碳保护固相合成Li3V2（PO4）3/C工艺及其电化学性能研究

在碳粉填埋保护条件下,分别以草酸、硝酸锂、磷酸二氢铵和偏钒酸铵为碳源、锂源、磷源和钒源,采用固相合成法,在900,1 000,1 100℃下制备了Li3V2（PO4）3/C正极材料。X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和充放电分析测试表明,900,1 000,1 100℃焙烧均可获得较纯且粒径为50 nm~3μm的Li3V2（PO4）3/C;随焙烧温度升高,合成产物中的LiVP2O7杂质相含量下降;在0.1 C充放电倍率下,900,1 000,1 100℃合成的Li3V2（PO4）3/C充放电30次后容量保持率分别为80%,98.5%和95.7%。     

锂离子电池正极材料Li3V2[(PO4)1-xFx]3/C的合成及性能表征

以LiH2PO4、LiF和V2O5为原料,蔗糖为还原剂,用碳热还原法合成了Li3V2[(PO4)1-xFx]3/C(x=0、0.02、0.05、0.08、0.10和0.15),并用X射线衍射、Fourier变换红外光谱、循环伏安、交流阻抗谱和恒流充放电技术研究了F-掺杂对材料结构和电化学性能的影响.结果表明:F-掺杂Li3V2(PO4)3/C与纯Li3V2(PO4)3/C均为单斜结构,但少量的F-掺杂可提高电极反应可逆程度和电导率,降低电荷传递阻抗;在所得的F-掺杂材料中,Li3V2[(PO4)0.95F0.05]3/C具有较好的电化学性能.在3.0～4.2V (vs.Li/Li+)循环时,电极的0.5C放电容量为124.4 mA·h/g,50次循环后容量保持率为98.5％,15C下的放电容量为84.7mA·h/g,50次循环后容量保持率为97.4％,而Li3V2(PO4)3/C的仅为59.2 mA·h/g和89.0％.     

聚阴离子型锂离子电池正极材料Li_3V_2(PO_4)_3的研究进展

与LiFePO4相比,单斜结构的磷酸钒锂(Li3V2(PO4)3)具有更高的Li+扩散系数和更高的放电电压、能量密度和高的比容量,已成为锂离子电池正极材料的研究热点之一。综述了近年来Li3V2(PO4)3的主要合成方法、充放电机理及其掺杂改性的研究现状,并且对Li3V2(PO4)3的发展趋势进行了展望。     

铜（Ⅱ）掺杂Li3V2（PO4）3/C的结构与性能

用一步碳热还原法制备了Li3V2-xCux(PO4)3/C(x=0.00、0.02、0.05、0.08、0.10、0.15)复合正极材料,并研究了掺杂对材料结构、微观形貌、充放电性能的影响。结果表明掺杂少量铜(Ⅱ)不会影响材料Li3V2(PO4)3的基本结构,但会在Li3V2(PO4)3中形成电子缺陷,提高晶体内部原子的无序化程度,降低极化和电荷转移电阻。从而改善材料的电化学性能。Li3V1.98Cu0.02(PO4)3/C的10 C放电容量比Li3V2(PO4)3/C提高了20 mA.h/g,具有较好的倍率性能。     

以铁泥为原料合成Fe_2O_3并制备LiFePO_4/C

采用溶解还原、沉淀、球磨、灼烧、稀HNO3处理等工艺过程,将铁泥中的Fe以Fe2O3的形式回收。以得到的Fe2O3为原料经过高温固相法合成Li Fe PO4/C作为锂离子电池的正极材料。分别研究了"球磨"和"稀HNO3处理"两个工艺步骤对产品性能的影响。XRD分析结果表明Li Fe PO4/C属橄榄石型晶系纯相。SEM图片显示Li Fe PO4/C颗粒均匀,尺寸分布在100~150 nm之间。通过电池充放电测试表征了Li Fe PO4/C的电化学性能,实验结果表明,由于采用优化的工艺过程制备的Fe2O3中适量保留了铁泥中的Co、Cr和Ni元素,所合成的Li Fe PO4/C表现出较好的循环稳定性和倍率性能。     

聚阴离子型锂离子电池正极材料Li3V2（PO4）3的研究进展

与LiFePO4相比,单斜结构的磷酸钒锂（Li3V2（PO4）3）具有更高的Li＋扩散系数和更高的放电电压、能量密度和高的比容量,已成为锂离子电池正极材料的研究热点之一.综述了近年来Li3 V2（PO4）3的主要合成方法、充放电机理及其掺杂改性的研究现状,并且对Li3V2（PO4）3的发展趋势进行了展望.     

电池正极材料Li3V2-2x/3Mnx（PO4）3/C的制备及性能研究

以V2O5、NH4H2PO4、Li2CO3、(CH3COO)2Mn.4H2O原料,以葡萄糖和抗坏血酸为复合还原剂及碳源,通过常温还原-低温烧结法制备锂离子电池正极材料Li3V(2-2x/3)Mnx(PO4)3/C(x=0,0.03,0.06,0.09,0.12)。通过X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电镜(SEM),恒电流充放电测试对该正极材料的物相、结构、微观形貌以及电化学性能进行了表征。结果表明,Mn2+的掺杂对磷酸钒锂电化学性能的发挥影响很大,其中当锰掺杂量x=0.09时材料表现出最佳的电化学性能,0.2 C倍率条件下首次放电比容量131 mAh/g,循环50次后容量衰减仅为4.02%。     

离子掺杂对Li_3V_2(PO_4)_3/C电化学性能的影响

采用溶胶-碳热还原法制备了Li3V2-xMx(PO4)3/C(M=Ti,Fe,Ce;x=0.06)复合正极材料,通过XRD、SEM、恒流充放电和电化学阻抗等测试方法研究了Ti4+、Fe3+和Ce3+适量掺杂对材料结构、形貌和电化学性能的影响。结果表明:Ti4+、Fe3+和Ce3+的适量掺杂并未改变材料结构,对材料形貌也未产生明显的影响,但可以在一定程度上降低一次颗粒的尺寸,提高材料的电导率。所有掺杂材料的充放电性能和循环稳定性明显改善,其中Li3V1.94Fe0.06(PO4)3/C表现出最优的电化学性能。     

Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2合成工艺对其结构和性能的影响

采用碳酸盐共沉淀法制备Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2。研究了前驱体合成温度、时间和焙烧温度、焙烧时间对材料结构和电化学性能的影响。测试结果表明,合成温度为40℃,时间30 h所得前驱体的振实密度和电化学性能较好。XRD测试结果表明,不同焙烧温度下得到的Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2均具有α-NaFeO2型层状结构。其中800℃下焙烧15 h得到的样品具有较好的层状结构和较低的阳离子混排程度。样品在2.8～4.3 V电压范围内,0.2 C放电倍率下的首次放电比容量最高可达159.1 mAh·g-1,循环50次后容量保持率为95.7%。     

固体电解质包覆LiMn2O4正极材料的合成及表征

采用湿化学法制备Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3包覆LiMn2O4。采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、恒电流充放电等技术对合成产物进行物相、形貌和电化学分析。结果表明:Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3包覆LiMn2O4与LiMn2O4有相似的X射线衍射结果,且包覆后的LiMn2O4循环伏安峰电流和电荷转移阻抗变化不大。室温及55℃,以0.2 C充放电倍率循环40次时,Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3包覆LiMn2O4的容量保持率分别为98.2%和93.7%,未包覆的LiMn2O4的容量保持率分别为85.4%和79.1%。当以2 C倍率室温充放电循环时,Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3包覆LiMn2O4的容量保持率比未包覆的LiMn2O4高8%;55℃充放电循环时,Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3包覆LiMn2O4的容量保持率比未包覆的LiMn2O4高11.1%。     

Ferroelectric Ceramics in the PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3-PbCd1/3Nb2/3O3 System

Solid solutions (1-x)PbMg_1/3Nb_2/3O₃ + xPbCd_1/3Nb_2/3O₃ with x = 0-0.30 are investigated with purpose to work out a capacitor ceramics with good dielectric properties and low sintering temperature. It is found that the perovskite phase forms at sintering near to 980°C and begins to decompose at higher temperatures. When x grows from 0 to 0.30, the Curie temperature linearly grows from -10°C to +25°C, the dielectric permittivity ε_m in the Curie point T_C decreases from 18000 to 6800 and the phase transition becomes more diffused. The dielectric permittivity at room temperature is rather high and the temperature stability is improved. The system is of interest, because it can serve as a base for working out some ceramic materials for capacitors with low sintering temperature, which needs of no special atmosphere at burning.     

3-溴甲基-3-甲基氧杂环丁烷的合成

以2,2-二溴甲基丙醇（BBMP）为初始原料,通过与碱发生关环反应生成3-溴甲基-3-甲基氧杂环丁烷（BrMMO）。讨论了碱的种类和用量对BBMP关环产率的影响以及反应体系中碱的浓度、反应温度和反应时间对合成BrMMO产率的影响。通过实验确定的最佳工艺条件为：BBMP与NaOH摩尔比为1.0∶1.1,NaOH醇溶液的质量分数为12%,反应温度为78℃,反应时间为4h时,BrMMO产率为65%。最终产品经元素分析、IR和1HNMR检测确定为BrMMO。该试验工艺简单,原料易得,且溶剂便于回收、污染小。     

3-叠氮甲基-3-甲基氧丁环的合成

以三羟甲基乙烷与碳酸二乙酯为原料,经环化反应合成了3-羟甲基-3-甲基氧丁环(HMM O)。在低温下,HMM O与对甲苯磺酰氯反应生成3-磺酸酯甲基-3-甲基氧丁环(M TM O)。M TM O和叠氮化钠发生叠氮化反应形成叠氮单体3-叠氮甲基-3-甲基氧丁环(AMM O)。三步反应收率分别为76%,96%,85%。用核磁、红外、元素分析和DSC表征了化合物的结构与性能。结构鉴定表明为目标化合物AMM O。     

3-溴甲基-3-甲基氧杂环丁烷的合成

以2,2-二溴甲基丙醇(BBMP)为初始原料,通过与碱发生关环反应生成3-溴甲基-3-甲基氧杂环丁烷(BrMMO).讨论了碱的种类和用量对BBMP关环产率的影响以及反应体系中碱的浓度、反应温度和反应时间对合成BrMMO产率的影响.通过实验确定的最佳工艺条件为:BBMP与NaOH摩尔比为1.0∶1.1,NaOH醇溶液的质量分数为12%,反应温度为78℃,反应时间为4 h时,BrMMO产率为65%.最终产品经元素分析、IR和1HNMR检测确定为BrMMO.该试验工艺简单,原料易得,且溶剂便于回收、污染小.     

The Preparation and Crystal Structure of TlMnCl3, TlFeCl3, TlCoCl3 and TlNiCl3

The compounds TlMnCl₃, TlFeCl₃, TlCoCl₃ and TlNiCl₃ were prepared by heating T1C1 with the corresponding transition metal dichloride in an evacuated ampoule. Atomic positions were determined from powder photographs. All four compounds were found to be related to the perovskite type structure. TlMnCl₃ has a cubic structure, space group Pm3m, with a_o = 5.025 Å. The other three compounds are hexagonal, probable space group P6₃mc, with cell dimensions (in Å) a₀ = 6.976 and c₀ = 6.008 for the Fe compound, a₀ = 6.907 and c₀ = 5.981 for the Co compound and a₀ = 6.863 and c₀ = 5.881 for the Ni compound. The three hexagonal compounds are isomorphous. A measureable concentration of basal plane stacking faults was found to occur in TlFeCl₃ and also, to a lesser degree, in TlCoCl_3.     

Tunable color emission in LaScO3:Bi3+,Tb3+,Eu3+ phosphor

LaScO₃:xBi³⁺,yTb³⁺,zEu³⁺ (x = 0 − 0.04, y = 0 − 0.05, z = 0 − 0.05) phosphors were prepared via high-temperature solid-state reaction. Phase identification and crystal structures of the LaScO₃:xBi³⁺,yTb³⁺,zEu³⁺ phosphors were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Crystal structure of phosphors was analyzed by Rietveld refinement and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The luminescent performance of these trichromatic phosphors is investigated by diffuse reflection spectra and photoluminescence. The phenomenon of energy transfer from Bi³⁺ and Tb³⁺ to Eu³⁺ in LaScO₃:xBi³⁺,yTb³⁺,zEu³⁺ phosphors was investigated. By changing the ratio of x, y, and z, trichromatic can be obtained in the LaScO₃ host, including red, green, and blue emission with peak centered at 613, 544, and 428 nm, respectively. Therefore, two kinds of white light-emitting phosphors were obtained, LaScO₃:0.02Bi³⁺,0.05Tb³⁺,zEu³⁺ and LaScO₃:0.02Bi³⁺,0.03Eu³⁺,yTb³⁺. The energy transfer was characterized by decay times of the LaScO₃:xBi³⁺, yTb³⁺, zEu³⁺ phosphors. Moreover absolute internal QY and CIE chromatic coordinates are shown. The potential optical thermometry application of LaScO₃:Bi³⁺,Eu³⁺ was based on the temperature sensitivity of the fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR). The maximum S_a and S_r are 0.118 K⁻¹ (at 473.15 K) and 0.795% K⁻¹ (at 448.15 K), respectively. Hence, the LaScO₃:Bi³⁺,Eu³⁺ phosphor is a good material for optical temperature sensing.     

2,2,3-三氯-3-苯基-3-(3-甲基苯甲酰基)丙腈的合成研究

以苯甲酰氯、四氯化碳、间甲基苯甲酰氰为原料,合成了标题化合物。重点考察了氰化过程中不同原料配比、反应温度、时间、溶剂和催化剂用量对收率的影响。实验结果表明,其最佳反应条件为:n(1,1,2-三氯-2-苯基乙烯)∶n(3-甲基苯甲酰氰)=1∶1.2,二氯甲烷为反应溶剂,3 mmol催化剂三乙胺,室温反应5 h,总收率达80.6%。     

Thermal analyses of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate)

Thermal analyses of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) [P(HB–HV)], and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) [P(HB–HHx)] were made with thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In the thermal degradation of PHB, the onset of weight loss occurred at the temperature (°C) given by T_o = 0.75B + 311, where B represents the heating rate (°C/min). The temperature at which the weight-loss rate was at a maximum was T_p = 0.91B + 320, and the temperature at which degradation was completed was T_f = 1.00B + 325. In the thermal degradation of P(HB–HV) (70:30), T_o = 0.96B + 308, T_p = 0.99B + 320, and T_f = 1.09B + 325. In the thermal degradation of P(HB–HHx) (85:15), T_o = 1.11B + 305, T_p = 1.10B + 319, and T_f = 1.16B + 325. The derivative thermogravimetry curves of PHB, P(HB–HV), and P(HB–HHx) confirmed only one weight-loss step change. The incorporation of 30 mol % 3-hydroxyvalerate (HV) and 15 mol % 3-hydroxyhexanoate (HHx) components into the polyester increased the various thermal temperatures T_o, T_p, and T_f relative to those of PHB by 3–12°C (measured at B = 40°C/min). DSC measurements showed that the incorporation of HV and HHx decreased the melting temperature relative to that of PHB by 70°C. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 90–98, 2001