Temperature dependent dielectric spectroscopy in frequency domain of high-voltage transformer oils compared to physicochemical results

The temperature dependent dielectric spectroscopy in frequency domain is compared to physicochemical and electrical tests that are periodically applied on highly insulating transformer oils. Complex permittivity and tan/spl delta/ data are obtained as a function of frequency and operation temperatures, to demonstrate the polarization phenomena and the induced loss intensification by the thermally stimulated currents. The acquired dielectric data of oil samples collected from 201 operating high voltage (HV) power transformers, were correlated to their corresponding physicochemical ones in order to demonstrate the future potential employment of the proposed measuring technique in the field of high voltage engineering, towards reliability monitoring of oil filled electrical equipment (OFEE).     

油纸绝缘老化评估的Davidson-Cole模型参数提取方法

针对目前变压器油纸绝缘老化状态评估中的纸板聚合度测定破坏性取样、介电响应法测量没有定量判据等问题,提出一种基于Davidson-Cole模型的现场绝缘老化状态定量评估方法。首先仿真研究Davidson-Cole模型参数提取方法,借助现场测量的去极化电流数据,计算出油纸绝缘等值电路参数与频域复介电常数,并利用所得数据绘制Davidson-Cole图,采用多变量最小二乘拟合方法得出松弛时间、介电常数变化量等Davidson-Cole模型参量。实验研究了油纸绝缘不同老化程度的Davidson-Cole模型,采用非线性拟合方法对其老化状态进行Davidson-Cole模型参量提取并分析参数变化,研究结果表明,模型参数与老化程度有直接关系,仿真结果与实验结果一致,对变压器油纸绝缘老化状态评估有参考价值。     

基于虚拟仪器的IGBT电气参数自动测试系统

针对测量不同工作条件下IGBT模块电气参数时需要获取大量数据、反复改变工作点等问题,以容量为1200V/75A的绝缘栅双极晶体管为例,设计了一套基于虚拟仪器的IGBT电气参数自动测试系统。该系统通过硬件电路,结合LabVIEW和高速数字化仪,实现了IGBT的单脉冲开关测试。该系统不仅可以按一定规律自动测量不同电流、不同温度下的IGBT电气参数,还可以同时测量并保存多种参数,如饱和压降、门极电压、关断时间、集电极电流等。与传统的手动测试方法相比,该自动测试系统可以节约50%以上的测量时间,提高测试精度,且开发周期短。所得测试数据不仅可以用来研究温度对IGBT电气参数的影响,作为结温预测数学建模的数据来源,还可以用于研究IGBT电气参量和老化程度的关系,并将其作为状态评估依据,为IGBT的在线状态监测提供基础。     

Condition Evaluation for Aging State of Transformer Oil-paper Insulation Based on Time-frequency Domain Dielectric Characteristics

For the oil-impregnated power transformers in service, the condition of the main insulation system is very important. This article reports a non-destructive evaluation technique based on time-frequency domain dielectric characteristics. First, the polarization/depolarization current and frequency-domain spectroscopy were well measured under controlled laboratory conditions. Then, the recovery voltage curves and recovery voltage polarization spectroscopy were also obtained by using the conversion method between polarization/depolarization current and recovery voltage based on the extended Debye model. After that, the time-domain dielectric characteristics, which can represent oil-paper insulation aging, were extracted from the polarization/depolarization current curves, recovery voltage curves and recovery voltage polarization spectroscopy. In addition, the frequency-domain dielectric characteristics, which can represent the oil-paper insulation aging, were also proposed in terms of frequency domain spectroscopy. Finally, the change rules of time-frequency domain dielectric characteristics under different aging times were investigated in depth. Results show that the time-frequency domain dielectric characteristics are sensitive to the aging states of power transformers, which could be utilized to diagnose the aging state of oil-paper insulation in field power transformers.     

风力发电机绝缘系统耐盐雾性能研究

通过对风力发电机线圈进行绝缘电阻率、工频耐压、介质损耗等试验,研究了定子线圈在耐盐雾条件下的各项电性能.结果表明:随盐雾试验时间的增加,绝缘系统的电气性能降低.其原因是绝缘系统憎水性降低,绝缘层浸渍漆产生放电气隙,以及绝缘材料的劣化变质所致.     

基于两步优化的介电谱特征参数辨识方法及其应用

为了能够通过拟合介电谱的方式获得绝缘材料的绝缘状态，在Cole-Cole模型下提出了基于两步优化的绝缘材料介电谱特征参数辨识方法。根据绝缘材料的普适弛豫定律，推导形成了一套较为完整的Cole-Cole模型初值获取方法；采用与拟合误差情况更匹配的目标函数，提出基于全局搜索与局部搜索相结合的两步优化对各特征参数进行优化计算，有效地解决了传统辨识方法容易陷入局部极小点甚至发散的问题。运用3种典型的介电谱特征参数辨识方法和所提方法，对数值产生和实测的介电谱进行计算，验证了所提方法的优越性。实验测量了低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)样本直流加压注入空间电荷后的介电谱，运用所提方法辨识不同去极化时刻LDPE介电谱的特征参数。结果表明：不同去极化时间下，通过所提方法均能较好地逼近实测介电谱，且随着频率的升高，复介电常数的实部、虚部的减小速度存在下降的趋势。     

基于移动时间窗的直流局部放电特征提取方法

电气设备局部放电信号的特征提取是电气设备绝缘在线监测及故障诊断技术领域的前沿课题。当前的研究大多集中在交流局部放电的特征提取方法上,很少有人研究直流局部放电的特征提取方法。文中采用移动时间窗技术,提出一种新的直流局部放电特征提取方法。该方法通过研究时间窗内的局部放电次数、最大视在放电量、平均视在放电量等物理量与电气设备绝缘状态之间的关系,提取它们作为表征电气设备绝缘性能的特征量,用来进行状态评估与故障诊断。实验结果表明,该方法所提取的特征量能够很好地表征电气设备的绝缘性能,为电气设备绝缘的在线监测提供了理论依据。把它应用于地铁牵引变电站馈线电缆绝缘的在线监测中,效果良好。     

基于等效仿真模型的VSC-HVDC 次同步振荡阻尼特性分析

电压源换相高压直流输电(VSC-HVDC)是基于电压源换流器(VSC)的新一代高压直流输电技术。该文首先分析VSC的工作原理，在此基础上建立以交流侧受控电压源和直流侧受控电流源描述的VSC等效仿真模型。通过与VSC-HVDC电路模型的时域和频域响应对比,验证利用VSC等效仿真模型分析VSC-HVDC次同步频率范围内动态特性的有效性。利用复转矩系数法的时域实现方法--测试信号法及VSC-HVDC等效仿真模型，可计算得到连续且光滑的发电机电气阻尼De特性曲线；基于De曲线，分析VSC-HVDC采用不同控制方式及比例积分(PI)控制器中比例系数和积分时间常数，对发电机电气阻尼特性的影响。最后对加入VSC-HVDC的IEEE第一标准测试系统的仿真表明，配置次同步阻尼控制器(SSDC)的VSC，通过对其有功功率或无功功率的动态调制，均可显著增加发电机的电气阻尼，有效抑制发电机次同步振荡。     

变压器油纸绝缘系统低频介电参数方程

油纸绝缘系统频域介电谱的低频部分更有利于诊断、评估绝缘系统的老化状态与水分含量,为了将频域介电响应法更好地应用到工程中,针对变压器油纸绝缘系统低频激励下的介电响应进行了研究。首先分析了绝缘电介质(油隙、油浸纸)在低频激励下的电极极化过程,进而提出以电导率、离子迁移率等为参量的绝缘电介质的介电参数方程;然后基于变压器油纸绝缘系统的XY几何等效模型,构建变压器油纸绝缘系统低频介电参数方程;最后通过试验对所构建的介电参数方程进行验证。研究结果表明:油纸绝缘系统介电参数计算值与试验值相符合,建立的介电参数方程能够有效地表征变压器油纸绝缘系统频域介电响应低频部分的介电参数。     

Dielectric spectroscopy for diagnosis of water tree deteriorationin XLPE cables

An HV dielectric spectroscopy system has been developed for diagnostics of water tree deteriorated extruded medium voltage cables. The technique is based on the measurement of nonlinear dielectric response in the frequency domain. Today's commercially available systems are capable of resolving low loss and small variations of permittivity as a function of frequency and voltage. Experience from more than 200 field measurements was combined with laboratory investigations. Small samples were used in an accelerated aging test to elucidate the correlation between water tree growth and dielectric response. Furthermore, field aged cables were investigated in the laboratory. It has been shown that the dielectric response of water tree deteriorated crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) cables can be recognized and classified into different types of responses related to the aging status and breakdown strength. The influence of termination and artifacts such as surface currents was investigated. The measurement method enables us to separate the response of the cable from the influence of accessories. Finally, two different field studies of the implementation of the diagnostic method are presented. The field studies show that the fault rate decreased significantly when replacement strategy was based on the diagnostic criteria formulated     

Investigation on the transformation of time domain spectroscopy data to frequency domain data for impregnated pressboard to reduce measurement time

The accuracy of different transformation methods for time domain dielectric response data to frequency domain and their limits are studied. First an approximated analytic function is considered, second an extended Debye model for the dielectric behavior of impregnated pressboard. The last method is a numerical integral form and Fast Fourier Transform. Hamon approximation relates time domain data at t to frequency domain data at f=0.1/t and gives the results by sole measurement of polarization current. Dielectric diagnosis of high voltage apparatus can be done by using Hamon approximation in minimum duration. All transformation methods show similar results and they are analyzed in order to demonstrate the limits of the methods.     

基于冲击介电响应法的电力电缆绝缘状态评估

为了解决传统频域介电谱法在电缆绝缘测试中的不足,提出一种基于冲击电压的介电响应法用于评估电缆绝缘状态。首先从理论上对冲击介电响应法进行推导,然后从仿真角度分析用该方法评估电缆绝缘状态的可行性,最后搭建了冲击实验平台,并对不同老化时长的短电缆样本进行测试。结果表明:冲击介电响应法能够反映出电缆在较宽频率范围下的介质损耗变化,老化电缆的介质损耗因数随着频率升高出现回升现象,且随老化时间的增加其回升程度更为明显。研究结果表明冲击下的介电响应特征能有效评估电缆的绝缘老化状态。     

非线性有限元法在出线装置复合绝缘结构电场计算中的应用

极性反转是换流变压器出线结构复合绝缘的一种特殊工作状态,极性反转时由于空间电荷作用可导致绝缘介质内部及界面处电场畸变。另一方面,绝缘介质电性能参数是温度的函数,因此温度梯度导致的电性能参数改变同样会影响绝缘结构在极性反转过程中的瞬态电场分布。基于此,为了较准确地模拟复合绝缘结构在考虑温度分布条件下的极性反转瞬态电场,提出应用非线性有限元法对以上2种瞬态电场影响因素进行耦合分析。首先研究了油浸纸复合绝缘体系电性能参数与温度的关系;然后详细介绍了基于非线性有限元法的瞬态电场计算流程,并通过双层同轴复合绝缘结构模型验证了其有效性;最后对实际换流变压器出线装置的油纸-环氧浸渍典型复合绝缘结构建立了二维轴对称仿真计算模型,在考虑材料非线性的条件下对其极性反转瞬态电场变化过程进行了仿真分析。计算结果表明传统模拟方法与考虑材料非线性时的结果存在较大差异,且极性反转过程中复合绝缘结构易出现畸变严重的局部高场强区。     

Dielectric properties of holmium oxide films

Results of dielectric studies of electron-beam deposited holmium oxide thin films, examined in metal/insulator/metal (MIM) structures, are reported. The frequency domain characteristics of the capacitance, dielectric loss and complex impedance have been estimated from the time domain measurements of the charging and discharging currents. The influence of the voltage on the dielectric characteristics at 430 K has been tested. Experimental results clearly show that the dielectric response in the frequency range from 100 kHz to 20 Hz comes from the insulating film of Ho₂O₃ as well as from metal-insulator interfaces. The capacitance and resistance of Ho₂ O₃ film and Al-Ho₂O₃ regions have been determined     

温度对油纸绝缘介电响应特性的影响

为了研究温度对变压器油纸绝缘介电响应测量结果的影响,以更准确地评估纸板微水含量和老化状态,设计了在不同温度下对变压器油浸绝缘纸板试品分别进行时域回复电压(RV)和频域谱(FDS)测量的实验,比较不同温度下油纸绝缘RV极化谱特征参数以及介质损耗因数tan、复电容实部C′、虚部C″的频域谱曲线变化,分析变化趋势及原因,研究温度对介电响应方法评估绝缘纸板微水含量及其老化状态的影响。结果显示,随着温度的升高,试品RV极化谱曲线峰值向较短充电时间方向偏移,峰值时间和峰值电压均减小;试品tan和C″频域谱曲线向高频方向偏移,最小值略微增大;C′变大,在较低频率尤其明显。因此,在用介电响应法评估纸板微水含量及老化状态必须考虑温度影响,否则将导致评估结果失实。     

现场变压器油纸绝缘时频域介电特征量提取及状态评估

油浸式变压器的绝缘状态决定了变压器的运行寿命。为将时频域介电响应技术应用于变压器油纸绝缘状态的无损评估,对一台停运的500kV变压器进行了极化/去极化电流(PDC)与频域介电谱(FDS)测量。通过时域介电谱融合理论及FDS技术提取了反映变压器油纸绝缘状态变化的时域介电特征量与频域介电特征量,并分析了其变化规律。研究结果表明,时频域介电特征量对变压器油纸绝缘的老化情况较为敏感,可定性评估变压器的绝缘状况。     

基于同步采样方法的电导率测量系统设计

提出了基于同步采样方法的电导率测量系统的设计方案.系统采用双极性方波作为测量电导率的激励信号,并且实现了其幅度和频率均可调.数据采样采用同步采样方法,将待测电压和电流的峰峰值幅度转化为直流量,不仅提升了测量精度,同时简化了单片机内ADC对信号的处理.实验数据既可以通过液晶屏显示,也可在LabVIEW搭建的平台中显示和存储.利用本系统进行电导率测量实验,实验表明,当激励信号振幅较大时,测量误差超过可控范围,而较小的振幅有助于提升系统测量的准确性.     

Surface flashover of oil-immersed dielectric materials in uniform and non-uniform fields

The applied electrical fields required to initiate surface flashover of different types of dielectric material immersed in insulating oil have been investigated, by applying impulses of increasing peak voltage until surface flashover occurred. The behavior of the materials in repeatedly over-volted gaps was also analyzed in terms of breakdown mode (some bulk sample breakdown behaviour was witnessed in this regime), time to breakdown, and breakdown voltage. Cylindrical samples of polypropylene, low-density polyethylene, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, and Rexolite, were held between two electrodes immersed in insulating oil, and subjected to average applied electrical fields up to 870 kV/cm. Tests were performed in both uniform- and nonuniform- fields, and with different sample topologies. In applied field measurements, polypropylene required the highest levels of average applied field to initiate flashover in all electrode configurations tested, settling at ~600 kV/cm in uniform fields, and ~325 kV/cm in non-uniform fields. In over-volted point-plane gaps, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene exhibited the longest pre-breakdown delay times. The results will provide comparative data for system designers for the appropriate choice of dielectric materials to act as insulators for high-voltage, pulsed-power machines.     

真空中不同温度下典型脉冲功率领域用有机绝缘材料介电特性的研究

针对脉冲功率领域最常采用的环氧树脂、交联聚苯乙烯和聚乙烯3种典型绝缘材料,设计了一套适用于真空中且可以控温的标准三电极系统。在真空中对不同温度和频率下的介电参数(介电常数、介质损耗、表面电阻率和体积电阻率)进行了测试,并研究了烘烤对其介电性能的影响。结果表明:在不同的温度和频率下,3种材料中聚乙烯的εr和tanδ最小,环氧树脂最大;交联聚苯乙烯的体积电阻率和表面电阻率最大,环氧树脂和聚乙烯次之。烘烤可在一定程度上降低绝缘材料的介电常数和电阻率。综合比较3种材料的电性能和耐热性能,其中交联聚苯乙烯的性能最好,适用于真空脉冲功率领域绝缘。     

变压器油纸绝缘的介电响应特性研究——加速热老化的介电谱

为了研究变压器油纸绝缘老化的介电响应特征量,本文对油纸绝缘试品进行了加速热老化,并在老化的不同阶段开展了相同试验温度下的极化、去极化电流(PDC)和频域谱(FDS)试验。在PDC试验数据的基础上,引入时域介电谱理论,提取其峰值和峰值时间常数作为老化特征量,研究了该特征量与绝缘老化的关系。结果表明,绝缘老化使PDC试验的极化及去极化电流曲线均明显上移,FDS试验的复电容实部和虚部曲线在低频段均向右上平移,时域介电谱曲线则向左上方平移,这是由于老化引起水分、有机酸等含量的增加以及对纤维素结构的破坏,提高了油纸绝缘间夹层介质界面极化的强度和响应速度而造成的。在本文的试验条件下,油纸绝缘的时域介电谱对其老化反应灵敏,可定量反映油纸绝缘老化程度的变化情况,其峰值和峰值时间常数可考虑用作表征油纸绝缘老化程度的特征量。