Bioaccumulation of palladium by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans

Palladium uptake by resting cell suspensions of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans NCIMB 8307 was studied without or with electron donor (formate), which gave metal uptake attributable to biosorption of Pd(II) and bioreduction of Pd(II) to Pd(0), respectively. The maximum biosorption capacity of palladium (at pH 2) was up to 196 mg Pd g^?1 dry cells (1.85 mmol g^?1; approx 20% of the dry weight). Biosorption was to 85% of the maximum in less than 10 min and the biomass was saturated within 30 min. Biosorption of Pd(II) was greater from the chloro‐ than the ammine complex and was inhibited in the presence of excess chloride ion. Bioreductive accumulation of Pd(II) from Pd(NH₃)₄²⁺ was achieved in the presence of electron donor (formate) but was also inhibited by excess Cl^?. Up to 100% of Pd(II) reduction to Pd(0) was achieved within 5 min anaerobically at pH 7 and 30 min at pH 3. Pd(0) was localized on the biomass surface using electron microscopy and was characterized using energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis (EDAX) and X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Biosorption was Pd‐specific with respect to Pt and Rh using test solutions and acid (aqua regia) leachates from spent automotive catalysts. The total Pd removed from the latter was only 15%, attributable to the inhibitory effect of residual chloride ion from the acidic extractant. Pd biorecovery is limited by the need for an improved extraction technology to minimize the formation of PdCl₄^2? in solution rather than by constraints of the Pd‐accumulating biomass. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

A new bioinorganic process for the remediation of Cr(VI)

Palladised biomass of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 29577 (bio‐Pd(0)) effected reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) under conditions where biomass alone or chemically‐prepared Pd(0) were ineffective. Reduction of 500 µmol dm^?3 Cr(VI) by 0.4 mg cm^?3 bio‐Pd(0) (Pd : biomass ratio of 1:1) was achieved from 1 mol dm^?3 formate/acetate buffer at pH 1–7 at room temperature; the optimum pH was 3.0. The ratio of mass of Pd : dry mass of biomass, and the need for finely ground bio‐Pd(0) were important parameters for optimal Cr(VI) reduction, with a ratio of 1:1 giving 100% reduction of 500 µmol dm^?3 Cr(VI) within 6 h at room temperature, decreasing to 30 min following heat treatment of the Pd(0)‐loaded biomass. The reduced Cr was recovered quantitatively as soluble Cr(III) at pH 3.0 with no poisoning of the bioinorganic catalyst with respect to continued reduction of Cr(VI). © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Biosorption of phenolic compounds by the brown alga Sargassum muticum

Phenol, 2‐chlorophenol (2‐CP), and 4‐chlorophenol (4‐CP) biosorption on Sargassum muticum, an invasive macroalga in Europe, has been investigated. The efficiency of this biosorbent was studied measuring the equilibrium uptake using the batch technique. A chemical pre‐treatment with CaCl₂ has been employed in this study in order to improve the stability as well as the sorption capacity of the algal biomass. The influence of pH on the equilibrium binding and the effect of the algal dose were evaluated. The experimental data at pH = 1 have been analysed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. It was found that the maximum sorption capacity of chlorophenols, q_max = 251 mg g^?1 for 4‐CP and q_max = 79 mg g^?1 for 2‐CP, as well as that of a binary mixture of both chlorophenols, q_max = 108 mg g^?1, is much higher than that of phenol, q_max = 4.6 mg g^?1. Moreover, sorption kinetics have been performed and it was observed that the equilibrium was reached in less than 10 h. Kinetic data have been fitted to the first order Lagergren model, from which the rate constant and the sorption capacity were determined. Finally, biosorption of the phenolic compounds examined in the present study on Sargassum muticum biomass was observed to be correlated with the octanol‐water partitioning coefficients of the phenols. This result allows us to postulate that hydrophobic interactions are the main responsible for the sorption equilibrium binding. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Biosorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution by softstem bulrush (Scirpus tabernaemontani Gmel.)

BACKGROUND: The removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution was studied using softstem bulrush (Scirpus tabernaemontani Gmel.) as the biosorbent. The effects of various parameters including contact time, biosorbent dosage, ionic strength and solution pH on the biosorption were investigated. RESULTS: The sorption capacity increased with an increase in biosorbent dosage and a decrease in ionic strength. The equilibrium time was found to be 240 min for full equilibration. Pseudo‐first‐order, pseudo‐second‐order, Bangham equation and intraparticle diffusion models were applied to fit the kinetic data, and the results showed that the sorption process followed the pseudo‐second‐order model. Equilibrium data conformed to Langmuir and Redlich–Peterson isotherm models, with a maximum monolayer biosorption capacity of 53.8 mg g^?1 for the Langmuir isotherm at 18 °C. The value of ΔG was estimated to be ? 29.24 kJ mol^?1, indicating the spontaneous nature of the biosorption. The biosorption process was strongly pH‐dependent and favourable at alkaline pH. CONCLUSION: Softstem bulrush, which is readily available and inexpensive, could be employed as a promising biosorbent for the removal of dye. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Biosorption of As(III) and As(V) from Aqueous Solution by Lichen (Xanthoria parietina) Biomass

The biosorption of As(III) and As(V) from aqueous solution on lichen (Xanthoria parietina) biomass were investigated using different experimental parameters such as solution pH, biomass concentration, contact time, and temperature. The equilibrium data were evaluated by Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) isotherm models. The biosorption capacity of X. parietina for As(III) and As(V) was found to be 63.8 mg/g and 60.3 mg/g. The mean sorption energy values calculated from D–R model indicated that the biosorption of As(III) and As(V) onto X. parietina biomass took place by chemical ion-exchange. The thermodynamic parameters showed that the biosorption of As(III) and As(V) ions onto X. parietina biomass was feasible, spontaneous, and exothermic in nature. Kinetic examination of the sorption data revealed that the biosorption processes of both As(III) and As(V) followed well the pseudo-second-order kinetics. The arsenic ions were desorbed from X. parietina using both 1 M HCl and 1 M HNO₃. The recovery yield of arsenic ions was found to be 80-90% and the biosorbent had good reusability after consecutive seven sorption-desorption cycles.     

Biosorption of heavy metals from aqueous solution using modified activated carbon: comparison of linear and nonlinear methods

BACKGROUND: Biosorption of heavy metals from aqueous solution by modified activated carbon with Phanerochaete chrysosporium immobilised in Ca‐alginate beads was investigated using a batch system and comparison of linear and nonlinear methods. RESULTS: The amount of Cu(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II) ion sorption by the beads was as follows: activated carbon with P. chrysosporium immobilised in Ca‐alginate beads (ACFCA) (193.4, 181.8, 136.6 mg g^?1) > activated carbon immobilised in Ca‐alginate beads (ACCA) (174.8, 162.0, 130.7 mg g^?1) > P. chrysosporium (F) (148.8, 125.6, 120.4 mg g^?1) > activated carbon (AC) (138.8, 112.3, 109.3 mg g^?1) > plain Ca‐alginate beads (PCA) (125.4, 105.2, 98.2 mg g^?1). The widely used Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were utilised to describe the biosorption equilibrium process. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the immobilisation of modified activated carbon with P. chrysosporium in Ca‐alginate beads is suitable for a batch system. The isotherm parameters were estimated using linear and nonlinear regression analyses. The surface charge density of the biosorbents varied with the pH of the medium; the maximum biosorption of heavy metal ions on the biosorbents was obtained when the pH was between 5.6 and 7.4. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Adsorptive removal of anionic and non‐ionic surfactants from aqueous phase using Posidonia oceanica (L.) marine biomass

BACKGROUND: In this study, the capability of low‐cost, renewable and abundant marine biomass Posidonia oceanica (L.) for adsorptive removal of anionic and non‐ionic surfactants from aqueous solutions have been carried out in batch mode. Several experimental key parameters were investigated including exposure time, pH, temperature and initial surfactant concentration. RESULTS: It was found that the highest surfactant adsorption capacities reached at 30 °C were determined as 2.77 mg g^?1 for anionic NaDBS and as 1.81 mg g^?1 for non‐ionic TX‐100, both at pH 2. The biosorption process was revealed as a thermo‐dependent phenomenon. Equilibrium data were well described by the Langmuir isotherm model, suggesting therefore a homogeneous sorption surface with active sites of similar affinities. The thermodynamic constants of the adsorption process (i.e. ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS°) were respectively evaluated as ? 8.28 kJ mol^?1, 48.07 kJ mol^?1 and ? 42.38 J mol^?1 K^?1 for NaDBS and ? 9.67 kJ mol^?1, 95.13 kJ mol^?1 and ? 174.09 J mol^?1 K^?1 for TX‐100. CONCLUSION: Based on this research, valorization of highly available Posidonia oceanica biomass, as biological adsorbent to remove anionic and non‐ionic surfactants, seems to be a promising technique, since the sorption systems studied were found to be favourable, endothermic and spontaneous. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Equilibrium,Thermodynamic and Kinetic Studies on Biosorption of Mercury from Aqueous Solution by Macrofungus (Lycoperdon perlatum) Biomass

The present research is to investigate the possibility of macrofungus Lycoperdon perlatum biomass, which is an easily available, renewable plant, low-cost, as a new biomass for the removal of mercury (Hg(II)) ions from aqueous solutions. The effects of various parameters like pH of solution, biomass concentration, contact time, and temperature were studied by the using the batch method. The Langmuir model adequately described the equilibrium data. The biosorption capacity of the biomass was found to be 107.4 mg · g^?1 at pH 6. The mean free energy value (10.9 kJ · mol^?1) obtained from the D–R model indicated that the biosorption of Hg(II) onto fungal biomass was taken place via chemical ion-exchange. Thermodynamic parameters showed that the biosorption of Hg(II) onto L. perlatum biomass was feasible, spontaneous, and exothermic in nature. The kinetic results showed that the biosorption of Hg(II) onto fungal biomass followed second-order kinetics. This work also shows that L. perlatum biomass can be an alternative to the expensive materials like ion exchange resins and activated carbon for the treatment of water and wastewater containing mercury ions due to its ability of selectivity and higher biosorption capacity and also being low cost material.     

Biosorption of Radionuclides by Fungal Biomass

Four kinds of bioreactor were evaluated for thorium removal by fungal biomass. Static-bed or stirred-bed bioreactors did not give satisfactory thorium removal probably because of poor mixing. An air-lift bioreactor removed approximately 90–95% of the thorium supplied over extended time periods and exhibited a well-defined breakthrough point after biosorbent saturation. The air-lift bioreactor promoted efficient circulation and effective contact between the thorium solution and the mycelial pellets. Of several fungal species tested, Rhizopus arrhizus and Aspergillus niger were the most effective biosorbents with loading capacities of 0.5 and 0.6 mmol g^?1 respectively (116 and 138 mg g^?1) at an inflow thorium concentration of 3 mmol dm^?3. The efficiency of thorium biosorption by A. niger was markedly reduced in the presence of other inorganic solutes while thorium biosorption by R. arrhizus was relatively unaffected. Air-lift bioreactors containing R. arrhizus biomass could effectively remove thorium from acidic solution (1 mol dm^?3 HNO₃) over a wide range of initial thorium concentrations (0.1–3 mmol dm^?3). The biotechnological application and significance of these results are discussed in the wider context of fungal biosorption of radionuclides.     

Nickel removal characteristics of an immobilized macro fungus: equilibrium,kinetic and mechanism analysis of the biosorption

BACKGROUND: An immobilized new biosorbent was prepared from macro fungi Lactarius salmonicolor for the effective removal of nickel ions from aqueous media. Operating conditions were optimized as functions of initial pH, agitation time, sorbent amount and dynamic flow rate. Immobilization and biosorption mechanism were examined and the developed biosorbent was tested for the removal of nickel ions from real wastewater. RESULTS: Biosorption performance of the biomass continuously increased in the pH range 2.0–8.0. The coverage of the biosorbent surface by silica gel resulted in a significant increase in biosorption yield of nickel ions. The highest nickel loading capacity was obtained as 114.44 mg g^?1 using a relatively small amount of immobilized biosorbent. Biosorption equilibrium time was recorded as 5 min. Experimental data were analyzed by different isotherm and kinetic models. Infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray energy dispersive analysis confirmed the process. The sorbent exhibited relatively good recovery potential in dynamic flow mode studies. Biosorption capacity of immobilized biosorbent was noted as 14.90 mg g^?1 in real wastewater. CONCLUSION: Silica gel immobilized biomass of L. salmonicolor is to be a low cost and potential biosorbent with high biosorption capacity for the removal of contaminating nickel from aqueous media. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Biosorption of Zn(II) by orange waste in batch and packed‐bed systems

BACKGROUND: This research provides new insights into the biosorption of zinc on a waste product from the orange juice industry. Optimal operating conditions maximizing percentage zinc removal were determined in batch and fixed‐bed systems. Biomass was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and by major cation content in order to better understand the biosorpion mechanism. Zn‐loaded orange waste was proposed to be used as an alternative fuel in cement kilns. RESULTS: Sorption capacity was strongly affected by biosorbent dose and solution pH, and was not strongly sensitive to particle size under the experimental conditions studied. Equilibrium data were successfully described by a Langmuir model and sorption kinetic data were adequately modelled with the pseudo‐second‐order and Elovich rate equation. The biomass was found to possess high sorption capacity (q_max = 0.664 mmol g^?1) and biosorption equilibrium was established in less than 3 h. Experimental breakthrough curves were adequately fitted to the Thomas model and the dose–response model, obtaining sorption capacities in continuous assays higher than those found in batch mode. Characterization of the biomass suggested the possible contribution of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of biomass in Zn²⁺ biosorption and it also highlighted the important role of light metal ions in a possible ion‐exchange mechanism. CONCLUSIONS: Orange waste could be used as an effective and low‐cost alternative biosorbent material for zinc removal from aqueous solution. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Ni(ll) biosorption by Rhizopus arrhizus Env 3: the study of important parameters in biomass biosorption

BACKGROUND: The removal of toxic metals from wastewaters by biosorption, based on the metal‐binding capacities of various biological materials, has attracted much interest. However, the success of this approach depends on economic feasibility, which can be obtained by optimisation of the environmental conditions. In this study, Ni(II) biosorption experiments were carried out using a preformed biomass of Rhizopus arrhizus. A pure culture of previously isolated R. arrhizus Env 3 was used for maximum biosorption of nickel metal from nickel‐electroplating industrial effluent. RESULTS: Various environmental factors such as nickel concentration, pH, temperature, mycelial pellet weight, pretreatment of fungal biomass, dead and living fungal biomass and time course of biosorption by R. arrhizus Env 3 were optimised for maximum removal of nickel from the effluent. The maximum nickel removal rate of 618.5 mg g^?1 was observed with living biomass at pH 8, temperature 35 °C, nickel concentration 500 mg L^?1, pellet size 3 g wet weight and shaker velocity 150 rpm. Maximum nickel biosorption was obtained after 72 h. CONCLUSION: Statistical analysis of different factors such as temperature, pH, mycelial pellet size, concentration of nickel in effluent and residual nickel level showed that all these factors had significant effects on the biosorption of nickel metal by R. arrhizus Env 3 from nickel‐electroplating industrial effluent. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Kinetic and Equilibrium Modelling on Copper(II) Removal by Live and Dead Cells of Trichoderma asperellum and the Impact of Pre-Treatments on Biosorption

In this study, the approach is to evaluate the use of Trichoderma asperellum biomass as a biosorbent for Cu²⁺ removal. Both live and dead cells are investigated. The feasibility of T. asperellum as biosorbent is further explored by pre-treating the cells and evaluating their subsequent Cu²⁺ removal efficacy. Results revealed that dead cells of T. asperellum attained biosorption equilibrium within the first 10 min of contact with Cu²⁺ while live cells reached equilibrium after 20 min. Dead cells also absorbed significantly higher amounts of Cu²⁺ (12.42 mg g^?1) compared to live cells (5.69 mg g¹). The biosorption mechanism for both live and dead cells of T. asperellum complied with the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo second-order kinetic, suggesting monolayer sorption. Pre-treatment of dead cells with alkali solutions (NaOH and laundry detergent) further improved sorption efficacy.     

Biosorptive uranium uptake by a Pseudomonas strain: characterization and equilibrium studies

The biosorptive uranium(VI) uptake capacity of live and lyophilized Pseudomonas cells was characterized in terms of equilibrium metal loading, effect of solution pH and possible interference by selected co‐ions. Uranium binding by the test biomass was rapid, achieving >90% sorption efficiency within 10 min of contact and the equilibrium was attained after 1 h. pH‐dependent uranium sorption was observed for both biomass types with the maximum being at pH 5.0. Metal uptake by live cells was not affected by culture age and the presence of an energy source or metabolic inhibitor. Sorption isotherm studies at a solution pH of either 3.5 or 5.0 indicated efficient and exceptionally high uranium loading by the test biomass, particularly at the higher pH level. At equilibrium, the lyophilized Pseudomonas exhibited a metal loading of 541 ± 34.21 mg g^?1 compared with a lower value by the live organisms (410 ± 25.93 mg g^?1). Experimental sorption data showing conformity to both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models indicate monolayered uranium binding by the test biomass. In bimetallic combinations a significant interference in uranium loading was offered by cations such as thorium(IV), iron(II and III), aluminium(III) and copper(II), while the anions tested, except carbonate, were ineffective. Uranium sorption studies in the presence of a range of Fe³⁺ and SO₄^2? concentrations indicate a strong inhibition (80%) by the former at an equimolar ratio while more than 70% adsorption efficiency was retained even at a high sulfate level (30 000 mg dm^?3). Overall data indicate the suitability of the Pseudomonas sp biomass in developing a biosorbent for uranium removal from aqueous waste streams. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Adsorption behavior of copper ions on alga Jania adhaerens through SEM and FTIR analyses

Biomass of the alga Jania adhaerens was used for biosorption of copper ions from aqueous solutions. The effects of pH, copper concentration, biomass amount, and contact time on biosorption were investigated. For chemical modification of functional groups, FTIR and ICP analyses were performed to study the biosorption mechanism. Furthermore, the SEM images of pristine and copper-loaded biomass were also provided. The pseudo second order model described kinetics data appropriately. The adsorption isotherm was best fitted to the Langmuir model with the maximum adsorption capacity of 67 mg g^?1. Sulfonate, carboxyl, and amine functional groups affected the biosorption. Ion exchange was a mechanism of biosorption.     

Gold‐cyanide biosorption with L‐cysteine

L ‐Cysteine increased gold‐cyanide biosorption by protonated Bacillus subtilis, Penicillium chrysogenum and Sargassum fluitans biomass. At pH 2, the maximum Au uptakes were 20.5 µmol g⁻¹, 14.2 µmol g⁻¹ and 4.7 µmol g⁻¹ of Au, respectively, approximately 148–250% of the biosorption performance in the absence of cysteine. Au biosorption mainly involved anionic AuCN₂⁻ species adsorbed by ionizable functional groups on cysteine‐loaded biomass carrying a positive charge when protonated [(biomass–cysteine–H⁺)–(AuCN₂⁻)]. Deposited gold could be eluted from Au‐loaded biomass at pH 3–5. The elution efficiencies were higher than 92% at pH 5.0 with the Solid‐to‐Liquid ratio, S/L, = 4. Increasing solution ionic strength (NaNO)₃ decreased Au uptake. FTIR analyses indicated that the main functional groups involved in gold biosorption in the presence of L ‐cysteine are probably N‐, S‐ and O‐containing groups. The present results confirm that certain waste microbial biomaterials are capable of effectively removing and concentrating gold from solutions containing residual cyanide if applied under appropriate conditions. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Factors affecting silver biosorption by an industrial strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Factors affecting silver biosorption by Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass, obtained as a waste product from industry, were examined. Maximum removal of silver from solution was achieved within 5 min. Increasing the concentration of biomass in experimental flasks from 1 to 8 mg cm⁻³ decreased both silver accumulation, from 224·7 to 89·5 μmol Ag g⁻¹ dry wt, and associated H⁺ ion release, from 109·4 to 31·7 μmol H⁺ g⁻¹ dry wt. The presence of 1·0 mol dm⁻³ cadmium or methionine decreased silver biosorption by 40% and 93% respectively. Boiling in 100 mmol dm⁻³ NaOH or 10 mmol dm⁻³ sodium dodecyl sulphate decreased silver biosorption by 54% and 25% respectively. A temperature increase from 4°C to 55°C decreased silver biosorption by 9%. The metabolic state of the yeast had no effect on silver biosorption. Decreasing the pH of the silver solution caused a reduction in metal removal by the biomass.     

Diffusion kinetic study of cadmium(II) biosorption by Aeromonas caviae

The removal of cadmium from aqueous solution by sorption on Aeromonas caviae particles was investigated in a well‐stirred batch reactor. Equilibrium and kinetic experiments were performed at various initial bulk concentrations, biomass loads and temperatures. Biosorption equilibrium was established in about 1 h and biosorption was well described by the Langmuir and Freundlich biosorption isotherms. The maximum biosorption capacity was found as 155.32 mg Cd(II) g^?1 at 20 °C. The obtained sorption capacity is appreciably high for most experimental conditions; so A caviae may be considered as a suitable biosorbent for the removal of cadmium. Moreover, the sorption rate of cadmium onto A caviae particles was particularly sensitive to initial bulk concentration and solid load. A detailed analysis was conducted, examining several diffusion (external and intraparticle) kinetic models in order to identify a suitable rate expression. The results are discussed and indicate that biosorption of cadmium is a complex process that is described more correctly by more than one model. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Biosorption of lac dye by the red marine alga Gracilaria tenuistipitata: biosorption kinetics,isotherms, and thermodynamic parameters

The hypothesis that the dried, ground biomass of the red marine alga Gracilaria tenuistipitata could be used for the efficient removal of lac dye from aqueous solution was assessed in this work. The effects of parameters such as initial pH, biosorbent dosage, contact time, initial dye concentration, and temperature on the biosorption capacity of the dye were investigated. Equilibrium data were analysed using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models, and the Freundlich model provided the highest coefficient of determination values. Biosorption kinetic data were successfully described with a pseudo‐second‐order model at initial dye concentrations of 50, 80, 100, and 120 mg l^?1. The thermodynamic parameters of biosorption – enthalpy change (?H° = ?30.64 kJ mol^?1), free energy change (?G° = 4.32 kJ mol^?1 at 303 K to 7.78 kJ mol^?1 at 333 K), and entropy change (?S° = ?115.38 J mol^?1 K^?1) – were determined. The negative value of the enthalpy change and positive values of the free energy change indicate that the biosorption process is exothermic and non‐spontaneous. The negative value of the entropy change is consistent with decreased randomness at the solid–liquid interface with dye biosorption. Attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis confirmed the presence of lac dye on the G. tenuistipitata material. The efficiency of lac dye removal by this biomass material at 20 g l^?1 and with an initial dye concentration of 50 mg l^?1 in acidic solution was 71%, which indicated its potential usefulness as a new dye biosorbent.     

Simultaneous multidye biosorption by chemically modified Sargassum glaucescens: Doehlert optimization and kinetic,equilibrium, and thermodynamic study in ternary system

Multidye biosorption of Sunset yellow (SY), Eosin yellow (EY) and Indigo carmine (IC) dyes onto chemically modified biomass of brown alga Sargassum glaucescens was studied. Principal component-wavelet neural network (PC-WNN) was applied for the simultaneous determination of anionic dye concentrations in ternary solutions. Experimental parameters were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) with a Doehlert design. The optimal biosorption conditions were identified as biosorbent dosage 0.2 g L^?1, pH 3, and time 25 min. The maximum total biosorption capacity was 0.102 mmol g^?1. The Hill isotherm was the most suitable adsorption models in single and ternary systems. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis confirmed possible interactions between biosorbent surface and dye molecules.