力学性能不均匀性对焊接接头三点弯曲试样塑性区发展规律的影响

利用弹塑性有限元方法对焊接接头试样在三点弯曲试验中塑性区的发展情况进行了计算。分析了不同的裂纹深度、强度组配，焊缝宽度以及不同位置裂纹的焊接接头试样对塑性区形状发展的影响规律。分析结果显示，不同强度组配和几何特征的焊接接头试样对裂纹尖端塑性区的发展规律有较大的影响，由于裂纹尖端拘束程度的不同会造成塑性区的形状和尺寸的改变，因此在做焊接接头试样三点弯曲试验时，可能会得出与均质材料试样不同的驱动力曲线     

非均质焊接接头界面裂纹断裂表征参量的分析

结合双材料界面裂纹结构应力场的研究成果，分析非均质焊接接头界面裂纹结构裂端场的性能特点，对焊接接头COD参量的复合与分解途径进行讨论。基于有限元计算方法，对熔合线含裂纹焊接接头的COD值及其复合因子进行计算，指出非均质焊接接头不同于传统研究过程中假设裂纹处于焊接接头焊缝中间裂纹模型的情况，而是完全演化为Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型复合型界面裂纹结构模式。并进一步讨论不等组配界面裂纹焊接接头断裂参量及复合因子的影响因素。     

非均质焊接接头中J积分虚拟裂纹扩展计算方法研究

将虚拟裂纹扩展（ＶＣＥ）算法推广应用于非均质焊接接头，建立了三维弹塑性状态下Ｊ积分参量的ＶＣＥ算法有限元程序。基于平面数值分析，详细考察了该算法在非均质焊接接头中的适用性。此外，讨论了焊接接头中三维状态下Ｊ参量沿裂纹前缘的分布规律。     

硬夹层中含裂纹的非均质焊接接头的COD研究

本文将焊缝中含有裂纹的高匹配焊接接头或HAZ硬化区中含有裂纹的焊接接头以及过渡层较硬且其中含有裂纹的异种金属焊接接头简化为硬夹层中含有裂纹的非均质中心裂纹板,裂纹平行于硬夹层与软区的分界。用弹塑性有限元方法和云纹实验应运地这种模型的应变场、断裂参量COD等进行了研究。研究结果表明,材料的不均匀性对COD的影响是不可忽略的,特别当名义应力或名义应变较高时更是如此。COD随硬夹层宽度的增加而减小。     

TC2钛合金焊接接头组织与性能的实验研究

分析了TC2钛合金焊接接头的显微组织结构，并综合焊接接头的显微硬度分布规律以及拉伸试验结果，分析了焊接接头不同区域的性能。结果表明，焊缝区为α α’魏氏组织，热影响区为魏氏α α’ 少量β组织；焊缝区的硬度最高，约高于母材50HV，塑性较差；热影响区的硬度较低，塑性较好，其强度是焊接接头部位的最薄弱区。焊接接头的延伸率比母材低88％，屈服强度略低于母材，极限强度与母材相当。     

碳迁移对9%Cr和2.25%Cr异种钢焊接接头高温韧性的影响

异种钢的焊接连接在发电设备中制造中扮演着重要角色,其中碳迁移是影响异种钢焊接接头服役性能的一个重要因素。研究9%Cr+2.25%Cr异种钢焊接接头的碳迁移现象及其对接头高温韧性的影响,发现该接头在9%Cr母材侧热影响区(Heat affected zone,HAZ)中形成富碳区,在紧邻的2.25%Cr焊缝一侧形成贫碳区,富碳区和贫碳区存在较大的硬度差异。在对接头HAZ的高温(500℃)准静态断裂韧度测试中,发现位于焊缝的贫碳区裂纹容易扩展。富碳区断口形貌以准解理为主,贫碳区断口形貌以浅韧窝为主。有限元计算结果表明,在贫碳区中有塑性应变集中现象,导致其损伤加剧,成为裂纹扩展过程中的较弱环节。结合断口形貌以及有限元计算结果,对控制该接头断裂过程的机理进行分析,认为弹性能与塑性能储备能力的不同是导致断口形貌差异的主要原因。     

TC2钛合金焊缝与母材性能对比试验研究

对TC2钛合金焊接接头进行硬度测试以及拉伸、疲劳对比试验，并观察全部疲劳断口，分析焊接接头光滑试样的疲劳性能与影响因素。结果表明，焊缝区的硬度最高，约高于母材50HV，塑性较差，焊缝中的微观焊接缺陷是不可避免的，是影响焊接接头疲劳寿命的主要因素；热影响区的硬度较低，塑性较好，其拉伸强度是焊接接头部位的最薄弱区，但却有较好的疲劳性能。在99％可靠度的前提下，焊接接头的疲劳寿命约为母材寿命的46％。     

基于BS7910确定起重机械疲劳裂纹的容许尺寸

依据BS7910规范，编写了C语言迭代程序，以确定起重机械焊接接头在复杂受力状态下疲劳裂纹的容许尺寸，为安全检测和评估打下基础。以T型焊接接头为实例，计算了典型受力状态下表面裂纹容许尺寸，说明裂纹深度对起重机械安全的影响要大于裂纹长度的影响。     

TC17-TC11异种钛合金线性摩擦焊接头弯曲性能分析与改善

分析了TC11和TC17异种钛合金线性摩擦焊接接头的弯曲性能,探寻了焊缝区弯曲塑性的薄弱区。通过测试焊接接头的硬度、分析焊缝区组织、断口形貌,特别是弯曲试样表面滑移线形态,研究了弯曲断裂机制。通过焊后超声冲击以及高温固溶+时效热处理,探索了改善焊接接头弯曲塑性的工艺方法。研究结果表明,采用接头弯曲性能试验,可以更好地表征TC11和TC17异种钛合金线性摩擦焊接接头焊缝区的宏观性能;经焊后时效热处理的线性焊接头的弯曲角度只有TC17母材的38%,TC11母材的30%。弯曲塑性是其力学性能的薄弱环节;焊合区及TC17侧变形区是接头弯曲塑性的薄弱区,弯曲断口均呈脆性断裂特征。焊合区断口为细小等轴晶粒的晶间断裂,焊接界面对TC17侧的滑移有明显的阻碍作用,容易在焊合区TC17侧形成微观裂纹;TC17变形区的弯曲起裂断口是大面积滑移剪切所形成的剪切韧窝,而TC17侧变形区晶粒大而长,有利于形成更长的滑移线和更集中的位错聚集,所以弯曲试验时TC17侧变形区最容易开裂。焊后进行超声冲击处理,在试件表面形成了约20 μm厚度的变形层,接头的弯曲角度相对提高34%;接头进行高温固溶+时效处理后,接头的弯曲塑性提高,最高平均弯曲角度达到31.2°,相对提高82%。为钛合金线性摩擦焊接接头的宏观塑性性能分析与改善提出了一个有意义的研究方向。     

发电厂锅炉短管焊接接头开裂失效分析

某锅炉焊接短管焊接接头在检修时发现泄漏,对焊接接头的开裂原因进行了分析。结果表明：焊接时接头处温度过高,使得热影响区晶粒粗大，焊后冷却速率过大，在焊接处产生了拘束应力，导致在管壁内侧102钢热影响区形成冷裂纹;补焊时引起裂纹内部氧化，从而导致裂纹进一步扩展，最后开裂泄漏。     

A study on the determination of closing level for finite element analysis of fatigue crack closure

An elastic-plastic finite element analysis is performed to investigate detailed closure behavior of fatigue cracks and the numerical results are compared with experimental results. The finite element analysis performed under plane stress using 4-node isoparametric elements can predict fatigue crack closure behavior. The mesh of constant element size along crack surface can not predict the opening level of fatigue crack. The crack opening level for the constant mesh size increases linearly from initial crack growth. The crack opening level for variable mesh size, is almost flat after crack tip has passed the monotonic plastic zone. The prediction of crack opening level using the variable mesh size proportioning the reversed plastic zone size with the opening stress intensity factors presents a good agreement with the experimental data regardless of stress ratios.     

Numerical analysis for prediction of fatigue crack opening level

Finite element analysis (FEA) is the most popular numerical method to simulate plasticity-induced fatigue crack closure and can predict fatigue crack closure behavior. Finite element analysis under plane stress state using 4-node isoparametric elements is performed to investigate the detailed closure behavior of fatigue cracks and the numerical results are compared with experimental results. The mesh of constant size elements on the crack surface can not correctly predict the opening level for fatigue crack as shown in the previous works. The crack opening behavior for the size mesh with a linear change shows almost flat stress level after a crack tip has passed by the monotonic plastic zone. The prediction of crack opening level presents a good agreement with published experimental data regardless of stress ratios, which are using the mesh of the elements that are in proportion to the reversed plastic zone size considering the opening stress intensity factors. Numerical interpolation results of finite element analysis can precisely predict the crack opening level. This method shows a good agreement with the experimental data regardless of the stress ratios and kinds of materials.     

小范围屈服条件下复合材料裂纹尖端塑性区分析

基于复合材料力学,推导Tsai-Hill强度准则在平面应力和平面应变条件下的一般表达式,得到了小范围屈服条件下,含中心裂纹无限大板Ⅰ型裂纹、Ⅱ型裂纹和Ⅰ/Ⅱ复合型裂纹尖端塑性区的解析解。针对不同裂纹倾角及泊松比 和,对裂尖塑性区进行了计算和分析。结果表明平面应变条件下塑性区范围小于平面应力条件下塑性区范围,参数、和 对复合材料裂尖塑性区范围和形状有明显的影响,不同的参数值得到的塑性区结果差别很大。另外,该解既适用于各向异性复合材料,也适用于各向同性材料。     

铸铁黏聚裂纹的张开位移与应力分布

对于含缺陷材料结构的强度,以裂纹为主要特征的断裂力学是其力学行为分析的有效途径,裂纹扩展过程区能被简化成具有黏聚力的裂纹段。为探讨带切口的铸铁裂纹发展规律及黏聚裂纹张开位移与黏聚应力的本构关系,对8种不同切口尺寸的铸铁梁进行三点弯曲加载实验,通过应变计电测跟踪测试,得到预制裂纹端部的张开位移随载荷变化曲线。由确定黏聚裂纹张开位移与黏聚应力分布的解析方法,计算得到该材料黏聚裂纹张开位移及与应力的本构关系。计算预制裂纹尖端张开位移与应变计测试结果基本符合。     

Prediction of crack tip plasticity induced due to variation in solidification rate of weld pool and its effect on fatigue crack propagation rate (FCPR)

Effect of solidification rate on crack tip plastic zone size at various crack lengths was calculated analytically and numerically by simplified Sih’s and Irwin’s models, respectively. Influence of plastic zone size is explained in terms of COD and elastic stress intensity factor within valid range of small scale yielding approximation. Up to plastic zone size range of 4–5 mm, a good agreement between numerical and analytical plastic zone size and elastic stress intensity factor for all weldments was observed. For high loads and greater crack lengths, experimentally obtained COD values were found 15–19 % more than simulation ones due to rapidly induced plasticity at high crack dimensions. Solidification rate showed a significant influence on FCPR, for solidification rates 13.75 °C/s, 6.97 °C/s and 4.32 °C/s the obtained fatigue strength was 35.29 MPa, 36.26 MPa and 41.32 MPa, respectively.     

三轴应力状态下复合型裂纹尖端前缘的塑性区分布

利用Ｍｉｓｅｓ屈服准则从理论上分析了Ⅰ－Ⅱ复合型裂纹尖端前缘的塑性区分布。推导出了由三轴应力约束参数Ｔｚ参与表征的裂纹尖端前缘塑性区尺寸ｒｐ的表达式，并绘制出了Ⅰ－Ⅱ复合型裂纹在单轴、双轴载荷作用下裂纹尖端塑性区的分布图。     

冷胀提高6005铝合金疲劳寿命的机理

针对冷胀对6005铝合金疲劳裂纹产生和扩展的影响,用单边预切口试样研究了含缺陷结构冷胀后的疲劳寿命,分析了不同情况下新裂纹产生的循环数;并用ANSYS软件进行了数值模拟,确定冷胀产生的残余应力场和塑性区及在不同参数下冷胀度对其的影响.结果表明:孔径和冷胀度对最大残余压应力值影响不大,都在材料屈服强度1～1.1倍的限定范围内,而冷胀度对塑性变形区和残余压应力区大小的影响则非常显著.     

加筋板广布疲劳损伤的剩余强度分析

给出加筋板广布疲劳损伤的两种损伤类型和两个剩余强度判据,剩余强度判据是净截面塑性区屈服判据和裂尖韧带屈服判据.给出蒙皮带有多裂纹和蒙皮带有多裂纹且桁条也带有裂纹时应力强度因子的近似工程估算方法.文中也给出加筋板含多裂纹时剩余强度净截面塑性区屈服判据和裂尖韧带屈服判据的表达式及塑性区尺寸估算方法.对三种损伤的加筋板进行剩余强度试验,指出多裂纹尤其是桁条也带裂纹时剩余强度降低较多.用上述两种判据进行加筋板广布疲劳损伤剩余强度预测,预测结果和试验结果比较符合.     

Anti-plane shear behavior of an arbitrarily oriented crack in bonded materials with a nonhomogeneous interfacial zone

The anti-plane shear problem of bonded elastic materials containing a crack at an arbitrary angle to the graded interfacial zone is investigated in this paper. The interfacial zone is modeled as a nonhomogeneous interlayer of finite thickness with the continuously varying shear modulus between the two dissimilar, homogeneous half-planes. Formulation of the crack problem is based upon the use of the Fourier integral transform method and the coordinate transformations of basic field variables. The resulting Cauchy-type singular integral equation is solved numerically to provide the values of modeIII stress intensity factors. A comprehensive parametric study is then presented of the influence of crack obliquity on the stress intensity factors for different crack size and locations and for different material combinations, in conjunction with the material nonhomogeneity within the graded interfacial zone.     

Ductile penny-shaped crack in a thick transversely isotropic plate

The Dugdale hypothesis is adapted to the problem of a penny-shaped crack contained in a thick transversely isotropic plate. The problem is solved using the techniques of Hankel transform.Exact expressions for the finite-stress condition and the crack shape function are obtained and calculated numerically for both composite materials and metallic substances. The normal stress is shown to be continuous at the value of the material yield stress along the outer circle of the inelastic zone. The example materials give both real and complex characteristic roots. The effects that the material anisotropy has on the inelastic zone size, the crack shape, and the crack opening displacement are clearly revealed in the numerical results presented. The effects of material anisotropy for the composites are compared to those for the metallic substances.