直流二次风扩口对燃烧器流场影响的试验研究

在气固两朴实验台上采用先进的ＰＤＡ测试技术对不同直流二次风扩口角度情况下径向浓淡旋流煤粉燃烧器出口气相速度和脉动速度、颗粒浓度分布进行了测量,得出了直流二次风扩口角度对径向浓淡旋流煤粉燃烧器出口流场回流区直径、射流扩展角的影响规律。实验结果表明直流二次风扩口角度对汉场有一定的影响,而对浓度场影响较小。所得结论对工程应用有一定的参考价值。     

齿型扩口对旋流燃烧器流动特性影响的研究

采用－维热膜探针多方位转动法，在径向浓淡旋流煤粉燃烧器冷模式试验台，研究了在齿型和普通型两种中心扩口下旋流煤粉燃烧器出口气流的空气动力持性，试验得到了冷态旋转射流的时均速度，湍流应力，偏斜因子的测量结果，分析测量结果可见，齿型中心扩口下中心回流区直径减小，相对回流率较普通型中心扩口增加20％，同时在中心回流区边界附近湍流脉动强度明显提高，湍流正应力提高1倍以上，湍流剪切应力提高3倍以上，在主流区湍流流瞬时速度的概率密度函数更快趋向于完全随机的高斯分布，在齿型中心扩口下，出口射流的回流强度及湍流脉动强度的提高，有利于强化煤粉气流的燃烧反应。     

旋流燃烧器出口气固两相流场的 光学波动法测量研究

为了精确测量旋流燃烧器出口的固相质量分数和颗粒细度,介绍了光学波动法测量固相质量分数的基本原理,并在气固两相流实验台上采用基于光学波动法的激光探针测量固相质量分数,对不同的一、二次配风条件下的回流区大小、扩散特性以及质量分数分布变化进行了测量研究.试验结果表明：在燃烧器出口流场中,固相质量分数最高点和气相速度的最高点均处于二次风口附近,在离燃烧器出口0~200 mm范围内,气相速度衰减迅速,而固相质量分数的衰减缓慢;各次风对固相质量分数分布的作用各不相同：一次风大小的改变对中心回流区内固相质量分数影响微弱,主要影响周边区域;增强内二次风对增强回流区内的固相质量分数的差异最为明显;增加外二次风限制了颗粒对外扩散,固相质量分数的分布在周向上更加均匀.     

中央扩散型精矿喷嘴空气动力学特性数值模拟

为了解决在加大给料速度时中央扩散型喷嘴生产过程中存在冶炼不完全、气粒混合不佳等问题,采用Fluent 6.3.26建立中央扩散型喷嘴控制模型,实验验证模型的有效性,仿真研究分散风和给料速度变化对喷嘴出口附近区域流场、颗粒运动轨迹和颗粒浓度场等的影响.结果表明:仿真模型可靠,最大误差为6.3%.工艺风气流占主导作用时,颗粒分布集中于反应塔中心;分散风可调节炉内颗粒的分散及分布情状况,工艺风和中央氧环形气流下方颗粒分布较多;相同工艺风和分散风条件下,给料速度对炉内颗粒分散和分布状况影响较小.     

静电网格系统在旋流燃烧器流场测量中的应用

为了解决旋流燃烧器出口气固两相流的颗粒浓度测量问题,提出能够测量大空间范围内气固两相流的静电网格法,设计了静电网格系统,并将该系统应用于测量旋流燃烧器出口的气固两相流场.研究结果表明：静电网格法能够测量大空间内的气固两相流的颗粒相对浓度场,测得结果可定性地反映实际浓度场|当内、外二次风风速保持不变时,一次风风速和给料速率的增加会导致回流区的减小.     

二次风风量对旋流燃烧器气固流动特性的影响

为了研究低NOx旋流燃烧器出口流场特性以及其与水冷壁高温腐蚀的相关性,使用三维颗粒动态分析仪（PDA）测量了不同二次风风量下的低NOx旋流燃烧器出口附近的轴向、径向、切向以及湍动速度分布、回流区的形状、颗粒浓度分布以及颗粒粒径分布.结果表明：在该燃烧器出口附近有一个环形回流区,回流区的大小以及位于二次风区域的径向速度和切向速度都随着二次风风量的增大而增大;颗粒浓度呈现内浓外淡的分布,随着二次风风量的减小,这种趋势更加明显;位于中心区域的粒径略小于外围颗粒直径,二次风风量对其影响较小;颗粒的集中分布容易导致煤粉不易燃尽.气流携带煤粉可能冲刷水冷壁,造成高温腐蚀.因颗粒直径为内小外大的分布,这使得较大的颗粒容易穿过回流区到达壁面造成水冷壁沉积腐蚀.     

燃烧器墙式布置锅炉燃烧器区域湍流特性研究

针对某六角切圆燃烧锅炉存在的受热面结渣等问题，将PDA气、固两相测量技术应用于六角切圆燃烧锅炉，通过理论分析，将上层燃烧器一、二次风改为同心双切圆布置形式，对燃烧器区域的湍流特性进行冷态试验研究，探索试验原型的结渣原因。改进前后对比可见，改进的结构在一定程度上弥补了六角煤粉炉性能上的不足；适当地采用一、二次风同心双切圆布置形式，能够有效地改善炉内的湍流特性，从而抑制结渣现象的发生。     

CFD prediction of physical field for multi-air channel pulverized coal burner in rotary kiln

A 3-D numerical simulation with CFX software on physical field of multi-air channel coal burner in rotary kiln was carried out. The effects of various operational and structural parameters on flame feature and temperature distribution were investigated. A thermal measurement was conducted on a rotary kiln （4.5 m in diameter, 90 m in length） with four-air channel coal burner to determine the boundary conditions and to verify the simulation results. The calculation result shows that the distribution of velocity near burner exit is saddle-like; recirculation zones near nozzle and wall are useful for mixture primary air with coal and high temperature fume. A little central airflow can avoid coal backing up and cool nozzle. Adjusting the ratio of internal airflow to outer airflow is an effective and major means to regulate flame and temperature distribution in sintering region. Large whirlcone angle can intensify disturbution range at flame root to accelerate ignition and mixture. Large coal size can reduce high temperature region and result in coal combusting insufficiently. Too much combustion air will lengthen flame and increase heat loss.     

Numerical modeling of Jinlong CJD burner copper flash smelting furnace

Fluid flow,heat transfer and combustion in Jinlong CJD concentrate burner flash smelting furnace have been investigated by numerical modeling and flow visualization.The modeling is based on the Eulerian approach for the gas flow equations and the Lagrangian approach for the particles,Interaction between the gas phase and particle phase.such as frictional forces,Heat and mass transfer,are included by the addition of sources and sinks.The modeling results including the fluid flow field,temperature field,concentration field of gas phase and the trajectories of particles have been obtained.The predicted results are in good agreement with the data obtained from a series of experiments and tests in the Jinlong Copper Smelter and the temperature error is less than 20K.     

固体火箭发动机燃烧室两相流粒子运动轨迹的实验研究

本文用Ｘ射线高速实时荧屏分析（ＲＴＲ）技术对固体火箭发动机燃烧室内两相流粒子的运动轨迹进行了实验研究。为增强粒子图象的效果,设计了一个专用的矩形实验发动机,用在双基推进剂上开槽添加钨粉的方法来模拟含铝复合推进剂中的铝粒子。实验拍摄到了比较清晰的ＲＴＲ图像,经过图象处理后得到粒子群的运动轨迹。实验结果表明：１）粒子轨迹完全有可能穿过对称轴;２）重力对粒子轨迹的影响很小。实验结果为ＳＲＭ两相流动模型的建立以及两相流动数值模拟结果的验证提供了实验依据。     

六角同心双切圆燃烧锅炉浓度场试验研究

针对某六角切圆燃烧锅炉存在的受热面结渣问题，通过理论分析，提出将上层燃烧器一，二次风改为同心双切圆布置形式的技术改造方案，应用PDA（Particle Dynamics Analyzer)气固两相测量技术，通过对两种工况下燃烧器区域浓度场变化的对比分析，探索试验原型的结渣原因，适当地采用一，二次风同心双切圆布置形式能够有效地改善炉内的煤粉浓度分布，从而抑制结渣现象的发生。     

同心圆二次风反切锅炉炉内气固多相流动特性的研究

为了防止大型电站锅炉炉内结渣,减轻高温对流受热面处烟气温度偏差,本文提出了二次风燃烧器喷口反切布置的同心圆燃烧方式。通过对炉内气相流动的冷模试验研究和数值模拟,单颗粒炉内运动的数值模拟和颗粒群在炉内运动的冷态试验研究结果表明:合理的二次风反切可在炉内形成“风包粉”燃烧方式,且使水平烟道内高温对流受热面处的气流速度和颗粒得到均匀分布,这对防止炉内结渣、减轻高温对流受热面热偏差起促进作用。     

亚临界煤粉锅炉流体流动和燃烧的数值模拟

以一300MW Hg1025/18.2-YM13型亚临界自然循环、四角切圆燃煤锅炉为研究对象,应用可实现化k-ε湍流模型、颗粒相随机轨道模型、即混即燃气相燃烧模型、P-1辐射换热模型,根据燃烧测试试验得到的边界条件,运用FLUENT软件对锅炉炉内流体流动和燃烧过程进行了三维数值研究。模拟预测结果与试验结果吻合较好,温度分布规律和趋势与试验研究结果一致。运用该模型对炉内速度场、压力场、温度场以及燃烧释热场进行了多场耦合仿真,并全面系统地研究了各种操作参数对炉内燃烧工况的定量影响规律,确定了燃烧器和锅炉合理的操作参数:过剩空气系数为1.2、一次风率为20%、一次风温度为608K、二次风温度为620K且均匀投粉。在该条件下炉内温度分布较合理,煤粉能正常稳定地燃烧,炉膛高温区较集中,炉膛出口温度合理。     

关于低氮燃烧器掺烧不同煤质的改造

对东锅DGl025／18．2-Ⅱ4型锅炉所配备的百叶窗式水平浓淡燃烧器进行改造,采用分层燃烧技术,保留原主燃烧区域基本格局不变,一次风喷口采用宽钝体大回流式垂直浓淡燃烧器;增大底部AA层二次风喷口,使托粉能力增强;将Y层三次风下移到C、D两组燃烧器之间,将三次风中携带的煤粉送人主燃烧区域的高温区域;在A层燃烧器区域增加微油点火装置;在三次风附近低温区域布置适量卫燃带,优化煤粉燃尽条件,并保证主、再热蒸汽气温。改造后锅炉效率提高了2．52％,且锅炉运行正常。     

不同湍流模型在射流推力矢量喷管数值模拟中的比较分析研究

利用数值模拟手段,分别求解以SA、SST k-ω、EASM k-ω或k-ζ湍流模型封闭的RANS方程,针对激波控制射流推力矢量喷管展开研究,在多个主喷流压比NPR(4.6,7.0,8.78,10.0)和次主流压比SPR(0.7,1.0)下,系统考察了四种不同湍流模型对射流推力矢量喷管性能参数及主喷管内壁面压力分布的预测能力,探讨了激波控制产生推力矢量随不同参数的变化规律。并基于数值分析,定量给出了二次射流所带来的主喷管性能损失。数值计算结果表明,四种湍流模型都能比较准确预测出射流推力矢量喷管的性能参数,在激波捕捉和压力预测方面,相对而言SST k-ω模型最为准确。     

高炉风口回旋区煤粉燃烧过程三维数值模拟

为更好地了解回旋区内气体、煤粉的各种经历效应，本文基于欧拉气相方程组、欧拉颗粒连续方程和动量方程以及拉氏颗粒能量和质量变化的方程，建立了高炉风口回旋区湍流气固两相流动和煤粉燃烧的三维数学模型。将所建模型分别对冷态模型内气粒两相流动和某企业750m^3高炉风口回旋区内的气固两相三维流动和煤粉燃烧进行了数值模拟，并采用PDA对冷态模型内气粒两相流场进行了测量，结果表明，实验结果与冷态两相流动的模拟结果基本一致，平均相对误差为11．6％；热态模拟的模拟结果与国外实验测量结果较吻合，平均相对误差约为15．8％。该模型能够较准确地预测风口回旋区内的燃烧情况，可以减少高炉操作费用，正确指导生产实践。     

Two-phase smooth particle hydrodynamics modeling of air-water interface in aerated flows

The large deformations associated with air and water interactions are critical factors that affect the hydrodynamic characteristics of hydraulic structures. As a type of Lagrange meshless particle method, smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) has been shown to have many advantages when modeling the interface flow and tracing the free surface because the particles inherit the velocity, mass, and density properties. Significant theoretical and numerical studies have been performed recently in this area. In the present study, a two-phase SPH framework was developed based on these previous studies and we explored its capacity to capture the main features of large density ratio aerated flows. The cohesive pressure was included only in the momentum equation of the air phase for additional amendments to ensure the stability and accuracy of the two-phase SPH model. Three case studies were performed to test the performance of the two-phase SPH model. A convergence study demonstrated the need to balance the CPU time consumption and the real-time requirements. A dam-break simulation based on pressure variation in the air pocket showed the superior analytical performance of the two-phase model compared with the single-phase model. The results of a hydraulic jump simulation were compared with the theoretical results in order to understand the collision between the solid and liquid using the SPH method more clearly. Thus, the consistency between the simulation and the theoretical and experimental results demonstrated the feasibility and stability of the two-phase SPH framework.     

LES/FDF simulation of particle dispersion in a gas-particle two phase plane wake flow

A filtered density function (FDF) transport equation was derived for the fluid velocity seen by the particles in gas-particle two-phase flow. An LES/FDF simulation of a two-phase plane wake flow was carried out. The simulation results were compared with both the experimental photograph and the simulation results without using the FDF model, and proved that the LES/FDF model can clearly improve the spatial dispersion of the particle phase.     

Analysis of solid particle clusters in coherent structures of turbulent channel flow

A particle-laden turbulent channel flow is investigated to study particle clusters in large-scale turbulent coherent structures.The fluid phase is calculated by large eddy simulation and particles are tracked using Lagrangian trajectory method.The flow Reynolds number is 180 based on the friction velocity and half-width of the channel.The particle is lycopodium with St=0.93which may well follow the fluid phase.The mean and fluctuating velocities of both two phases are obtained,which are in good agreement with previous data.The strongest accumulations of particles in low-speed streak structures are observed at y+=11.3.Moreover,once particles are captured in low-speed streaks,most of them will reside there for a long period.Particles clustered in low-speed streaks obtain smaller instantaneous wall-normal and spanwise velocities than those out of there,which induce a larger particle flux into low-speed streaks than that out of there.The study is important for understanding particle dispersion mechanisms in gas-particle turbulent channel flows.     

Large Eddy Simulation of a dilute particle-laden turbulent flow over a backward-facing step

Dilute gas-particle turbulent flows over a backward-facing step are numerically simulated by Large Eddy Simulation (LES) for the continuous phase and Lagrangian particle trajectory method for the particle phase. Predicted results of mean velocities and fluctuating velocities of both phases agree well with the experimental data, and demonstrate that the main characteristics of the flow are accurately captured by the simulations. Characteristics of separation and reattachments as well as essential features of the coherent structure are obtained, in which the processes of vortex roll up, growth, pairing and breaking up are shown in details. Particle dispersions are then investigated through particles’ instantaneous distributions in coherent structure as well as the mean and fluctuating properties of particle number density (PND). The predicted mean PND agree well with experiment results. For small particles, the instantaneous distributions show much preferential concentration, while their mean PND shows more uniform distribution in downstream region. On the contrary, for large particles, their instantaneous distributions are much uniform (without clear preferential concentration) due to less effect of large eddy coherent, while their mean PND across the section is not uniform for more particles are distributed in the main flow region. The preferential concentration of particles by the large-scale eddies can lead to a high fluctuating PND. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 19972036, 50172067) and the Research Committee of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (Grant No. A-DP99)