剂的作用。煤灰熔融温度与相平衡性质的良好相关性,可利用三元相图来预测和解释。据此通过添加不同助剂与煤灰中氧化物相互作用生成高熔点或低熔点物质的方法可改变煤灰熔融特性,以适应不同排渣方式和气化工艺的选择;同时将经碱盐催化气化后的煤灰添加适当助剂煅烧后可使其中形成玻璃网络的氧化物(如SiO2)与修饰中间氧化物(Al2O3、Fe2O3等)和修饰网络氧化物(Na2O、CaO、MgO等)相互作用形成新的稳定硅酸盐复合物,实现了含碱灰渣的煅烧脱碱无害化。     

Study on the ash fusion temperatures of coal and sewage sludge mixtures

The coal, sewage sludge, water and chemical additives are milled to produce coal-sludge slurry as a substitute for coal-water slurry in entrained-flow gasification, co-gasification of coal and sewages sludge can be achieved. The ash fusion temperature is an important factor on the entrained-flow gasifier operation. In this study, the ash fusion temperatures (DT, ST, HT and FT) of three kinds of coals (A, B and C), two kinds of sewage sludges (W1 and W2) and series of coal-sewage blends were determined, and the mineral composition during the ash melting process was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the ash fusion temperatures of most coal-sewage blends are lower than those of the coals and sewage sludges. The ashes have different mineral composition at different temperature during the heating process. It was found that the mineral composition of AW1 blend ash is located in the low-temperature eutectic region of the ternary phase diagram of SiO₂-Al₂O₃-CaO. The minerals found in BW1 blend ash are almost the same as those in B coal ash. Kyanite is detected in CW1 blend ash, which results in the ash fusion temperatures of CW1 blend ash higher than those of C coal. We found that sodium mineral matters are formed because of NaOH added to W2, which can reduce the ash fusion temperature of coal-sewage blends.     

高岭石对神木煤灰熔融性的影响

本文研究了高岭石在弱还原气氛中对神木大柳塔煤灰熔融性的影响，考察了煤灰熔融时矿物组成的变化。实验结果表明，使煤灰的ＳｉＯ２／Ａｌ２Ｏ３比降低的高岭石能显著提高神木煤灰的熔融温度；借助ＣａＯ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３－ＳｉＯ２相图，可以解释神木煤灰－高岭石混合物的软化熔融机理。     

褐煤配入高熔点煤灰的灰熔点预测模型研究

测定了不同比例的褐煤与高熔点煤灰的混灰在弱还原气氛下的灰熔点,并且采用BP神经网络模型对灰熔点与灰成分及其组合参数之间的关系进行预测。结果表明:3种低灰熔点褐煤的灰熔融特性可以通过配入高熔点煤灰显著提高,混灰的灰熔点变化与配比间呈现非线性变化规律,灰熔点上升趋势总体可分为‘前段快速上升后段平缓’和‘前段快速上升中间段平缓后又上升’2种类型,配入灰熔点更高的高熔点煤灰对提高褐煤灰熔融温度效果不一定更优;使用摩尔分数作为基准,输入层包含8个灰成分参数和5个组合参数(硅值、酸值、碱值、白云石比率和R250)的BP神经网络模型对混灰熔点的预测优于仅包含8个灰成分参数的输入层预测模型,且该模型可对混合灰熔点的预测效果较好。     

Fine ash formation during combustion of pulverised coal-coal property impacts

In many countries, legislation has been enacted to set guidelines for ambient concentrations and to limit the emission of fine particulates with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm (PM₁₀) and less than 2.5 μm (PM_2.5). Ash particles are formed during the combustion of coal in pf boilers and fine ash particulates may potentially pass collection devices. The ash size fractions of legislative interest formed during coal combustion are the result of several ash formation mechanisms; however, the contribution of each of the mechanisms to the fine ash remains unclear. This study provides insight into the mechanisms and coal characteristics responsible for the formation of fine ash. Five well characterized Australian bituminous coals have been burned in a laminar flow drop tube furnace in two oxygen environments to determine the amount and composition of the fine ash (PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and PM₁) formed. Coal characteristics have been identified that correlate with the formation of fine ash during coal combustion. The results indicate that coal selection based on (1) char characterization and (2) ash fusion temperature could play an important role in the minimization of the fine ash formed. The implications of these findings for coal selection for use in pf-fired boilers are discussed.