滚动轴承力学特性的有限元分析

基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元分析软件,针对滚动轴承弹性接触的力学问题,以深沟球轴承6206为例,计算并分析在一定载荷条件下滚动轴承的力学特性及其运动状态。结果表明,有限单元法能够求解复杂的轴承动力学问题并具有较高的精度,为进一步研究滚动轴承弹性接触问题奠定了基础。     

考虑接触特性的滚动轴承系统建模与仿真分析

根据Hertz接触理论和滚动轴承功能原理,以SKF6208深沟球轴承为参考,在ADAMS/View软件环境下设计建立了基于Impact函数的滚动轴承多体动力学仿真模型。通过实体接触条件下的轴承运转过程动态仿真分析,计算获得了滚珠与内圈、外圈及保持架之间的接触力动态分布规律。指出:轴承系统在启动瞬间(0~0.22 s)存在一定滑动,且接触力变化频率较大;进入滚动阶段(0.22~0.4 s)后,接触力变化频率减小,且呈周期性分布。仿真结果验证了滚动轴承的启动打滑现象,符合实际运行工况。为深入研究滚动轴承系统的接触机理及动态载荷提供了技术参考。     

带滚珠丝杠副的直线导轨结合部动态刚度特性

借助弹性力学中的赫兹接触理论,分析计算直线滚动导轨的线刚度、滚珠丝杠副和角接触球轴承的轴向刚度,建立带滚珠丝杠副的机床直线导轨结合部的动力学特性理论模型,开发了计算软件;以一款立式加工中心为研究对象,分析计算带滚珠丝杠副直线导轨结合部动态刚度,着重讨论工作载荷对结合部动态刚度的影响规律,基于有限元法分析含结合部动态参数的加工中心整机动态特性。研究结果不仅突破了目前机床直线导轨结合部刚度模型不考虑滚珠丝杠副之缺陷,而且与传统的参数识别法和有限元法相比,具有物理概念清晰、计算过程简单等特点。     

步兵战车炮塔座圈含间隙接触特性仿真分析

炮塔座圈在步兵战车路面行驶以及火炮射击过程中承担着重要的载荷传递作用,针对炮塔座圈实际结构中滚珠数量多、接触计算复杂的特点,应用有限单元法对炮塔座圈滚珠接触非线性进行仿真求解。应用Solid Works软件建立含间隙炮塔座圈实体模型,应用ANSYS有限元计算方法分别计算满载滚珠的炮塔座圈接触特性与部分加载滚珠的炮塔座圈接触特性,对计算结果进行分析比较,并基于contact接触碰撞力计算公式对接触刚度系数进行求解。计算结果表明:在边界条件与初始条件一致的情况下,满载滚珠与部分加载滚珠的接触渗透量相同,而接触压力成倍数关系,表明部分加载滚珠方法的可行性,为进一步进行动力学仿真分析提供了基础数据。     

振动频率对滚动轴承动态接触特性影响数值模拟研究

实际工作中滚动轴承经常受到复杂的振动载荷作用.为了探讨载荷振动频率对滚动轴承动态接触特性的影响规律,通过在ANSYS/LS-DYNA研究平台上开展不同频率段下滚动轴承动态接触特性的数值模拟研究,对比分析接触部位单元的应力和变形,探讨动态接触特性对不同频率载荷的响应.结果发现,在两种载荷频率段内,当频率增加时,滚子单元的平均等效应力值变化程度明显大于内外圈单元,不同单元的应力最大值在不同频率范围内随频率增加而呈现不同变化趋势.两种频率范围内,轴心载荷方向最大位移量呈波浪形变化,轴心波动的范围分布在0.2～ 0.36mm之间.研究结论可以为实际工作中复杂工况下滚动轴承动态接触特性的研究和轴承寿命的预测提供参考.     

基于GAP单元的滚动轴承应力分析

利用有限元分析软件MSC.Marc/Mentat对某一滚动轴承进行有限元分析,采用GAP单元代替滚动体模拟轴承内外圈间的接触,在某组载荷工况下,计算该简化模型的应力结果;在同组工况下,对比实体轴承模型与GAP单元简化模型的有限元分析结果,对比各自的最大应力值;同时用理论计算方法计算轴承在相同工况下的最大应力值,来验证有限元结果的正确性.结果表明:GAP单元可以有效的模拟滚动轴承内外圈之间的接触,从而为滚动轴承建模及与轴承连接的组合件之间的建模提供了一种简便且有效的方法.     

不同故障程度下的滚动轴承内部接触动态特性分析

滚动轴承的故障所导致的内部接触状态的变化是滚动轴承振动特性发生改变的重要原因。根据故障与滚动体可能出现的接触形式,考虑故障演化过程中的不同故障大小,建立了圆柱滚子轴承存在不同程度故障时的多体接触动力学有限元模型,并通过滚动轴承外圈故障实验验证了模型的有效性。基于显式动力学法对滚动体与各组件间的动态接触力及故障区域的接触应变进行分析,揭示了不同故障程度对轴承内部接触动态特性的影响规律及故障情况下接触变形的变化规律。研究结果表明:滚动体在越障期间与各组件的接触力减小,随着故障程度的加剧,轴承内部接触力波动越发剧烈,但接触应变的波动频率和幅值降低;故障轴承滚动体在承载区与保持架兜孔两侧均会接触,使接触力出现负值;故障趋向于沿着滚动体滚动方向扩展。研究结论可为滚动轴承故障诊断及残余寿命预测提供理论依据。     

多工况下滚动轴承的显示动力学分析

为研究滚动轴承的动态特性,在三维软件Pro/e中建立滚动轴承实体模型,在软件HYPERMESH中形成有限元模型,在LS-DYNA中实现显示动力学的运动仿真,将转速、径向力、轴承支撑体刚度作为变工况条件,计算得到滚动体与外圈内表面接触处关键点的应力变化和加速度曲线.通过分析曲线得出:一定范围内转速的增加会使滚动体最大应力峰值增加且出现时间提前,滚动体最大应力会有所增加,但影响不大;随着径向载荷的增加滚动体在运动过程中应力水平增加;采用柔性支撑会使滚动体的振动减小.     

基于结合部刚度特性的滚珠丝杠进给系统动态特性分析

滚珠丝杠进给系统的动态特性对数控机床的定位精度、加工性能和振动等特性具有重要影响。针对滚珠丝杠进给系统理论建模中结合部刚度难以确定的问题,以自行设计制造的滚珠丝杠进给系统为研究对象,基于吉村允效法计算进给系统固定结合部的刚度;根据滚珠丝杠副、滚动导轨副和轴承结合部的共同特点,提出基于Hertz接触理论的进给系统滚动结合部刚度计算方法,建立进给系统的有限元模型。在此基础之上,对进给系统进行理论和试验模态分析,通过模态振型和固有频率的对比验证了有限元模型和滚动结合部刚度计算方法的正确性。根据所建立的有限元模型,着重分析工作台的质量和位置、滚珠丝杠副的刚度、滚动导轨副的刚度和轴承的刚度等参数对进给系统动态特性的影响。所提出的方法为机床滚动结合部刚度的识别提供了参考,研究结论为滚珠丝杠进给系统的改进设计和动态性能优化提供了依据。     

滚动轴承刚柔多体接触动力学分析

以柔性多体动力学理论为基础,提出了以相对坐标描述刚柔多体接触滚动轴承的递推数值分析方法。以球轴承为例,研究了滚动轴承刚柔多体接触输出响应的动态特性。综合考虑滚动体与轴承内外圈滚道的时变接触刚度、柔性接触、摩擦、离心力等非线性因素,分析出转速、摩擦力和预紧力对滚动轴承的时变接触力和时变振动位移的影响。结果表明,以相对坐标描述刚柔多体接触滚动轴承的动力学模型,可以有效地解决滚动体与滚道间的时变接触振动响应和柔性接触等非线性接触动力学问题。     

Characteristics analysis of aero-engine whole vibration response with rolling bearing radial clearance

For the influence of rolling bearing radial clearance on the whole vibration in the aero-engine whole system, a real engine rotorbearing- casing whole model is established. The rotor and casing systems are modeled by means of FEM; the support systems are modeled by lumped-mass model; rolling bearing radial clearance and strong-nonlinearity of Hertz contact force at four different supports are considered. The coupled system response is obtained by the numerical integral method. The characteristics of the whole vibration response are analyzed. For rolling bearing at a typical support, the rotor, outer ring of rolling bearing and casing response characteristics at different rotating speeds are analyzed. The changing law of contact forces for each ball and the global contact forces at different speeds are analyzed. The influence of the radical clearance on the contact forces on the whole vibration is analyzed. The results show that the contact forces will be larger and the acceleration amplitude jumps obviously when the radial clearance is increased, and due to the variable stiffness of the rolling bearing, the natural frequency will appear when the stiffness changes fiercely, that is frequency-locked phenomenon. When the radical clearance is larger and the rotating speed is between two critical speeds, the rotor squeezes the outer ring now and then. Reducing the radical clearance can reduce the whole vibration and increase the rotor’s stability.     

FEM Comparison of Ball and Roller Bullgears

A structural finite element model has been developed for calculating the forces transmitted through the rolling elements (load distribution) in a bullgear assembly. The elastic structural model consists of 3-D beam elements used to approximate the global race deflection and non-linear springs that approximate the combined rolling element/raceway contact deflections. For rollers, an upperbound on the contact stress (assuming linear variation of force along the length of the roller) is estimated by modeling the rollers as pairs of nonlinear springs. The finite element approach iteratively solves the contact forces at each, rolling element. Contact stresses are then calculated from the contact, forces using Hertz contact theory. This approach is applied to analyze two proposed designs of ball and crossed roller bearing, bullgear assemblies used for rotating the radar antenna on top of a ship's mast. The loads analyzed include those arising from wind loading and from out-of-flatness of the inner race of the bearings due to deflection of the mast. The distribution of the load and the maximum contact stresses for the proposed bullgear assemblies are estimated and compared. It is found that the maximum contact stress in the crossed roller bearing is less than that in the ball bearing for both types of loads. Furthermore, the analysis shows that the out-of-flatness loading produces significantly higher stresses than wind loading.     

An analytical model to investigate skidding in rolling element bearings during acceleration

Skidding, which occurs in rolling element bearings during shaft rotational acceleration, causes wear and incipient failure. This paper presents an analytical model to investigate skidding during rolling element bearing acceleration, taking account of the contact force and friction force between the rolling elements and the races and the cage, gravity, and the centrifugal force of the rolling elements. The Hertzian contact theory is applied to calculate the non-linear contact force. The Coulomb friction law is used to calculate the friction force. All forces above are included in force equilibrium equations to derive the non-linear governing equations of the bearing during acceleration, and are solved using a fourth-order Runge-Kutta algorithm with fixed time step. The proposed model is verified by comparison to other published results and with experimental results. The proposed model can be used to investigate skidding in rolling element bearings during acceleration and the transient motion behavior of rolling elements, and it will lay the theoretical foundations for eliminating skidding in rolling element bearings.     

考虑三维运动和相对滑动的滚动球轴承局部表面损伤动力学建模研究

滚动体通过局部表面损伤时轴承的运动参数及动力学响应是轴承疲劳损伤分析和故障诊断的有效输入和重要依据。基于GUPTA轴承模型构建具有局部表面损伤的滚动球轴承的完整动力学模型。该模型中每个轴承元件(滚球、内圈及外圈)具有6个自由度,并且考虑了元件之间的相对滑动和润滑牵引特性。在对局部表面损伤进行建模时,完整考虑了损伤出现后由于材料缺失而引入的额外间隙,以及损伤对赫兹接触刚度及接触载荷作用方向的影响。研究滚球在通过局部表面损伤时轴承的加速度与滚球/损伤之间冲击力的对应关系,以及轴承转速和损伤宽度对轴承振动响应的影响规律。仿真结果表明,由于考虑了相对滑动和滚球/损伤之间冲击力的影响,本模型能够对具有局部表面损伤的球轴承进行更为合理的动力学特性分析,可为滚动球轴承的疲劳损伤分析和故障定量诊断提供一定的理论依据。     

Hollow rolling elements

Hollow rolling elements produced by electrodeposition on a removable substrate compared favourably in rolling contact fatigue resistance with conventional ball bearing material. They appear potentially attractive as lightweight rolling elements to reduce centrifugal forces and increase the fatigue life of high speed bearings. The background of the problem is briefly reviewed and the results of preliminary development work reported.     

滚动轴承非线性时变参数动力学模型与故障机理研究

基于滚动轴承故障动力学模型研究其振动特性及故障机理是实现轴承故障准确诊断的基础。为描述滚动轴承缺陷对其振动响应特性的影响,考虑滚动体与缺陷的相对几何关系,提出了时变接触变形与时变刚度耦合的滚动轴承故障非线性动力学模型。以NSK6205深沟球轴承为对象,通过建立6+N_b自由度非线性时变参数动力学模型,分析了滚动体通过外圈缺陷区域时接触变形、接触刚度以及振动响应的变化过程,得到了不同缺陷尺寸下滚动轴承故障冲击振动响应特征变化规律。理论分析和实验研究结果表明,随着缺陷尺寸的增加,滚动轴承故障振动响应产生由双冲击到多冲击的变化特征,不同缺陷尺寸下,滚动体进入和离开缺陷过程中产生的冲击响应明显不同。研究成果为基于振动信号实现滚动轴承故障尺寸判断提供了理论依据。     

滚动轴承接触问题数值计算及有限元分析

从Hertz理论出发研究了滚动轴承的受力情况,以滚动轴承6206为研究对象,计算了在施加一定载荷的情况下轴承的变形情况、最大应力点、接触区域的尺寸。结合赫兹接触理论对滚动轴承在ANSYS中建模,进行接触计算,并与赫兹接触计算做了比较。     

Traction Forces at Solid-Lubricated Rolling/Sliding Contacts

A single-element traction rig was used to measure the traction forces at a solid-lubricated contact of a ball against a flat disk at room temperature under combine rolling and sliding. The load and speed conditions were selected to match those anticipated for bearing applications in adiabatic diesel engines. Traction vs slide/roll ratio curves were similar to those for liquid lubricants but the traction forces were an order of magnitude higher. The test data were used to derive equations to predict traction force as a function of contact stress and rolling speed. The data showed that the magnitude of traction forces were almost the same for all the lubricants tested. The lubricants, should, therefore, be selected on the basis of their ability to limit the wear of contact surfaces.     

具有局部表面损伤的滚动球轴承动力学建模

提出了一种滚动球轴承局部表面损伤故障的动力学分析方法。模型中每个轴承元件具有6个运动自由度,并完整地考虑了陀螺效应、离心力及润滑牵引等动力学因素。通过几何特征的变化对局部表面损伤进行了建模。采用四阶变步长Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg积分法对动力学方程进行了数值求解,并在时域和频域中对动力学响应进行了分析。研究结果表明,由于考虑了润滑剂的牵引效果,计算得到的故障特征频率较纯滚动假设下的计算结果有一定的差异。文中综合考虑了轴承元件的三维运动、相对滑动、润滑效应以及局部表面损伤等因素,因此所提出的模型更为全面、有效和实用。     

轮胎稳态运动学与六分力预报Ⅰ:理论与方法

提出一种新的轮胎运动学描述和六分力预报理论。滚动接触是汽车轮胎力学、轮轨动力学的核心问题,由于涉及刚体转动与有限变形,滚动接触运动学与动力学的描述与求解非常困难。用拉格朗日—欧拉混合描述法分析大变形滚动接触结构的速度场、加速度场和接触变形。以车轮定位角为卡尔丹角,用拉格朗日描述,得到了包含刚体转动和弹性变形的轮胎速度场。而接触区域的变形和受力用欧拉描述,通过欧拉网格和拉格朗日网格的信息传递,完成滚动结构动力学分析。所提出的理论可以退化到Fiala模型,并可以从理论上解释子午线轮胎的伪侧偏和伪侧倾现象。基于所建立的运动学理论和非线性有限元,建立轮胎六分力预报方法。针对某轿车子午线轮胎,分析轮胎接地面滑移速度、接地面积、接地压力、侧向剪力分布等随着侧偏角的变化规律,并研究该轮胎侧偏力和回正力矩随着胎面刚度和摩擦因数的参数敏感性。结果表明轮胎侧偏刚度和回正刚度主要受结构刚度控制,而峰值侧偏力和峰值回正力矩主要受摩擦因数控制。将利用所建立的方法和试验,探讨带束层结构对大规格子午线轮胎侧偏特性的影响规律,进一步验证所提出的理论和方法的正确性。所提出的理论和方法开辟了直接从轮胎设计预报轮胎六分力的新途径。