Energy density of foods affects energy intake in normal-weight women

This study examined the effect of energy density, independent of fat content and palatability, on food and energy intakes. With use of a within-subjects design, normal-weight women (n = 18) were provided with meals for 2 d during each of three test sessions. During lunch, dinner, and an evening snack, subjects were given free access to a main entree varying in energy density (low, medium, or high). The manipulated main entrees were similar in palatability to their counterparts across conditions. Low-energy compulsory (consumption required) side dishes accompanied each meal. Subjects also consumed a standard, compulsory breakfast. Results showed that subjects consumed a similar amount of food (by weight) across the three conditions of energy density. Thus, significantly more energy was consumed in the condition of high energy density (7532 +/- 363 kJ, or 1800 +/- 86 kcal) than in the medium- (6356 +/- 281 kJ, or 1519 +/- 67 kcal) and low- (5756 +/- 178 kJ, or 1376 +/- 43 kcal) energy-density conditions (P < 0.0001). There were no differences in hunger or fullness before meals, after meals, or over the 2 d across conditions. The results from this study indicate that energy density affects energy intake independent of macronutrient content or palatability, suggesting that the overconsumption of high-fat foods may be due to their high energy density rather than to their fat content.     

Acute effects of exercise or sauna on appetite in obese and nonobese men

To study the effect of exercise on appetite in men, hunger, thirst, taste perception, energy intake, and macronutrient choice were assessed in relation to exercise and to sauna; the latter was done to correct for dehydration and rise in body temperature. Since exercise is used to prevent and cure obesity, subjects included obese as well as nonobese men. Thirty subjects (25 +/- 7 years, BMI 22.8 +/- 1.6 and 28.5 +/- 1.9) were given twice, in random order before and after 2 h of cycling at 60% of Wmax, 2 h of sauna, or 2 h of rest, an ample choice from solid and liquid almost single-macronutrient food items and a taste perception test with solutions of sucrose, citric acid, NaCl, quinine, a mixture of these, and a carbohydrate electrolyte solution. After cycling as well as after sauna, in comparison to after rest, subjects lost 3 +/- 0.5% of body mass, while thirst, fluid intake, perception of sweet at relatively low concentrations, and percentage of energy coming from carbohydrate increased significantly. Only after cycling compared to after rest did perception of bitterness at a low concentration increase and hunger and energy intake decrease. We conclude that exercise induced a short-term reduction in hunger and energy intake, whereas exercise and sauna induced a short-term increase in taste perception of sweet at the lower concentration, while macronutrient preference of carbohydrate increased.     

Pressure-controlled nephrostography

A study was made during a 3-month period of the food intake of all patients older than 60 years, who were admitted to a ward of acute orthopedic surgery. This amounted to 31 women and 15 men, whose average age was 74 years. Each patient's diet was studied for 16 days on an average. The mean daily energy intake was 1 163+/-341 kcal (4 868 +/- 1 427 kJ) for women and 1 558+/-539 kcal (6 521+/-2 856 kJ) for men. 44 of 46 patients received fewer calories than is recommended for healthy persons the same age, and 25 of 46 patients consumed less calories per day than the basal metabolism. The mean daily protein intake was 0.7+/-0.3 g/kg/day for both men and women. 28 of the patients received less than 0.8 g/kg/day which is the amount of protein recommended healthy adults and none of our patients received 1.5 g protein/kg/day, the protein intake recommended patients in hospital. The low protein intake was due to a poor intake of energy as well as a high consumption of refreshing drinks and titbits, both a little nourishment.     

Effect of psyllium on gastric emptying, hunger feeling and food intake in normal volunteers: a double blind study

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether psyllium, a soluble dietary fibre, could, at an acceptable dose (7.4 g), delay gastric emptying of a low-calorie meal, and reduce hunger feeling and energy intake, without requiring intimate mixing with the meal. DESIGN: A double blind randomized cross over study with 14 normal volunteers, to evaluate the effect of this dose of psyllium on postprandial serum glucose, triglycerides and insulin levels, and on gastric fullness, hunger feeling and food intake. METHODS: Gastric emptying was measured using a standard double-radiolabeled 450 kcal meal and feelings by visual analogic scales. The postprandial serum glucose, triglycerides and insulin levels were also determined. RESULTS: No delay in the gastric emptying of the solid and liquid phases of the meal was observed with psyllium. After the meal, hunger feelings and energy intake were significantly lower during the psyllium session than during the placebo session (13% and 17% lower respectively; P < 0.05). Postprandial increase in serum glucose, triglycerides and insulin levels was less with psyllium than with placebo (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Psyllium reduces hunger feelings and energy intake in normal volunteers at reasonable dose and without requiring mixing with the meal. It does not act by slowing down the gastric emptying of hydrosoluble nutrients, but by increase in the time allowed for intestinal absorption, as suggested by the flattening of the postprandial serum glucose, insulin and triglycerides curves.     

Energy requirements and physical activity in free-living older women and men: a doubly labeled water study

Determinants of daily energy needs and physical activity are unknown in free-living elderly. This study examined determinants of daily total energy expenditure (TEE) and free-living physical activity in older women (n = 51; age = 67 +/- 6 yr) and men (n = 48; age = 70 +/- 7 yr) by using doubly labeled water and indirect calorimetry. Using multiple-regression analyses, we predicted TEE by using anthropometric, physiological, and physical activity indexes. Data were collected on resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition, peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak), leisure time activity, and plasma thyroid hormone. Data adjusted for body composition were not different between older women and men, respectively (in kcal/day): TEE, 2,306 +/- 647 vs. 2,456 +/- 666; RMR, 1,463 +/- 244 vs. 1,378 +/- 249; and physical activity energy expenditure, 612 +/- 570 vs. 832 +/- 581. In a subgroup of 70 women and men, RMR and VO2 peak explained approximately two-thirds of the variance in TEE (R2 = 0.62; standard error of the estimate = +/-348 kcal/day). Crossvalidation of this equation in the remaining 29 women and men was successful, with no difference between predicted and measured TEE (2,364 +/- 398 and 2,406 +/- 571 kcal/day, respectively). The strongest predictors of physical activity energy expenditure (P < 0.05) for women and men were VO2 peak (r = 0.43), fat-free mass (r = 0.39), and body mass (r = 0.34). In summary, RMR and VO2 peak are important independent predictors of energy requirements in the elderly. Furthermore, cardiovascular fitness and fat-free mass are moderate predictors of physical activity in free-living elderly.     

Relation between circulating leptin concentrations and appetite during a prolonged, moderate energy deficit in women

BACKGROUND: On the basis of observations in rodents, leptin is thought to play a key role in the regulation of energy expenditure and food intake, but less is known of its influence on ingestive behavior and energy balance in humans. OBJECTIVE: We examined the effect in women of a chronic energy deficit on plasma leptin concentrations and self-reported appetite and explored possible relations between leptin and appetite sensations. DESIGN: Twelve healthy women (body mass index, in kg/m2: 23-37) participated in a metabolic ward study in which 3 wk of neutral energy balance was followed by 12 wk of energy deficit (energy intake reduced by 2 MJ/d and energy expenditure increased by 0.8 MJ/d). Body weight and composition were monitored, fasting leptin concentrations were measured 4 times, and feelings of hunger, fullness, desire to eat, and prospective consumption were monitored hourly throughout the day on 7 selected days. RESULTS: Adiposity-adjusted leptin decreased by 54% after 1 wk of a moderate energy deficit and remained low after 6 and 12 wk. Leptin was associated with self-reported hunger, desire to eat, and prospective consumption (range of r: -0.6 to -0.7, P < 0.01). The greatest hunger increase coincided with the largest percentage drop in circulating leptin and the lowest final leptin concentration. The relation between leptin and hunger was not influenced by amount of weight or body fat loss. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the idea that leptin is a physiologic regulator of hunger during energy deficits in humans; the role of leptin in the long-term regulation of food intake warrants further study.     

Evidence for leptin regulation of food intake in humans

The adipocyte hormone leptin regulates body weight in mice by decreasing food intake and increasing energy expenditure. Whether leptin is of physiological importance for these processes in humans is, however, not clear. We therefore studied the relation between leptin and habitual food intake in 64 healthy postmenopausal women. Dietary habits were assessed with a modified diet history method. Body fat content was measured using bioelectrical impedance. In the 64 women, aged 58.6+/-0.4 yr (mean+/-SD), serum leptin was 19.3+/-12.7 ng/mL, body mass index was 25.0+/-3.5 kg/m2, body fat content was 31.6+/-4.3%, fasting glucose was 4.6+/-0.5 mmol/L, and fasting insulin was 56+/-21 pmol/L. Leptin levels were negatively correlated to total energy intake (r=-0.34; P=0.006), carbohydrate intake (r=-0.36; P=0.004), and total (r=-0.27; P=0.034) as well as saturated fat intake (r=-0.31; P=0.014). Leptin was correlated to the absolute, but not to the percent, intake of these nutrients. When normalized for body fat content, the correlations remained significant. Our results suggest that plasma leptin is involved in the physiological regulation of food intake in humans, and that leptin is related to the quantity rather than the quality of habitual food intake.     

The human mast cell line HMC-1 binds and responds to C3a but not C3a(desArg)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the breakfast intake of calcium and milk products and to determine whether these correlate with total intake of both calcium and milk products. METHODS: Food taken at breakfast and throughout the day was recorded using a 7 consecutive day food record in 200 schoolchildren aged between 9 and 13 years. RESULTS: 65.3% of boys and 80.5% of girls showed intakes of calcium which were lower than recommended. Milk products were the foods most frequently included in breakfast (95.5% of subjects included them in this meal). A relationship was seen between energy provided by breakfast and the quantities of milk products (r = 0.5735) and calcium (r = 0.6908) taken at this meal. A relationship was also seen between energy provided by breakfast and daily intake of milk products (r = 0.4633) and calcium (r = 0.4954). The percentage of intakes of calcium lower than those recommended decreased when breakfast provided > or = 20% of total energy intake, and when the consumption of milk products at breakfast was greater than the 50th percentile (200 ml). Subjects with breakfast milk product intakes > or = 200 ml showed higher intakes of the same over the rest of the day (233.3 +/-140.4 g) than did those who took lesser quantities of these foods at breakfast (161.5 +/- 100.6 g). Further, those who took > or = 25% of the recommended intake of calcium at breakfast showed greater intakes of the same over the rest of the day (600.4 +/- 213.8 mg compared to 510.8 +/- 200.7 mg in subjects with lower calcium intakes). CONCLUSIONS: The intake of milk products (r = 0.7587) and calcium (r = 0.7223) at breakfast correlates with the consumption of these foods in the whole diet. However, the total daily intake of milk products and calcium does not depend solely on breakfast intake. Subjects with the greatest intakes at breakfast also showed greater intakes over the rest of the day (r = 0.3953 for milk products and r = 0.4122 for calcium).     

Effect of energy density and fat level of milk formulas on subsequent food and energy intake in preschool children

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of two levels of energy intakes and two levels of fat at breakfast, on the food and energy intakes in subsequent meal (lunch). The study was performed in 51 children both genders, with ages ranging from 24 to 48 months, attending a day care center. The children selected had normal nutritional status (weight/height index) according to the NCHS standards. The food intake was determined by differential weighing and energy intake was calculated from proximal analysis. The energy densities of the cow's milk formula used were 0.8 and 1.2 kcal/g, resulting in a total energy offer (breakfast) of 267.5 and 367.5 kcal respectively, the fat levels were 6.3 and 0.9 g/250 g of formula, using the design 2 x 2 factorial. In the study, 720 observations of food intake were conducted in those children consuming higher than 75% of the total food offered at breakfast. In the lunch-time were offered in alternated form two preparations with an 0.97 kcal/g of energy density. The results demonstrated that the children consumed significantly higher energy amounts in the subsequent meal, after being fed the high fat and lower energy-content breakfast. When the total energy intake (breakfast + lunch) was compared these results show that the caloric difference of breakfast was reduced and the degree of reduction was influenced by the fat level. These results show evidence for partial caloric compensation of 67% in the higher-fat level, and only 34% for the children with the lower of fat-level. It is conclude that the energy intake and fat intake at breakfast influences the energy intake at the subsequent meal. These findings are important to the preschool children's feeding with risk of malnutrition.     

De novo lipogenesis predicts short-term body-composition response by bioelectrical impedance analysis to oral nutritional supplements in HIV-associated wasting

We studied the effects of enteral supplements on protein and energy intakes, body composition, energy expenditure, and gastrointestinal histology in 49 subjects with human immunodeficiency virus-associated weight loss (12.7 +/- 0.9% of body wt). We also determined whether a stable-isotope mass spectrometric measurement at baseline might predict the short-term response of fat-free mass (FFM) measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Thirty-nine subjects completed the study after being randomly assigned to receive either a whole-protein-based (n = 22) or a peptide-based (n = 17) formula. A nonsupplemented, nonrandomly assigned group (n = 13) was followed concurrently. Both formulas were well tolerated. Voluntary intakes of energy and protein from nonsupplement sources decreased significantly during supplementation [by 819-1638 kJ (196-382 kcal)/d and 5.6-14.4 g protein/d, respectively; P < 0.01] but to a lesser extent than the intake from the supplement [2300-2510 kJ(550-600 kcal)/d and 19-28 g protein/d, respectively], so that net increases in intakes of protein and energy (P < 0.03), as well as of several vitamins and trace elements were increased. Nevertheless, the mean FFM did not increase for the group as a whole, although there was considerable interindividual heterogeneity. Changes in FFM at 6 wk were significantly inversely correlated (r = 0.65, P < 0.01) with baseline synthesis of fat (de novo hepatic lipogenesis), but not with other potential measures of energy intake (insulin-like growth factor 1 or its binding protein) or inflammation (soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors I or II). The prospective identification of FFM response by measurement of de novo hepatic lipogenesis supported the hypothesis that the subset of wasting patients whose FFM is unresponsive to nutrient supplementation have altered nutrient metabolism.     

Estimates of food and macronutrient intake in a random sample of Northern Ireland adolescents

Estimates of food consumption and macronutrient intake were obtained from a randomly selected population sample (2%) of 1015 adolescents aged 12 and 15 years in Northern Ireland during the 1990/1991 school year. Dietary intake was assessed by diet history with photographic album to estimate portion size. Reported median energy intakes were 11.0 and 13.1 MJ/d for boys aged 12 and 15 years respectively and 9.2 and 9.1 MJ/d for girls of these ages. Protein, carbohydrate and total sugars intakes as a percentage of total energy varied little between the age and sex groups and were approximately 11, 49 and 20% respectively of daily total energy intakes. Median dietary fibre intakes were approximately 20 and 24 g/d for boys aged 12 and 15 years respectively and 18 and 19 g/d for girls of these ages. Major food sources of energy (as a percentage of total energy intakes) were bread and cereals (15-18%), cakes and biscuits (12-14%), chips and crisps (13-14%), dairy products (9-11%), meat and meat products (9-11%) and confectionery (9%). Fruit and vegetable intakes were low at about 2.5% and 1.5% respectively of total energy intakes. Median fat intakes were high at 39% of total daily energy intakes. Major food sources of fat as a percentage of total fat intakes were from the food groupings: chips and crisps (16-19%), meat and meat products (14-17%), fats and oils (14-16%), cakes and biscuits (13-16%) and dairy products (12-15%). Median intakes of saturated fatty acids were also high at approximately 15% of daily total energy intake while intakes of monounsaturated fatty acids averaged 12% of daily total energy intake. Median polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intakes were low, comprising 5.2 and 5.5% of daily total energy intake for boys aged 12 and 15 years respectively and were lower than the PUFA intakes (5.9 and 6.3% of daily total energy intake) for girls of these ages. About 1.3% for boys and 1.4% for girls of daily total energy intake was in the form of n-3 PUFA. Ca and Mg intakes were adequate for both sexes. Based on these results, some concern about the dietary habits and related health consequences in Northern Ireland adolescents appears justified.     

Voluntary food intake during prolonged exercise in obese women

The effect of 57 days of moderate physical activity on the energy intake and balance of three obese women (187% of ideal weight) was investigated in a metabolic balance study. Food was offered in extra quantity, prepared in a palatable but simple fashion, and intake was covertly monitored. Expenditure was measured using the factorial method and indirect calorimetry done every 3 to 4 days. After a 5-day evaluation phase which no exercise was done, individual treadmill assignments were given to subjects to increase daily expenditure to 125% of sedentary levels. Mean dialy intake (1903 kcal/day) and expenditure (2882 kcal/day) did not change with time. As a result, negative energy balance was obtained and sustained. A consistent rate of weight loss (0.12 kg/day) at a reasonable cost (8200 kcal/kg)occurred. Therefore, obese women doing long-term moderate exercise do not compensate by an increase in caloric intake. This can produce a negative caloric balance when exercise is coupled with ad libitum selection of ordinary foods.     

The influence of thermic effect of food on satiety

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate energy expenditure after three isoenergetic meals of different nutrient composition and to establish the relationship between the thermic effect of food (TEF), subsequent energy intake from a test meal and satiety sensations related to consumption. DESIGN: The study employed a repeated measures design. Ten subjects received, in a randomized order, three meals of 2331+/-36 kJ (557+/-9 kcal). About 68% of energy from protein in the high protein meal (HP), 69% from carbohydrate in the high carbohydrate meal (HC) and 70% from fat in the high fat meal (HF). SETTING: The experiments were performed at the University of Milan. Subjects: Ten normal body-weight healthy women. METHODS: Energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetric measurements, using an open-circuit ventilated-hood system; intake was assessed 7h later by weighing the food consumed from a test meal and satiety sensations were rated by means of a satiety rating questionnaire. RESULTS: TEF was 261+/-59, 92+/-67 and 97+/-71 kJ over 7 h after the HP, HC and HF meals, respectively. The HP meal was the most thermogenic (P < 0.001) and it determined the highest sensation of fullness (P=0.002). There were no differences in the sensations and thermic effect between fat and carbohydrate meals. A significant relationship linked TEF to fullness sensation (r=0.41, P=0.025). Energy intake from the test meal was comparable after HP, HC and HF meals. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that TEF contributes to the satiating power of foods.     

Fuel metabolism in men and women during and after long-duration exercise

This study aimed to determine gender-based differences in fuel metabolism in response to long-duration exercise. Fuel oxidation and the metabolic response to exercise were compared in men (n = 14) and women (n = 13) during 2 h (40% of maximal O2 uptake) of cycling and 2 h of postexercise recovery. In addition, subjects completed a separate control day on which no exercise was performed. Fuel oxidation was measured using indirect calorimetry, and blood samples were drawn for the determination of circulating substrate and hormone levels. During exercise, women derived proportionally more of the total energy expended from fat oxidation (50.9 +/- 1.8 and 43. 7 +/- 2.1% for women and men, respectively, P < 0.02), whereas men derived proportionally more energy from carbohydrate oxidation (53.1 +/- 2.1 and 45.7 +/- 1.8% for men and women, respectively, P < 0.01). These gender-based differences were not observed before exercise, after exercise, or on the control day. Epinephrine (P < 0.007) and norepinephrine (P < 0.0009) levels were significantly greater during exercise in men than in women (peak epinephrine concentrations: 208 +/- 36 and 121 +/- 15 pg/ml in men and women, respectively; peak norepinephrine concentrations: 924 +/- 125 and 659 +/- 68 pg/ml in men and women, respectively). As circulating glycerol levels were not different between the two groups, this suggests that women may be more sensitive to the lipolytic action of the catecholamines. In conclusion, these data support the view that different priorities are placed on lipid and carbohydrate oxidation during exercise in men and women and that these gender-based differences extend to the catecholamine response to exercise.     

Nutrient intakes of individuals from food-insufficient households in the United States

OBJECTIVES: Understanding the nutritional consequences of food insufficiency is important for informed policy-making that addresses the problem of domestic hunger. This study estimated the extent to which individuals from food-insufficient households were likely to have low intakes of energy and 14 other nutrients. METHODS: The diets of pre-schoolers, adult women, and the elderly were analyzed with 24-hour recall data from the 1989 through 1991 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals. Logistic regression analysis was used to study the association of self-reported household food insufficiency with nutrient intakes below 50% of the recommended daily allowance. RESULTS: For adult women, food insufficiency was significantly associated with low intakes of eight nutrients, including energy, magnesium, and vitamins A, E, C, and B6. Elderly individuals in the food-insufficient group were also more likely to have low intakes of eight nutrients, including protein, calcium, and vitamins A and B6. Household food insufficiency was not significantly associated with low intakes among preschoolers. CONCLUSIONS: The results validate the use of self-reported hunger measures in nutritional surveillance and highlight nutrients of concern for food assistance and nutrition education efforts targeted at individuals from food-insufficient households.     

Sympathetic nervous system activity and resting metabolic rate in vegetarians

We examined the resting metabolic rate (RMR) and sympathetic nervous system activity of young male vegetarians (n = 17) and nonvegetarians (n = 40). Subjects were characterized for RMR by indirect calorimetry, norepinephrine kinetics from infusions of tritiated norepinephrine, energy and macronutrient intake from a 3-day food diary, and body composition by underwater weighing. Vegetarians reported a greater relative intake of carbohydrates (62% +/- 5% v 51% +/- 6%, P < .01) and a lower relative intake of fat (25% +/- 5% v 33% +/- 6%, P < .01) than nonvegetarians, whereas no differences were observed in daily energy intake, body composition, or maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) between groups. Vegetarians exhibited an 11% higher absolute RMR (1.29 +/- 0.15 v 1.16 +/- 0.13 kcal/min, P < .01), a higher plasma concentration of norepinephrine (216 +/- 33 v 165 +/- 18 pg/mL, P < .01), and a greater norepinephrine appearance rate (0.50 +/- 0.08 v 0.36 +/- 0.09 micrograms/min, P < .01) than nonvegetarians. After statistically controlling for differences in relative amounts of carbohydrate and fat in the diet and for norepinephrine concentrations, no significant differences in adjusted RMR between vegetarians and nonvegetarians were noted. These results suggest that the higher RMR observed in young male vegetarians is partially mediated by differences in dietary macronutrient composition and increased sympathetic nervous system activity.     

Effects of carbontetrachloride and chenodeoxycholic acid on hepatic monooxygenase system, lipid peroxidation and some immunologic parameters in rats

BACKGROUND: Nutritional characteristics of the mediterranean diet, with a high intake of complex carbohydrates, fibre, monounsatured fatty acids and vegetables, are related to a lower prevalence of some nutritional associated diseases. The aim of our study was to perform a longitudinal analysis of the evolution of food intake in a mediterranean population in order to observe its influence on the energy and nutritional intake and their balance. The latter could have some effects on health status. METHODS: Dietary intake was evaluated using the 24 hours recall method in a representative sample (n = 941, age range = 10-69) of a Reus population. This longitudinal study consisted of 70% of the samples studied in 1983 using identical methodology. RESULTS: During this decade (1983-1993), energy intake decreased significantly 180 kcal/day for men and 158 kcal/day for women, carbohydrates being the main cause for this drop (132 and 84 kcal/day less for men and women, respectively). Protein intake decreased significantly in both sexes, 5.6% for men and 8.0% for women. However, the evolution of fat intake was different for men (no changes) and for women (a significant decrease of 5.7%). Saturated and monounsatured fatty acids did not show significant changes in this decade. Cholesterol intake decreased significantly in both sexes. Energy percents obtained from lipids, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids significantly increased. However, in absolute values very little changes in fat intake in both sexes were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The dietary pattern evolved to a lower energy intake with an increment of the percentage of dietary lipids, but this feature was did not reflect a greater fat intake in absolute values. Moreover, the main characteristics of the typical mediterranean diet (which is basically different to the usual diet of other non mediterranean european countries mainly due to its richness in monounsaturated fatty acids) did not change in the period analyzed.     

Breakfasts high in monoglyceride or triglyceride: no differential effect on appetite or energy intake

OBJECTIVE: To test whether isoenergetic isoenergetically-dense doses of dietary 1-monoglyceride or triglyceride differentially influence appetite and meal-to-meal energy intake in man. DESIGN: Six men and six women were each studied twice in a 2 d protocol. On day 1 (maintenance day) they were fed a medium fat (MF) maintenance diet (MF: 40% fat, 47% carbohydrate and 13% protein by energy) calculated at 1.6 x resting metabolic rate (RMR). On day 2 (manipulation day) at 08.30 h subjects consumed a high-fat breakfast designed to contain 80-85% of RMR, composition 10% protein, 56% fat and 34% carbohydrate by energy, with 65% of energy for fat derived as either 1-monoglyceride or triglyceride. Food and energy intake were monitored at lunch (given at 12.30pm) and throughout the remainder of the day. During this time subjects had ad libitum access to isoenergetic, isoenergetically dense MF (40:47:13) foods (550kJ/100g), until 22.30pm). Subjective hunger and satiety were tracked hourly, during waking hours. RESULTS: There was no significant effect of fat type on food or energy intake at lunch or during the ad libitum period. There was no diet effect on subjective hunger (F(1,10)0.00; P= 0.975) in the inter-meal periods of morning or afternoon, nor during the whole day. Subjects found both diets to be similarly pleasant (F(1,61)0.84;P= 0.364). Men and women responded similarly, except that men ate more on all occasions than women. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that when a large dose of l-monoglyceride or triglyceride is incorporated into a breakfast meal, it behaves in a manner that is very similar to triglyceride in terms of the effects on hunger, appetite or feeding behaviour.