全面推进农村可再生能源事业的跨越式发展——2003年农村可再生能源工作思路

２００２年，农村可再生能源工作迎来了非常好的发展机遇和环境。领导重视，各级政府积极性高，可再生能源建设受到农民普遍欢迎，各项建设工作全面推进，农村可再生能源事业开始出现跨越式发展的良好势头。２００２年我们抓住了良好的发展机遇和形势，全面推进了农村可再生能源建设事业快速发展。特别突出的是沼气建设，全国户用沼气池已经达到１０００万户，预计新增户用沼气池１５０～２００万户，出现了一批“万池县”，一部分县当年新增沼气池达到５０００个以上，实现了跨越发展。自从提出并实施“生态家园富民计划”以来，宣传、培训…     

市场经济体制下的农村户用能源消费问题研究

本文以农业部与世界银行ESMAP和亚洲开发银行两次关于中国农村能源合作研究中农村家庭生活能源消费的抽样调查为基础，揭示了农村户用能源消费结构的变化，分析了农村经济发展和生活水平的提高对农村能源消费市场及商品能源的消耗带来的变化，并且对目前中国农村户用能源在市场经济体制下的发展趋势和带来的问题进行了探讨。     

户用沼气池秸秆利用浅析

通过对我国户用沼气池利用状况的简要回顾，分析了户用沼气池秸秆利用逐渐消失的原因。以大量的调查数据说明，在当前生态农业建设的大好形势下，户用沼气池秸秆的再次利用将会大大推进农村沼气建设的发展，在生态农业建设中将再次起到重要作用。     

“八五”以来我省农村能源建设的成就与经验

农村能源是发展农业和农村经济的基本条件和重要物质基础。“八五”以来，我省的农村能源工作取得了可喜的成绩，全省农村能源已形成年开发与节约370万吨标煤的能力，年创综合经济效益约20亿元．5年间森林覆盖率由35．9％提高到50．85％，为改善农村用能结构．提高用能水平，保护主态环境，促进“三高”农业发展．增加农民收入和增强农业发展后劲等发挥了重要作用。“八五”以来主要取得了以下八个方面的成就：1沼气建设得到大力推进“八五”以来户用沼气池、大中型沼气工程、城镇沼气净化池等沼气建设均得到大力推进。仅1995年全省新建户用…     

安徽农村可再生能源用量将占农村能源消费总量20％

安徽将在未来3a时间内，加快沼气、秸秆等农村可再生能源发展，使农村可再生能源使用量占农村地区生产和生活能源消费总量的20％以上。同时使农村生活和农业生产污染物排放水平降低50％。“十一五”期间，全省农村新增沼气池100万口，新建畜禽养殖场沼气工程3100处，农村户用沼气普及90％的县和50％以上的村；     

中国农村家庭生活能源消费分析

以中国６县３２４０户农村生活能源消费及相关问题的抽样调查为基础，给出了农村家庭生活用能问题的水平和构成，探讨了家庭生活用能的主要特征及其形成的主要原因，进而对家庭能源消费、商品能替代作用、成本及最终用能效率等问题进行了分析。     

节能与环保并进 生态与经济共赢——建德农村能源建设30年回顾

建德市重视并加强农村能源建设工作,通过30多a的努力,农村能源建设事业取得丰硕成果。从推广户用沼气池、普及节柴灶,到实施全国农村能源综合建设县项目,承担创建国家级生态示范区和生态市建设项目中的居民生活污水净化处理和畜禽养殖粪尿污水无害化治理工程建设,为节约农村能源、治理农村面源污染、发展农业循环经济、改善农村生态环境作出重要贡献。     

节能与环保并进生态与经济共赢——建德农村能源建设30年回顾

建德市重视并加强农村能源建设工作,通过30多a的努力,农村能源建设事业取得丰硕成果。从推广户用沼气池、普及节柴灶,到实施全国农村能源综合建设县项目,承担创建国家级生态示范区和生态市建设项目中的居民生活污水净化处理和畜禽养殖粪尿污水无害化治理工程建设,为节约农村能源、治理农村面源污染、发展农业循环经济、改善农村生态环境作出重要贡献。     

工厂化生产户用沼气池开发利用前景广阔

2006年4月13—14日，中国沼气学会联合中国农村能源行业协会和中国玻璃钢工业协会在昆明市召开了“工厂化生产户用沼气池开发利用研讨会”。     

重庆农村能源消费结构及现状调查

通过对重庆农村15个典型村社、599户农户的家庭用能的实地调查和分析，得出以下结论：重庆农村家庭能源消费以柴薪 秸秆 煤的混合型结构为主，其中柴薪、秸秆等生物质能直接燃烧的比例过大，全市农村平均达到83％，沼气、秸秆气等可再生能源及电、液化气、天然气等商品能的使用比例过低，该种能源消费结构不利于农村能源资源的有效利用，对农业经济的可持续发展、生态环境保护带来严重危害。     

The influence of using biogas digesters on family energy consumption and its economic benefit in rural areas—comparative study between Lianshui and Guichi in China

The construction of biogas digesters has improved the family energy consumption structure, promoted the development of livestock breeding and farm production in the countryside. Through the comparative study of the questionnaires filled out by individual families in Lianshui, Jiangsu Province and Guichi, Anhui Province, we figured out the different effects of biogas digesters in different areas on household energy consumption and their benefits to economy and environment.     

Anaerobic fermentation technology increases biomass energy use efficiency in crop residue utilization and biogas production

A biomass energy utilization project (Corn stalk→Cattle→Cattle dung→Biogas digester→Biogas/Digester residues→Soil) was conducted in a typical temperate agro-village of China from 2005 to 2010. The present study focused on two key approaches of the ecological loop: (1) increasing corn stalk use efficiency by improving anaerobic fermentation technology; and (2) enhancing biogas productivity by optimizing fermentation conditions. Our results showed that crude protein and fat of corn stalks significantly increased, while crude fiber content and pH decreased considerably during anaerobic fermentation. The cattle digestion rate, forage consumption and increases in cattle weight were higher in cattle fed fermented corn stalks than in those fed non-fermented corn stalks. The rate of biogas production was higher (78.4%) by using cattle dung as a substrate than using crop residues. Heat preservation measures effectively enhanced the biogas production rate (12.3%). In 2005, only two cattle were fed in this village, with only 1.1% corn stalk utilized as forage. No more than three biogas digesters existed, and the proportion of biogas energy used in total household fuel was only 1.7%. At the end of the 5-year experiment, the number of cattle capita reached 169 with 78.9% corn stalk used as forage. Biogas digesters increased to 130, and the proportion of biogas energy used in total household fuel was up to 42.3%. A significant positive correlation was noted between the increasing rate of farmers’ incomes and the proportion of corn stalks used as forage. Available nutrients were higher in fermented cattle dung than in fresh cattle dung. Our findings clearly suggest that anaerobic fermentation technology is important in enhancing crop residue use efficiency, biogas productivity and soil fertility. Fermentation technology may help reduce the use of fossil fuels and improve the environment in rural areas.     

Household biogas use in rural China: A study of opportunities and constraints

As a renewable energy, biogas is not only an important part of the development of rural new energy, but also an important aspect of sustainable development in China. The development process and present status of household biogas, specifically the opportunities and constraints of household biogas in rural China, are discussed in this paper. Only about 19% of the biogas potential has been utilized in rural China. There are several opportunities for household biogas development in rural China, including the problem of rural household energy consumption, the availability of biogas fermentation materials, national financial subsidies, legal and international clean development mechanisms. Also, more research needs to be done in straw fermentation and cold fermentation technology. Training should be conducted to raise the level of biogas customers in comprehensive biogas utilization. Measures should be taken to improve the follow-up services and management of biogas plants. The information presented in this paper will be helpful not only to the sustainable development of household biogas in rural China, but also to the development of biogas in similar countries around the world.     

淮海农场家庭生活用能和能源消费的分析研究

江苏省国营淮海农场家庭生活用能正处于商品能加速替代非商品能的时期,连续5年的家庭生活能调查表明,用能品种结构变化较大,电子和液化气消费迅速增加,而秸秆和煤炭的使用在下降;人均能源消费量相对稳定,但有效能消费却略有上升;分析表明,人均能源消费与人均收入、户均人口和人均作物收获量有一定的相关性,对农村家庭能源消费的性质,中国小康农村家庭能源消费的基本特征等一般问题进行了讨论。     

Evaluating benefits of low-cost household digesters for rural Andean communities

Low-cost household digesters are a promising appropriate technology which can help reducing the pressure on the environment due to deforestation and greenhouse gases emissions. The biogas and biofertilizer produced can alleviate poverty, by improving health conditions, increasing crops productivity and saving working time and burden for women and children. The aim of this study is to evaluate low-cost digesters technical, environmental and socio-economic impacts in rural communities of the Peruvian Andes, where a pilot project was developed during the last 3 years. Although the benefits are restricted by the performance of anaerobic digestion at high altitude, the results show that the digesters improve household living conditions and economy, while reducing environmental impacts. Biogas production covers around 60% of fuel needs for cooking, leading to 50-60% decrease in firewood consumption (i.e. deforestation) and greenhouse gases emissions; the annual income is increased by 3-5.5% due to fertilizer savings and potato sales. These values could be improved by enhancing digesters performance and the sustainability of the technology.     

陕西户用沼气池越冬使用技术研究

为了有效解决陕西省农村户用沼气池使用时间短的难题,结合陕西农村的实际情况,对传统沼气池的结构形式进行了改进,增加预处理池为沼气池提供热量,并对沼气池的池墙、进(出)料口进行保温,以达到增加冬季沼气池池温的目的。以榆林市为代表,通过理论计算、试验等手段,证明冬季最低室外温度条件下,沼气池产气率可以达到0.1 m3/(m3.d)以上,一口6～8 m3的沼气池就可以满足一个普通农户一天的炊事用气要求。     

Rural household energy consumption pattern in the disregarded villages of Bangladesh

Energy is one of the most important ingredients required to alleviate poverty and realize socio-economic and human development, which is directly interconnected to the prominence of life in rural areas. An extensive survey on household energy consumption pattern interrelating socio-economic and demographic factors was carried out in the disregarded villages of Bangladesh using stratified random sampling technique of 120 households. This paper focuses on household energy consumption, various combinations of fuels and their expenditure in the study area. Biomass, kerosene, electricity, LPG and candle were found as the energy carrier used in the rural households in this study. The study shows that 92% households use biomass, 28% LPG, 89% kerosene, 78% electricity and 27% candle as fuel types. It was found that 56% households collected biomass from their own homesteads and/or agricultural lands. Bamboo, branches, cow dung, firewood, rice husk, leaves & twigs and straw were found as the biomass for household energy use. Average monthly household expenditure for total energy was US$ 9.67 (SE, 0.31) per month while the total monthly income of the household was US$ 123 (SE, 2.53). The ratio of the total monthly energy expenditure to the total monthly income was 7.86%. The study will be helpful to understand the energy consumption system and its expenditure in the rural areas of Bangladesh and to the policy formulation for energy production, consumption and utilization.     

Household biogas development in rural China: On policy support and other macro sustainable conditions

As a fuel, rural biogas is a promising renewable energy source. Policy support is a key initial impetus for industry development. This study explores household biogas development in rural China based on policy support found in literature. Relevant policies, which mainly include directive and guiding policies, economic inspiring policies, research policies, market policies, and other constructive policies, are gradually issued. Moreover, the National People's Congress has enacted five relevant laws, including the Agricultural Law, Renewable Energy Law, Animal Husbandry Law, Energy Conservation Law, and the Act on the Development of Circular Economy. The Energy Law is currently under revision. Relational rules and regulations have also been formed in response to the national policies and laws, which have already produced significant effects. The development of rural household biogas in China is growing steadily, and the technology standard projects have been established. The number of household biogas digesters and biogas annual output in 2010 was double of that in 2005. The offered financial incentive increased from 47 million dollars in 2002 to 760 million dollars in 2011. Policy supports play an important role in rural biogas development. And thus, additional national policy supports are necessary in the fields of scientific research, technological development, and biogas use model.     

Rural household energy consumption in Yangzhong county of Jiangsu province in China

A stratification sampling method has been applied to investigate 384 households in 12 villages of four towns in Yangzhong county. Responses to a questionnaire show that the average annual energy consumption per rural household is 298.7 kgce (we use 7000 kcal/kgce), with average energy of 0.59 kgce per day mainly in the form of straw. The average energy consumption depends on income, stalk yield, and number of persons and of pigs in a family. There is demand for high-quality supplies.     

Determinants of functional status of family size bio-digesters: empirical evidence from southern Ethiopia

The main objective of this study is to investigate factors that determine the functionality of bio-digesters in southern Ethiopia. Data were collected through personal interview of adopter households using a semi-structured questionnaire and focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Results indicated the proportion of the functional status of digesters was ‘never operate’ (17.9%), ‘poor’ (19.4%), ‘fair’ (18.6%), ‘good’ (17.2%) and ‘excellent’ (26.9%). Sex of household head, household total income, institutional technical follow-up and support, and level of satisfaction with the biogas programme service significantly and positively influence the functionality of bio-digesters. Whereas, distance from residence to water source and to the nearest market for appliances significantly and negatively influence the functionality of digesters. Advances in these perspectives could improve the functionality of bio-digesters, the reputation of biogas technology among members of communities as well as help ensuring a sustainable energy security in rural Ethiopia.